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An Introduction to Metabolism
p The reaction looks like this:

ATP + H20 ื൅Դ‹
The living cell is a chemical factory where thousands of reactions take place. Small  p Î  ሺˆ”‡‡ ‡‡”‰› …Šƒ‰‡ሻൌ  Ӎ͹Ǥ͵  …ƒŽȀ‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ• –Š‡
molecules are assembled into polymers, later to be broken down by the cell for a different
use. In multicellular organisms, many cells export chemical products that are used in other
parts of the organism. This process is known as cellular respirationȄdriving the cellular
economy by extracting the energy stored in sugars and other fuels.
Chapter Outline and Key Concepts:
p ?
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic
reactions
p ?  Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
C p How ATP Performs Work
?
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic
reactions
A p A cell does three main kinds of work:
up Oechanical work such as the beating of cilia the contraction of muscle
cells and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction
”‡ƒ…–‹‘ ‹• ‡š‡”‰‘‹…Ǥ Š‡ Dzdz ‡š– –‘–Š‡‡ƒ• –Šƒ–‹– ‹• ƒ ‹‘”‰ƒ‹…
’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡Ǥ
5 p ҅ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”Š›†”‘Ž›•‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡‡”‰›ǡ–Š‡’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡„‘†•‘ˆƒ”‡
•‘‡–‹‡• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• Š‹‰ŠǦ‡‡”‰› ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ „‘†•Ǥ  Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
‡‡”‰›†—”‹‰–Š‡Š›†”‘Ž›•‹•‘ˆ…‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡–‘ƒ
•–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘™‡” ˆ”‡‡ ‡‡”‰›ǡ ‘– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ሺ™‡ƒሻ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ „‘†•
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
6 p ATP releases so much energy because the three phosphate groups are
negatively charged and these like charges are crowded together Their
mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP
molecule
1 p The generation of heat from ATP can sometimes be useful With the help
of enzymes the cell is able to couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis directly
to endergonic processes by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to
some other molecule The recipient of this phosphate group is said to be
  


up Transport work the pumping of
|
p p
 
p  
 p
2 p The three types of cellular work are nearly always powered by ATP For
substances across membranes mechanical ATP phosphorylates motor proteins; for transport ATP

 p p   p  
p 
p p p
against the direction of

pp
p
p phosphorylat
spontaneous movement |
p p 
 
p es transport
up chemical work the pushing of  
 p
 p p   p 
p proteins; for
endergonic reactions which 
p 
p 

p 

p  p chemical
would not occur spontaneously



pp work ATP
such as the synthesis of phosphorylat
polymers from monomers es key
A key way cells manage their energy is

  the use of an reactants
exergonic process to drive an endergonic one D p The Regeneration
B p The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP of ATP
1 p ATP contains the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine and a 1 p ATP can be
chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it regenerated
2 p The bonds by the
between the addition of a
phosphate phosphate to
groups can be ADP The
broken by free energy
hydrolysis required to phosphorylate ADP comes from exergonic breakdown
This reaction is 2 p Because this reaction isnǯt spontaneous free energy must be spent to make
exergonic and it occur
releases 7

p The energy from sunlight/food is exergonic; the energy for cellular work is
kCal of energy endergonic
per mole of
ATP
hydrolyzed

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An Introduction to Metabolism 1p

p
?  Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers E p Catalysis in the Enzymeǯs Active Site
A p A spontaneous chemical reaction occurs without any requirement for outside 1 p Active site (and R groups) lower EA by:
energy A 

 is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being up acting as a template for substrate orientation
consumed by the reaction An  is a catalytic protein up stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state
B p The Activation Energy Barrier up providing a favorable microenvironment
|  p p up participating directly in the catalytic reaction
1 p The initial energy for
starting a reaction is the 2 p  
  = the enzyme bonded with its substrate The
f    f region where this bonding takes place is the
   An   f


 or 

 brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their
  abbreviated EA ability to catalyze the chemical reaction
2 p This energy is the energy F p Effects of Local Conditions on Enzymatic Activity
needed to push the 1 p |ffects of Temperature and pH: Enzymes work best at their 

reactants over the energy  which is usually at a pH of 7 and a temperature of
0-
5÷C but
barrier (hill) so that the some specific enzymes work better at different temperatures
downhill part can begin 2 p cofactors

p EA is often supplied in the a p onprotein helpers for enzymatic activity are f
p
form of heat= the absorb- b p If the cofactor is an organic molecule it is called a  
tion of thermal energy Most vitamins are coenzymes
increases the speed of
p |nzyme Inhibitors
reactant molecules so a p If the inhibitor
they collide more often inhibits through
C p How Enzymes Lower the Activation Energy Barrier covalent bonds
1 p Rich in free energy and have the potential to decompose spontaneously so inhibition is
the laws of thermodynamics favor their breakdown usually
2 p Heat up process irreversible
D p Substrate Specificity of Enzymes b p Weak bonds are
reversible
Inhibitors that
mimic the normal
substrate
molecule and
compete for
admission into
the active site are    
c p In contrast    do not directly compete
but changes the shape of an enzyme so it cannot bind to
substrate

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 An Introduction to Metabolism p
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An Introduction to Metabolism
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