Ordinance for Master of Technology (M. Tech.

)
Biotechnology
(to be effective from the session 2006-07)

1. The degree of Master of Technology (Engineering) in Biotechnology shall be awarded to a

candidate who has a B.Tech / B.E. degree in the relevant or allied branch, M.Sc. in Biological/
Physical/ Chemical Sciences or B. Pharm. The student should have secured not less than 50%
marks in the aggregate and has subsequently undergone at this University, a regular course of
study for two academic years comprising four semesters and has fulfilled all the requirements
prescribed for First, Second, Third & Fourth Semester Examinations.

2. (a) Each Semester Examinations shall comprise written papers and/ or sessionals and / or
practical and/ or projects and/ or design work and/ or seminar and/ or viva-voce examinations
and dissertation work as may be prescribed by the Academic Council on the recommendation of
the Faculty and the respective Board of Studies.

(b) The dissertation shall be supervised by the Member(s) of the teaching staff of the University
as approved by the Board of Studies concerned.

Provided that a candidate may be allowed to work for the dissertation in other Departments,
Universities, Research Institutes and such others organizations as may be recognized by the
Faculty on the recommendation of the Board of Studies concerned. In such cases, a
Supervisor(s) may also be associated from other organizations in addition to the Member(s) of
the University.

(c) The dissertation shall be submitted only after a candidate fulfills all the requirements of the
course work.

(d) The candidate shall submit three copies of his dissertation as per norms prescribed by the
Faculty and the Board of Studies concerned. The dissertation shall be examined by a Board of
Examiners which shall consist of one external Examiner to be appointed by the Board of Studies
and Internal Examiner / Supervisor(s). The Head of the Department concerned or his Nominee
will act as Moderator.
3. (a) To pass in each of the theory courses, a candidate must obtain at least 50% of the total
marks in Sessional work and University Examination allotted to the course.
(b) To pass in each of the Laboratory / Design / Project Dissertation / Seminar a candidate
must obtain at least 65% of the total marks in sessional work and University Examinations
allotted to the courses.
(c) No candidate shall be eligible for the award of Master of Technology (Engineering)
degree in the relevant branch of study unless he has passed in all the courses prescribed.
d) A candidate who fails to obtain minimum passing marks in a course may be allowed to
appear as ex-candidate only at the subsequent University Examination. The marks so awarded
at the subsequent University Examination and the sessional marks obtained earlier as a regular
candidate shall he counted for passing the course.
Provided if a candidate who fails to obtain minimum passing marks in a course(s) and wishes
to pass the course(s) he may be allowed to register in the relevant semester and repeat the said
course(s) after the permission of’ the Dean on the recommendation of the Head of the
Department concerned within the prescribed time limit as specified in the ordinance.

4. The candidates passing the prescribed courses and securing 75% or more of the grand total
marks in M.Tech Degree in the relevant branch of study shall be declared to have passed the
course in First Division with Honours.
The candidates passing the prescribed courses and securing 60% or more but less than 75% of
the grant total marks at Examinations for M.Tech (Engineering) degree in the relevant branch
of study shall be declared to have passed with First Division. All other candidates passing the
prescribed courses and securing less than 60% marks shall be declared to have passed in
Second Division.

5. A regular candidate shall ordinarily complete all the requirements of the

M Tech degree within two academic years comprising (four semesters) after his admission to
the course of study. However, he may be permitted to complete the requirements of the degree
within the next two additional academic years comprising four semesters by the Dean on the
recommendations of the Head of the Department concerned.
Provided that if a candidate fails to complete the requirement of the Degree within two
additional academic years, thus permitted, the Academic Council may for specific reasons and
on the recommendations of the Dean of Faculty and Board of Studies concerned, further
extend the duration to complete the requirement for the degree.
INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY

PROPOSED SYLLABUS
OF
M. Tech. (BIOTECHNOLOGY)
2006-2007
 Proposed Syllabus & Evaluation Scheme for
M. Tech. Biotechnology (2006-2007)

M. Tech. Biotechnology Semester I

S. Subje Subject Credi Period Evaluation Subjec

No ct ts s Scheme t Total
. code
Theory L C T P
T Tot ES
T A al E
1 MTBT Biochemistry & 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 10 150
101 Biophysical 0
techniques
2 MTBT Bioprocess 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 10 150
102 Engineering 0
3 MTBT Microbiological 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 10 150
103 Genetics and 0
Engineering
4 MTBT Cell and Molecular 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 10 150
104 Biology 0
5 MTBT Microbiological 4 0 0 4 30 20 50 10 150
105 Engineering & 0
Bioprocess
Engineering Lab
Total 20 1 4 4 15 1 25 50 750
2 0 00 0 0

M. Tech. Biotechnology Semester II

S. Subje Subject Credit Periods Evaluation Scheme Subje

No. ct s ct
code Total
Theory L T P CT TA Tota ESE
l
1 MTBT Fermentati 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
201 on
Technology
2 MTBT Downstrea 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
202 m
Processing
3 MTBT Genetic 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
203 Engineerin
 g
4 MTBT Enzyme 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
204 Engineerin
g
5 MTBT Fermentati 4 0 0 4 30 20 50 100 150
205 on
Technology
& Genetic
Engineerin
g Lab
Total 20 1 4 4 150 100 250 500 750
2

M. Tech. Biotechnology Semester III

S. Subject Subject Cr Periods Evaluation Scheme Subje

No. code e ct
di Total
ts
Theory L T P CT TA Tota ESE
l
1 MTBT Bioinforma 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
301 tics,
Genomics
&
Proteomics
2 MTBT Elective I 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
302
3 MTBT Elective II 4 3 1 0 30 20 50 100 150
303
4 MTBT Bioinforma 4 0 0 4 30 20 50 100 150
304 tics Lab
5 MTBT Seminar 4 150 150
305
Total 2 9 3 4 120 80 200 550 750
0
 M. Tech. Biotechnology Semester IV

Subjec Dissertati Presentati Viva/Discussi Total

t code on on on
Project MTBT 250 150 100 500
Work 401

Grand Total 2750

 Elective I

MTBT 302A: Immunotechnology

MTBT 302B: Animal Biotechnology

MTBT 302C: Programming Languages: Java & Perl

MTBT 302D: IPR, Bioethics & Environmental Biotechnology

MTBT 302E: Medical Biotechnology

Elective II

MTBT 303A: Secondary metabolism in plants & microbes

MTBT 303B: Biostatistics & Biomathematics

MTBT 303C: Food Technology

MTBT 303D: Plant Cell Technology

MTBT 303E: Nanotechnology

MTBT 101
BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES

Unit 1:
Structures and functions of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids, vitamins and hormones.

Unit 2:
Centrifugation: types of rotors; principles and applications of differential,
zonal, density gradient and ultra centrifugation.

Unit 3:
Electrophoresis: principles and applications of moving boundary and zone
electrophoresis including gel electrophoresis (PAGE, starch, agarose and
Pulse Field gel Electrophoresis), isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis;
Chromatography: Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, reverse phase,
covalent, gel filtration, affinity, gas chromatography, HPLC and FPLC.

Unit 4:
Photometry: Theory, instrumentation and applications of visible
photometry; Basic Principles of Spectroscopy: UV, visible, atomic
absorption, ESR, NMR, IR, mass and plasma emission spectroscopy.
Microscopy: Simple, compound, phase contrast, electron (transmission,
scanning) and confocal microscopy.

Unit 5:
Radiotracer technology, use of radioactive isotopes in biological system;
autoradiography, Geiger-Muller counter, Liquid scintillation counter; CD;
ORD; X-ray crystallography; Biosensors; Flow cytometer; Freeze drying;
Amino acid analyzer.

References:

1. Wilson K, Walker J, Walker JM, “Principles and Techniques of Practical

Biochemistry”.
2. Sambrook J, Russell DW, Sambrook J, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual”.
3. William M, O’ Leary Robert, Dony Wu, “Practical Handbook of
Microbiology”.
4. Brown, TA, “Gene cloning: An introduction”.
5. Cantor CR, Schimmel PR, “Biophysical Chemistry”.
6. Lehninger A, “ Principles of Biochemistry”.
7. Voet & Voet, “Biochemistry”.
MTBT 102
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING

Unit 1:
Role of process engineering principles in biotechnological industries, Brief
overview of fundamentals of chemical engineering - concepts
of unit operation and unit processes.

Unit 2:
Introduction to engineering calculations; variables, their dimensions and
units; Dimensionally homogenous and Non-homogenous equations;
standard conditions and ideal gases; Physical and chemical property
data; Basics of Material and energy balances in a macroscopic view point.

Unit 3:
Fluid mechanics: Fluids vs solids, Fluid statics and applications including
manometer; Mass and energy balances in fluid flow; Bernoullis equation,
its corrections and applications including pump work; Newton's law of
viscosity; Measurement of viscosity of fermentation broths; flow curves
for Non- Newtonian fluids and examples from bioprocess fluids; Pressure
drop due to skin friction by Rayleigh's method of Dimensional Analysis;
Significance of friction factor and Reynold's number; Boundary layer
theory and form friction; Pressure drop due to form friction; Flow past
immersed bodies and drag coefficients; Pressure drop in flow through
packed beds; Fluidization and Pressure drop across fluidized beds; Flow
machinery and control: overview of valves and pumps.

Unit 4:
Heat transfer: Heat transfer requirements of microbial cultivations
including correlations for the determination of heat transfer coefficients;
Models of heat transfer and examples; Fourier's law of heat conduction
and analogy with momentum transfer, heat transfer through a cylindrical
pipe wall; Convection and concept of heat transfer coefficient, application
of dimensional analysis to heat transfer from pipe to a flowing fluid;
Thermal boundary layer and Prandtl number; Overall heat transfer
coefficient; Correlations for heat transfer coefficients in natural and
forced convection, significance of dimensionless numbers; Overview of
heat exchangers and concept of LMTD.

Unit 5:
Diffusion and mass transfer: Fick's law of diffusion; Analogy with
momentum and energy transport; Diffusivities of gases and liquids;
Fundamentals of mass transfer: Theories of mass transfer, concept of
mass transfer coefficient, Dimensional analysis of some mass transfer
operations, Dimensionless numbers and significance, correlation for mass
transfer coefficients, Oxygen requirements of microbial culture: oxygen
mass transfer fundamentals, oxygen transfer and oxygen demand,
oxygen transfer by aeration and agitation, determination of oxygen
 transfer coefficient by various methods including sulfite oxidation,
dynamic gassing out and oxygen balance methods, factors affecting
oxygen transfer coefficients.

References:

1. McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriot P, “Unit operations of Chemical

Engineering”, Mc Graw-Hill.
2. Cussler EL, “Diffusion” Cambridge University Press.
3. Doran PM, “Bioprocess Engineering Principles”, Academic Press.
4. Pirt SJ, “Principles of Microbe and Cell Cultivation”.
MTBT 103
MICROBIAL GENETICS & ENGINEERING

Unit 1:
Principles of microbial nutrition, formulation of culture media, selective
media, factors influencing the choice of various carbon and nitrogen
sources, vitamins, minerals, precursors & antifoam agents; Importance of
pH; Starter culture; Storage and maintenance of microbial cultures.

Unit 2:
Sterilization: Principles of media and air sterilization; kinetics of thermal
death of cells & spores, design of batch and continuous thermal sterilizer,
sterilization of air, design of filter; Radiation, chemical and steam
sterilization.

Unit 3:
Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation:
growth phases of a batch culture, synchronous culture, Monod's model
including the effects of inhibition, determination of kinetic parameters by
batch, fed batch and continuous culture; Analysis of chemostat
performance.

Unit 4:
Structured models: Compartmental & metabolic models; Product
formation kinetics: Gaden's and Deindoerfer's classifications, chemically
& genetically structured models; Kinetics of growth & product formation
by filamentous organisms; Role of maintenance and endogenous
metabolism in substrate utilization & growth; Biological oxygen demand.

Unit 5:
Conjugation, transduction and transformation, Host cell restriction
(restriction endonucleases), Complementation, Molecular recombination,
Mapping of bacterial genes, Horizontal gene transfer; Genetic and
physical maps; Replication of RNA tumor viruses; Outlines of the
chromosomal theory of inheritance.

References:

1. Bailey J E and Ollis DF, "Biochemical Engineering fundamentals”.

2. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, "Principles of Fermentation Technology".
3. "Principles of Cell Energetics": BIOTOL series, Butterworth - Heinemann.
4. Moser A, "Bioprocess Technology - Kinetics & Reactors".
5. Schugerl K, "Biotechnology" Vol.4 Meaning Modeling and Control.
6. Atkinson B, Mavituna F, "Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Handbook".
7. Goodenough U, "Genetics".
8. Swanson G P, Mertz & Young, "Cytogenetics".
9. Luria & Darnell, "General Virology".
10. Strickberger MW, “Introduction to Genetics”.
11. Pirt SJ, “Principles of Microbe and Cell Cultivation”.
MTBT 104
CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit 1:
DNA replication: Initiation, elongation and termination; Roles of DNA
Polymerase I, II, III, DNA ligase, DNA gyrase, Topoisomerases, Primase,
Helicase, HD protein; Okazaki fragments; RNA primers; Repair by DNA
polymerase I and DNA ligase; Eukaryotic replication; Regulation of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication; Fidelity of replication.

Unit 2:
Transcription: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription: Initiation, elongation
and termination; DNA - dependent RNA polymerase (RNA Pol in prokaryotes
and RNA Pol I, II, III in eukaryotes): Physical properties, subunit structure;
Sigma cycle; Promoter; Enhancer and other regulatory elements;
Transcription factors; RNA - dependent DNA polymerase; Reverse
transcription; Post- transcriptional / Cotranscriptional processing:
Maturation of rRNA, mRNA, tRNA; 5` capping; RNA splicing; Alternative
splicing; RNA editing; Poly A tail formation; Regulation of transcription in
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Unit 3:
Genetic code: Evidence for a triplet code; Properties of the code sequential;
Ubiquitous (almost); Degenerate; Wobble hypothesis, Nonsense codons;
Sense codons; Translation: Activation of amino acids; Charging of tRNA;
Adapter role of tRNA; Amino acyl tRNA synthetase; Initiation, elongation
and termination of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; A, P and E
sites of ribosomes; Roles of initiation, elongation and release factors;
Ribosome recycling; Post - translational processing; Protein targeting:
targeting of secretory proteins - targeting to endoplasmic membrane, golgi
complex, lysosomes and plasma membrane; Concept of operon: lac and trp
operons.

Unit 4:
Mutation: Spontaneous, induced; Chemical and physical mutagens; Non
sense mutation; Missense mutation; Frame shift mutation; Suppressor
mutation; Different methods of DNA repair and SOS response;
Transposition.

Unit 5:
Cell division; Cell cycle and role of cyclin dependent kinases in its
regulation; Cell - cell interaction; Apoptosis and factors governing
apoptosis; Basics of signal transduction: G protein and phospholipids
signaling, cyclic nucleotides, role of calcium in signaling, protein kinases as
primary elements in signaling.

References:
1. Lewin, “Genes”.
2. Freifelder DM, “Molecular Biology”.
3. Brown T A, “Genomes”.
4. Watson J D, “Molecular Biology of the Gene”.
5. Twyman R M, “Advanced Molecular Biology”.
6. Brown T A, “Gene cloning: An introduction”.
7. Old & Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.
8. Primrose S B, “Molecular Biotechnology”.
9. Cibelli J B, Robert P, Keith L, Michael C, West D, “Principles of Cloning”.
10. Voet & Voet, “Biochemistry
11. Stryer L, “Biochemistry”.
MTBT 105
MICROBIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING LAB

1. Culture medium preparation and sterilization.

2. Cultivation of bacteria and fungi, streaking and spreading.
3. Isolation of pure culture.
4. Study of bacterial growth curve under batch culture.
5. Chromatography – including Paper, TLC, HPLC, Ion exchange
chromatography.
6. Electrophoresis - PAGE and SDS-PAGE, determination of molecular weight.
7. Study of shell and tube heat exchanger.
8. Study of double pipe heat exchanger (co-current and counter current).
9. Measurement of flow by venturimeter, orifice meter, pitot tube.
10. Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem.

References:

1. Wilson K, Walker J, Walker JM, “Principles and Techniques of Practical”.

2. Chirikjian, “Biochemistry & Biotechnology: Theory & Techniques”.
3. Sambrook J, Russell DW, Sambrook J, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual”.
4. William M, Robert O' Leary, Wu D, “Practical Handbook of Microbiology”
5. Brown, TA, “Gene cloning: An introduction”
6. Tortora, “Microbiology”
7. Cappucino, “Microbiology Manual”.
8. Pirt SJ, “Principles of Microbe and Cell Cultivation”.
MTBT 201
FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Introduction, Conventional and non conventional types of bioreactors;
Modeling, analysis and design of bioreactor; Control of bioreactors, case
studies; Solid state fermentation.

Unit 2:
Analysis of ideal bioreactors: The ideal batch reactor, Continuous Stirred
Tank Reactor (CSTR), series of CSTRs, turbidostat, chemostat, fed batch,
plug flow reactors.

Unit 3:
Reactor dynamics Non-idealities of bioreactors: Models for Non-ideal
bioreactor, Mixing-bioreaction interactions; Overview of methods for
online and offline monitoring of bioreactors: bioprocess control
methodologies; Analysis of alternate bioreactor configurations including
cell-recycle, air-lift, rolling shaker and immobilized-cell bioreactors.

Unit 4:
Media for industrial fermentation; Large scale production of amylase,
protease, citric acid, acetic acid, ethanol, acetobutanol, penicillin,
streptomycin, tetracyclin, L-Glutamic Acid and L-Lysine.

Unit 5:
Scale-up of microbial bioreactors: Various approaches to scale-up
including regime analysis and scale-down; Scale-up methods by currently
used rules-of-thumb viz. constant P/V, KLa etc.

References:

1. McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriot P, "Unit operations of Chemical

Engineering", McGraw-Hill.
2. Cussler EL, "Diffusion", Cambridge University Press.
3. Pauline M, "Bioprocess Engineering Principles".
4. Bailey JE, Ollis DF, "Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill.
5. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, "Principles of Fermentation Technology",
Pergamon press.
6. "Principles of Cell Energetics”, BIOTOL series, Butterworth - Heinemann.
7. Moser A, "Bioprocess Technology - Kinetics & Reactors", Springer-Verlag.
8. Schugerl K, "Biotechnology" Vol.4: Meaning Modeling and Control, VCH.
9. Atkinson B, Mavituna F, "Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Handbook", Stockton Press.
10. Aiba S, Humphrey AE, “Biochemical Engineering”, University of Tokyo
Press.
11. Moo-Young M, “Comprehensive Biotechnology”.
12. Cruger, Cruger, “Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology”.
13. Prescott, Dunn, “Industrial Microbiology”.
14. Rittman B, McCarty PL, “Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and
Applications”.
MTBT 202
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

Unit 1:
Overview of a bioprocess including upstream and downstream
processing; Intracellular and extracellular product recovery: cell
disruption and extraction.

Unit 2:
Primary isolation methods including separation of particulate by filtration,
centrifugation, settling, sedimentation, decanting, microfiltration and
membrane based method; Solvent extraction, sorption, precipitation,
ultrafiltration and Reverse osmosis.

Unit 3:
Purification methods: Fractional precipitation, electrophoresis,
chromatography, adsorption, product polishing, crystallization, drying.

Unit 4:
New and Emerging techniques: Pervaporation, Super liquid extraction,
Foam based separation, Lyophilization, High Throughput Screening.

Unit 5:
Effluent Treatment: Aerobic and anaerobic water treatment processes:
activated sludge, trickling filter, fluidized expanded bed reactor, Upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.

References:

1. Bailey JE, Ollis DF, "Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals", McGraw-

Hill.
2. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, "Principles of Fermentation Technology",
Pergamon press.
3. Moo-Young M, "Comprehensive Biotechnology".
4. Aiba S, Humphrey AE, “Biochemical Engineering”, University of Tokyo
Press.
5. Moo-Young M, “Comprehensive Biotechnology”.
6. Cruger, Cruger, “Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology”.
MTBT 203
GENETIC ENGINEERING

Unit 1:
Types & salient features of cloning vectors viz. Plasmids, cosmids,
phagemids, ssDNA Phages, λ -phage, Yeast cloning vectors, Animal
viruses, Ti plasmids and Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, Shuttle vectors;
Plasmid Biology: Structural and Functional Organization of Plasmids,
Plasmid Replication, Stringent and Relaxed Plasmids, Incompatibility of
Plasmid Maintenance; Biology of Bacteriophage Lambda: Lambda Phage
as a natural in vivo vector, in vitro construction of Lambda vector,
Classes of vectors and their use.

Unit 2:
Enzymes in Genetic Engineering: DNA Polymerase, Polynucleotide kinase,
T4 DNA ligase, Alkaline phosphatase, DNase, RNase, Nick translation
system, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, Reverse transcriptase,
Restriction endonuclease, Taq polymerase; DNA digestion and restriction
fragment analysis.

Unit 3:
Techniques in r-DNA Technology: Electrophoresis, Blotting technique,
DNA sequencing, PCR; Isolation of genomic and nuclear DNA; Brief
overview of the methods for introduction of DNA into living cells with
details of Agrobacterium mediated transformation, microprojectile
bombardment, electroporation and microinjection; Antisense RNA
technology; RNA interference; Cosuppression.

Unit 4:
Cloning and subcloning strategies of DNA: Making genomic and cDNA
libaries in plasmids and phages; PCR product cloning (TA cloning);
Cloning strategies in yeast, E. coli and B. subtilis

Unit 5:
Selection of rDNA clones and their expression products: Direct and
indirect methods; Drug resistance, gene inactivation, DNA hybridization,
colony hybridization and in-situ hybridization (Southern, Northern and
Dot blots and immunological techniques, Western blotting); Safety
guidelines of rDNA research; containment facilities and its disposal;
 Laboratory, industrial and environmental applications.

References:
1. Old RW, and Primrose SB, "Principles of Gene Manipulation”, Blackwell
Scientific Publication.
2. Lewin B, "Genes VIII".
3. Winnecker EL, "From Genes to Clones".
4. Freifelder DM, “Molecular Biology”.
5. Brown TA, “Genomes”.
6. Watson JD, “Molecular Biology of the Gene”.
7. Twyman RM, “Advanced Molecular Biology”.
8. Brown TA, “Gene cloning: An introduction”.
9. Old & Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.
10. Primrose SB, “Molecular Biotechnology”.
11. Cibelli JB, Robert P, Keith L, Michael C, West D, “Principles of Cloning”.
12. Voet & Voet, “Biochemistry”.
13. Stryer L, “Biochemistry”.
MTBT 204
ENZYME ENGINEERING

Unit 1:
Enzymes: Introduction, Free and immobilized enzymes, Allosteric
enzymes, Ribozymes, Abzymes; Applications in industrial, medical,
analytical, chemical, pharmaceutical and food sectors; Enzyme isolation
and purification methods.

Unit 2:
Enzyme kinetics of free enzymes: Michaelis-Menten kinetics, kinetics for
reversible reactions; Effect of various types of inhibition, evaluation of
kinetic parameters; Multisubstrate reactions and their kinetics.

Unit 3:
Immobilized enzymes: Methods of enzyme immobilization, factors
affecting immobilized enzymes, kinetics of immobilized enzymes, internal
and external mass transfer effects in immobilized-enzyme reactors, intra-
particle diffusion, micro-environmental effects on enzyme kinetics,
enzyme deactivation, operational stability and optimization, general
design considerations.

Unit 4:
Design and Analysis of enzyme reactors: Ideal reactors, Reactor
dynamics, Reactors with non-ideal mixing; Parameters
affecting the performance of enzyme reactors.

Unit 5:
Enzyme reactions in organic media; Significance of enzymes: lysozyme,
chymotrypsin, glucose oxidase, glucose isomerase, protease, RUBISCO,
nitrate reductase, nitrogenase.

References:

1. Lee JM, "Biochemical Engineering", Prentice Hall.

2. Lehninger A, "Principles of Biochemistry".
3. Vieth WR, "Design and Analysis of immobilized Enzyme Flow Reactors".
4. Stryer L, “Biochemistry”.
5. Voet, Voet, “Biochemistry”.
6. Shuler, “Bioprocess Engineering”.
7. Fersht A, “Enzyme Structure and Mechanism”.
8. Sigman DS, Sigman PS, “The Enzymes: Mechanisms of Catalysis”.
9. Palmer T, “Enzymes”.
10. Dixon, Webb, “Enzymes”.
MTBT 205
GENETIC ENGINEERING & FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY LAB

1. Immobilization (calcium alginate/ polyacrylamide/ glutaraldehyde) of whole

cells and enzymes.
2. Organic acid/ alcohol/ enzyme production through fermentation,
estimation of product, its separation and its purification
3. Design and scale-up of fermentation parameters
4. Isolation of plasmid/ phage and plant/ animal (genomic) DNA.
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis, visualization of DNA on gels and analysis of
isolated DNA.
6. Amplification of DNA (using PCR) and restriction digestion.
7. RAPD to study biodiversity.
8. Competent cell preparation, transformation, ligation and screening of
transformants.
9. Quantitative estimation, absorption spectra and Tm determination of DNA.
10. Blotting Techniques: Southern/ Northern/ Western Blot Techniques.
MTBT 301
BIOINFORMATICS, GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS

Unit 1:
Database Similarity Searches: BLAST, FASTA, PSI-BLAST algorithms; Pair
wise sequence alignment: NEEDLEMAN and Wunsch; Smith Waterman
algorithms; Multiple sequence alignments: CLUSTAL, PRAS; Patterns,
motifs and Profiles in sequences: Derivation and searching; Derived
Databases of patterns; Motifs and profiles: Parasite, Blocks, Prints-S, Pam,
etc.

Unit 2:
DNA sequencing: Sanger’s, Maxam Gilbert; Large scale genome
sequencing strategies: Shot gun sequencing, Clone contig approach,
Chromosome walking; Genome assembly and annotation; Brief overview
of Human Genome Project (HGP) and Rice Genome Project; Introduction
to nucleic acid sequence data banks, Genbank; EMBL nucleotide
sequence data bank; Gene networks; Basic principles of DNA microarray;
Expressed sequence tags (EST); Subtractive hybridization.

Unit 3:
Structural genomics (SG): Basic principles, approaches for target
selection. Functional genomics: application of sequence based and
structure-based approaches to assignment of gene functions, e.g.
sequence comparison, structure analysis (especially active sites, binding
sites) and comparison, pattern identification, etc.; Use of various derived
databases in function assignment.

Unit 4:
Proteomics: an introduction; Study of transcriptome and proteome;
Protein-protein interactions: databases such as DIP, PPI server and tools
for analysis of protein protein interactions. Protein arrays: basic
principles; bioinformatics-based tools for analysis of proteomics data
(Tools available at ExPASy Proteomics server); databases (such as
InterPro) and analysis tools; Introduction to Protein Sequence Data
Banks: Protein sequence data banks: NBRF-PIR, SWISSPROT; Signal
peptide data bank.

Unit 5:
Drug Designing, identification of disease genes, OMIM database,
reference genome sequence, integrated genomic maps, gene expression
profiling; identification of SNPs, SNPs databases (DbSNP); Metabolic
pathways: databases such as KEGG, EMP; Primer Designing; Homology
Modeling; Promoter and regulatory regions scanning; Splice site
Prediction; Phylogenetic analysis; Determination of Secondary & Tertiary
of proteins.

References:
1. O’Reilly, “Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills”.
2. Griffiths JF, “An Introduction to Generic Analysis”.
3. Hunter L, “Artificial Intelligence & Molecular Biology”.
4. Baxevanis AD, “Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the analysis of genes
and proteins”.
5. Stephen A., David K, Womble D, “Introduction to Bioinformatics: A
Theoretical and Practical Approach”.
6. Brown TA, “Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis”.
MTBT 304
BIOINFORMATICS LAB

1. Biological Databanks, Sequence Databases, Structure Databases, Specialized Databases.

2. Data retrieval tools and methods (SRS/ Entrez )
3. Database file formats.
4. Gene structure and function prediction (using GenScan, Gene Mark).
5. Sequence similarity searching (NCBI BLAST).
6. Protein sequence analysis (ExPASy proteomics tools).
7. Multiple sequence alignment (Clustal).
8. Molecular phylogeny (PHYLIP).
9. Homology modeling
10. Structure visualization tools.

References:

1. Bioinformatics: A Practical Approach by K. Mani and N. Vijayaraj, Aparna Publications,

Coimbatore.
 ELECTIVES I

MTBT 302A:
IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Drugs: Antimetabolites, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents;
Cytokines: Cytokines regulating immune inflammation: interleukin-4,
interleukin-20, interleukin-12; The interferons:Basic biology and
therapeutic potential; Treatment of inflammatory diseases;

Unit 2:
Antibodies and antibody based therapy: Characteristics of animal cells
and their implication on process design, Nutritional requirements and
serum free culture of mammalian cells, Kinetics of growth and product
formation; Reactor systems for large-scale production using animal cells.
Production of Polyclonal antibodies with different types of antigens :
antigen preparation and modification, adjuvant, dose and route of
antigen administration, collection of sera, purification of antibodies;
Inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor, targeting the IL2 receptor with
antibodies or chimeric toxins, monoclonal antibodies to CD3

Unit 3:
Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production - myeloma
cell lines - fusion of myeloma cells with antibody producing B-cells-fusion
methods - selection and screening methods for positive hybrids - cloning
methods - production, purification and characterization of monoclonal
antibodies. Application of monoclonals in biomedical research, in clinical
diagnosis and treatment; Production of human monoclonal antibodies
and their applications.

Unit 4:
Immunotherapy for allergic diseases: Specific and nonspecific
immunotherapy for Asthma and allergic diseases, insect stings etc.;
Cellular therapy, Drug therapy in HIV: Tumor Immunology, AIDS and
other Immunodeficiencies; Vaccine and peptide therapy.

Unit 5:
Transplantation: Renal, pancreas, cardiac, lung, liver,
xenotransplantation. Immunodiagnosis of infectious diseases.

References:

1. Roitt IM, "Essential Immunology", Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford, London.
2. Roitt IM, Brostoff J, Male DK, "Immunology", Glower Medical Publishing,
London.
3. "Immunology Today".
4. “Current topics in Microbiology & Immunology”.
5. Coleman, R.M, “Fundamental Immunology”.
6. Richard A, Goldsby TJ, Kuby KJ, Osborne BA, “Immunology”.
7. Parkham P, Parham P, “The Immune System”.
8. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Abbas AK, Pober JS, “Cellular & Molecular
Immunology”.
9. Janeway CA., Paul T, Mark W, Mark S, “Immunobiology”
10. Austen K Frank, Burakoff SJ, Rosen Fred, Strom Terry B “Therapeutic
Immunology”, Blackwell Science.

MTBT 302B:
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Basic techniques in mammalian cell culture; Cell culture media; Serum
free media; maintenance of the culture and cell lines; Monolayer culture
techniques including dispersion and disruption of tissue; measurement of
growth and viability, microcarrier culture, CCU; cell synchronization, cell
transformation, stem cell culture, Embryonic stem cells and their
applications, transgenics and gene knockout technology.

Unit 2:
Cloning in mammalian cells; integration of DNA into mammalian genome,
viral vectors, shuttle vectors of other viruses, microinjection of genes.

Unit 3:
Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production myeloma cell
lines fusion of myeloma cells with antibody producing B cells, fusion
methods, selection and screening methods for positive hybrids cloning
methods; Production purification and characterization of monoclonal
antibodies. Applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research
and in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Unit 4:
T cell cloning mechanisms of antigen recognition by T arid B
lymphocytes, Application of T cell cloning in vaccine development;
Principles and strategy for developing vaccines; newer methods of
vaccine preparation, sub-unit vaccines, immuno-diagnosis of infectious
diseases; Gene therapy.

Unit 5:
Immunity to virus, bacteria and parasites-Genetic control of immune
response - MHC associated predisposition to diseases: infectious
diseases: leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria filariasis, amoebiasis, rabies,
typhoid, Hepatitis, AIDS.

References:
1. Brown TA “Gene cloning: An introduction”
2. Old & Primrose “Principles of Gene Manipulation”
3. Debra Davis “Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns”
4. Anthony Atala, Robert P. Lanza “Methods of Tissue Engineering”
5. Nigel Jenkins “Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols”
6. Carl Pinkert “Transgenic Animal Technology: A Laboratory Handbook”
MTBT 302C:
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Perl and JAVA

Unit 1:
JAVA: An introduction to JAVA programming, Object-oriented
programming and JAVA. JAVA Basics. Working with objects, Arrays,
Conditionals and Loops. Creating Classes and Applications in JAVA. More
about methods, JAVA Applets Basics, Graphics, Fonts and Color, Simple
Animation and Threads

Unit 2:
Advanced Animation, Images and Sound. Managing Simple Events and
Interactivity. Creating User Interfaces with AWT. Windows, Networking
and other Tidbits. Modifiers, Access Control and Class Design. Packages
and Interfaces. Exception. Multithreading. Streams and I/O. Using Native
Methods and Libraries. Under the Hood. Java Programming Tools.
Working with Data Structures and Java. Image Filters.

Unit 3:
Perl: Introduction: What is PERL? Why use PERL in Bioinformatics? History
of PERL, Availability, Support, Basic Concepts. Scalar Data: What Is Scalar
Data?, Numbers, Strings, Scalar Operators, Scalar Variables, Scalar
Operators and Functions. Arrays and List Data: What Is a List or Array?
Literal Representation, Variables, Array Operators and Functions, Scalar
and List Context; Control Structures: Statement Blocks. Hashes: What Is a
Hash? Hash Variables, Literal Representation of a Hash, Hash Functions,
Hash Slices; Basic I/O. Regular Expressions: Concepts About Regular
Expressions, Simple Uses of Regular Expressions, Patterns, More on the
Matching Operator, Substitutions, The split and join Functions.
Subroutines: System and User Functions, The local Operator, Variable-
length Parameter Lists, Notes on Lexical Variables.

Unit 4:
Miscellaneous Control Structures: Filehandles and File Tests: What Is a
Filehandle? Opening and Closing a Filehandle, Using Pathnames and
Filenames, A Slight Diversion: die, Using Filehandles, The -x File Tests,
The stat Function. Formats: What Is a Format? Defining a Format,
Invoking a Format. Directory Access: Moving Around the Directory Tree,
Globbing, Directory Handles, Opening and Closing a Directory Handle,
Reading a Directory Handle. File and Directory Manipulation. Process
Management: Using system and exec, Using Backquotes. Other Data
Transformation: Finding a Substring, Extracting and Replacing a
Substring. Formatting Data: Sorting, Transliteration System Information:
Getting User and Machine Information, Packing and Unpacking Binary
Data, Getting Network Information.

Unit 5:
Database Manipulation: DBM Databases and DBM Hashes, Opening and
 Closing DBM Hashes, Fixed-Length Random-Access Databases, Variable-
Length (Text) Databases, Win32 Database Interfaces. CGI Programming:
The CGI.pm Module, Your CGI Program in Context, Simplest CGI Program,
Passing Parameters via CGI, Perl and the Web. Object oriented perl:
Introduction to modules, Creating Objects BIOPERL: Introduction,
Installation procedures, Architecture, Uses of bioperl.

References:

1. James Tisdall; Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics (O’Reilly & Associates,

2001)
2. James Tisdall; Matering Perl for Bioinformatics (O’Reilly & Associates,
2003)
3. Rex A. Dawyer; Genomic Perl (Cambridge University Press).
MTBT 302D:
IPR, BIOETHICS & ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
IPR & Bioethics: Why IPR is necessary, Various forms of IPR, TRIPS and
IPR, IPR- National and International scenario, Issues related to IPR
protection of software and database, IPR protection of life forms;
Necessity of bioethics, Origin and Evolution of ethics into bioethics,
Different paradigms of bioethics- National and International

Unit 2:
Microbiological quality of food and water, Treatment of municipal waste;
Degradation of pesticides and other toxic chemicals by micro-organisms;
Thuringiensis toxin as a natural pesticide; Biological control of other
insects swarming the agricultural fields; Enrichment of ores by micro-
organisms; Biofertilizers, Nitrogen fixing micro-organisms enrich the soil
with assimilable nitrogen.

Unit 3:
Solid wastes-Sources, nature and characteristics, Quantities and
qualities, Rates of generation and factors affecting them, Potential of
diseases, nuisances and other problems due to solid wastes, Changing
nature of solid wastes and its impact on solid waste management, Solid
wastes management- Generation, on-site storage, collection, separation,
processing and disposal On-site storage methods-containers, their type,
size and location, Collection systems-Vehicles, routing, route balancing
and transfer stations, Processing methods, recovery and reuse of
materials and energy, Disposal methods such as sanitary landfill
biological digestion etc.; Industrial and Hazardous solid waste
management, Urban solid waste management and its modeling.

Unit 4:
Bioleaching; Bioremediation; Biodegradable plastics; Biofuels / Biodiesel;
Vermitechnology.

Unit 5:
Pollution of air, water and soil and its control; Radiation hazards.

References:

1. "Waste water Engineering Treatment and Disposal and Reuse" by Metcalf

& Eddy.
2. "Water Pollution Management Hand Book" by Lepathak.
3. "Waste Water Management" by Arceivala.
4. "Environmental Biotechnology" by C. F. Forster and D. A. J. Wase.
5. "New Processes of Waste water treatment and recovery" by G. Mattock
(ED) Ellis Horwood.
6. "Biochemical Engineering fundamentals" 2nd ed. by J E Bailey and D F
Ollis , McGraw - Hill
7. "Environmental Biotechnology" by Jogdand.
MTBT 302E:
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Clinical conditions and diagnosis; Clinical conditions of various syndromes
associated with major organs - General, systemic and specific
syndromes. Diagnosis of diseases Clinical diagnosis - pattern of disease,
indication of disease for microbial etiology Laboratory diagnosis -
haematology, biochemistry, microbiology, serology, radiology and other
special methods. Microbial spoilage and preservation of pharmaceutical
products. Spoilage - types - physical, chemical, nutritional factors and
assessment of spoilage - Preservation - physical, chemical and
antimicrobial means - Evaluation of microbial stability of formulations.

Unit 2:
Prevention and treatment of human diseases Avoiding exposure to
pathogen Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents - drug resistance and
antibiotic policy Using body’s immune responses Alternative systems -
Chinese, European and Indian (Siddha, Ayurveda, Naturopathy, etc.)
Epidemiology and control of community infection Definitions – principles –
spread - outbreaks of infection – analysis - investigation and control of
outbreak. Nosocomial infection Factors that influence hospital infection,
hospital pathogens, route of transmission, investigation, prevention and
control.

Unit 3:
Pathogen, pathogenesis, clinical condition, laboratory diagnosis,
epidemiology, chemotherapy and prevention of the following diseases
based on various portals of entry Via respiratory tract Viral - common
cold, influenza, measles, mumps, chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis
Bacterial - pneumonia, bronchitis, rheumatic fever, diphtheria, whooping
cough, tuberculosis, meningitis Fungal-histoplasmosis, blastomycosis,
coccidiomycosis. Via gastrointestinal tract Viral - gastroenteritis,
hepatitis, poliomyelitis Bacterial - botulism, food poisoning, gastro -
enterocolitis, typhoid, cholera, appendicitis Fungal - food poisoning Algal -
food poisoning Protozoan - Amoebic dysentery, giardiasis Via urinogenital
tract Viral – AIDS Bacterial - urinary tract infection, female genital tract
infection Sexually transmitted diseases - gonorrhea, syphilis, non-
gonococcal urethritis, genital warts, genital herpes, AIDS.

Unit 4:
Gene therapy; Chemotherapy and radiotherapy of tumors; Stem cell
therapy: Hemopoietic Stem Cell Disorders: Classification and
manifestations Hemopoietic Stem Cell Disorders: A plastic Hemopoietic
Stem Cell Disorders: Myleo dysplastic, Myleo proliplastic; Clinical
applications of Colony Stems; Clinical uses of ribozymes; Vaccination;
Complications of Germs therapy Replacement Therapy and Marrow
Transplantation. Immunological principles, Preservation and Clinical use
 of blood and blood components, hemapheresis procedures and varies to
oxyplantation.

Unit 5:
Electrical impedence cephalography; Biotelemetry; Biosignal analyzer, CT
scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging assisting the heart and kidney;
EEB; ECG; Biosystem modeling; Ultrasonography in diagnosis.

References:

1. Chaechter M. Medoff G. and Eisenstein BC. Mechanism of Microbial

Diseases, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
2. Collee, JG. Duguid J P., Fraser AG., Marimon BP. Mackie and Mc Cartney
Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th Edition. Churchill Livingstone.
3. David Greenwood, Richard CD, Slack, John Forrest Peutherer. Medical
Microbiology. ELBS with Churchill Livingstone.
4. Hugo WB and Russell AD. Pharmaceutical Microbiology Blackwell
Scientific Publication, Oxford.
5. Joan Stokes E, Ridgway GL and Wren MWD. Clinical Microbiology. Edward
Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton.
6. Ronald M. Atlas. Microbiology. Fundamentals and Applications. Maxwell
Macmillan international editions
7. Topley & Wilsons, Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity,
Bacterial Diseases, Edward Arnold, London.
MTBT 303A:
SECONDARY METABOLISM IN PLANTS AND MICROBES

Unit 1:
Introduction to primary & secondary metabolism: structure, biosynthesis
and metabolism of important secondary products; Glycosides,
isoprenoids, cardenolides, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids and antibiotics.

Unit 2:
Important groups of secondary metabolic enzymes; Significance of
secondary metabolism and products for the producer organism.

Unit 3:
Regulation and expression of secondary metabolism; regulation of
enzyme activity; regulation of enzyme amount; integration with
differentiation and development; action of inducers; coordinated enzyme
expression and sequential gene expression.

Unit 4:
Metabolic products produced by in vitro culturing of plant cells, selection
of plant cells/tissues for the production of a specific product, Culture
system in secondary plant product biosynthesis-batch continuous
cultures and immobilized plant cells, Biotransformation of precursors by
cell culturing.

Unit 5:
Metabolic pathway engineering for production of secondary metabolites.

References:

1. Slater A, Scott NW, Fowler MR “Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic

Manipulation of Plants”.
2. Mantell SH, Matthews JA, McKee RA, “Principles of Plant Biotechnology:
An Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Plants”.
3. Brown TA, “Gene cloning: An Introduction”.
4. Old, Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.
5. Buchanan, “Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology”.
MTBT 303B:
BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOMATHEMATICS

Unit 1:
Determinants; Evaluations of 3 x 3 determinants; Matrices; Types of
matrices; Inversion of a matrix; Orthogonal matrix; Solution of
simultaneous equations; biomatrix methods.

Unit 2:
Probability; Definition; Probability of an event, Probability of independent
and dependent events, conditional probability, Baye’s theorem.

Unit 3:
Probability distribution, random variable, discrete probability
distributions-Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian probability distribution and
their application in biology.

Unit 4:
Non-parametric test, hypothesis testing, Z-test, student’s t-test, chi
square test, F-test for equality of population variance.

Unit 5:
Correlation analysis: Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Spearman’s
rank correlation, regression analysis, multiple regression for
biotechnological data, analysis of variance (ANOVA).

References:

1. D. Freedman, R.Pisani, R.Purves, J.M.Lachin, “Biostatistical method: the

assessment of relative risks”
2. P.S.S. Sunder Rao and J.Richard, “An introduction to Bilstatistics”,
Prentice Hall of India, N.Delhi
3. Pillai & Bagavathi, “Statistics-theory and practice”, S. Chand
4. H.K. Dass, “Engineering Mathematics”, S.Chand
5. H.C. Saxena, “Text book of Numerical Analysis”, S.Chand.
6. Martin Bland “An introduction to Medical Statistics”, Oxford Medical Publ.
7. Alastair C, Wardlaw, “Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists”,
John Wiley.
8. Wavne W Daniel, “Biostatistics, a foundation for analysis in the Health
Science”, John Wiley.
MTBT 303C:
FOOD TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Food as substrate for Microorganisms; General principles underlying
spoilage of foods and different methods of preservation of foods,
Microbial food poisoning and infection; investigation of foodborne
outbreaks, prevention and control.

Unit 2:
Microbiology and spoilage of meat and meat products, fish and poultry,
fruits and vegetables, sugar and sugar products, canned foods, process
of canning of foods.

Unit 3:
Milk and milk products: Clean milk production, collection, cooling and
transportation of milk, Therapeutic value and nutritive value of fermented
milk products; Spoilage of milk and milk products; Milkborne diseases;
antimicrobial systems in milk; sources of contamination of milk; Chemical
and microbiological examination of milk; grading of milk; Starter lactic
cultures; biochemical basis of culturing dairy product; management and
preparation of starter cultures; starter defects.

Unit 4:
Microbial flavors in Dairy and Food industry; Food adulteration and
contamination of food with harmful microorganisms; food laws and
standards; Indian and International food safety laws and standards;
Quality and safety assurance in food and dairy industry; food and dairy
arithmetic; standardization of products and costing; BIS Laboratory
Services; BIS product certification and licensing quality systems;
Certification by BIS.

Unit 5:
Determining Microorganisms and their Products in Foods: Culture,
Microscopic, and Sampling Methods, Conventional; SPC, Membrane
Filters, Microscope colony Counts, Agar Droplets, Dry Films, Most
probable Numbers (MPN), Dye-reduction, Roll Tubes, Direct, Microscopic
Count (DMC), Microbiological Examination of surfaces, Air Sampling,
Metabolically Injured Organisms, Enumeration and Detection of Food-
borne Organisms.

References:

1. Food Science. Fifth ed.Norman, Potter, CBS Publ.

2. Technology of Food preservation. Norman potter, CBS.
3. Milk and Milk Products, Clarence Henry Eckles TMH Publ.
4. Food Microbiology – Frazier
5. Food Microbiology – J.De and De
6 Food processing :Biotechnological Applications, S.S. Marwaha and Arora,
Asitech Publ.
7. Outlines of Dairy Technology – Sukumar De
8. Adams MR and Moss MO, Food Microbiology, The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge.
9. Andrews AT, Varley J, Biochemistry of milk products, Royal Society of
Chemistry.
10. Banwart GJ, Basic food microbiology, Chapman & Hall, New York.
11. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC. Food microbiology, TATA McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.
12. Hobbs BC and Roberts D, Food poisoning and food hygiene, Edward
Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton), London.
13. May JM, Modern food microbiology, CBS Publishers and distributors, New
Delhi.
14. Robinson RK, The microbiology of milk. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
15. Robinson RK, Dairy Microbiology, Elsevier Applied Science, London.
MTBT 303D:
PLANT CELL TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Different types of culture media;
Nutritional components of culture media; Regulation of cell
differentiation; Types of culture: callus, suspension, organogenesis,
somatic embryogenesis, micropropagation.

Unit 2:
Isolation, purification and culture of protoplasts; Protoplast fusion and
somatic hybridization; Selection systems for somatic hybrids / cybrids;
Anther and pollen culture; Polyploidy; Storage of plant genetic resources;
Induction of mutation; Somaclonal variation; Production of disease free
plants (meristem culture).

Unit 3:
Production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures;
Biotransformation using plant cell cultures; Bioreactor system and
models for mass cultivation of plant cells, hairy root culture.

Unit 4:
Genetic transformation methods for production of transgenic plants;
Detailed mechanism of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation;
Applications of transgenic plants; Reporter genes; Selectable markers.

Unit 5:
Molecular Markers: RFLP maps, RAPD maps, STS, microsatellites, SCAR
(sequence characterized amplified regions), SSCP (single strand
conformational polymorphism), AFLP, ESTs, QTL, map based cloning,
molecular marker assisted selection.

References:

1. Chawla HS, “Plant Biotechnology: A Practical Approach”.

2. Slater A, Scott NW, Fowler MR “Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic
Manipulation of Plants”.
3. Dixon RA, Gonzales RA, “Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach”.
4. Mantell SH, Matthews JA, McKee RA, “Principles of Plant Biotechnology:
An Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Plants”.
5. Stafford A, Warren G, “Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (Biotechnology
Series)”.
6. Brown TA, “Gene cloning: An Introduction”.
7. Old, Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.
8. Bhojwani SS, Razdan, “Plant Tissue Culture”.
MTBT 303E:
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1:
Introduction to Solid State Physics: Crystal structure; free electron theory
of metals; band theory of solids; metals and insulators; semiconductors:
classification, electrons and holes, transport properties; size and
dimensionality effects – quantum wells, wires and dots. Principles of
Semiconductor Devices: The p-n junction and the bipolar transistor;
metal-semiconductor and metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions; field-
effect transistors, MOSFETs, CMOS; heterostructures, high electron
mobility devices, HEMTs; Quantum Hall Effect; Introduction to single
electron transistors (SETs): quantum dots, single electron effects,
Coulomb blockade.

Unit 2:
Mechanism for development of Biochip, Nanowires, design of new classes
of nanofabricated devices and systems based on biological function,
Microanalysis of biomolecules, Molecular templates, Bioselective
surfaces, Selective molecular filtration, Sparse cell isolation, Powering
nanomachines with molecular motors, Future prospects.

Unit 3:
Biological molecules, self-assembly and the construction of
macromolecular structures, e.g. cell membranes. An overview of
molecular interactions in biological systems what information is needed
at the molecular level to understand the relationship between e.g.
structure and function. A discussion as to the underlying and
underpinning physical principles involved in the probing of biological
assemblies and systems at the molecular level.

Unit 4:
Basic introduction to modern laser systems, single and two-photon laser
induced fluorescence, measurement of excited state dynamics (e.g.
lifetimes and depolarisation dynamics, FRET (fluorescence resonant
energy transfer). Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM);
applications and techniques, two-photon microscopy. Further applications
of modern laser techniques: single molecule dynamics, fluorescence
correlation techniques, FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery after
Photobleaching), stimulated emission spectroscopy. Laser applications in
Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering Optical Monitoring:

Unit 5:
Amperometric sensors; Potentiometric sensors, including chemically
sensitive field effect transistors; Optical sensors, including evanescent
field sensors; Optical waveguide sensors;
Surface Plasmon Resonance sensors; Resonant Mirror sensors; Capillary
Fill devices; Electro-mechanical devices, e.g. cantilever bridge sensors;
References:

1. Engines of Creation, K E Drexler, Oxford Paperbacks, New York ISBN

0192861492
2. Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation, K E
Drexler, Wiley, ISBN 0471575186
3. Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics and
Artificial Intelligence Will Transform the World, Prometheus ISBN
1573929921
4. Web Resources: www.nanotechweb.org; www.nano.gov;
www.nanotec.org.uk