Lens equation

Inference Image distance depends on object distance.

Hypothesis When the distance of object increases, the distance of image also increases.
Aim To find the relationship between the distance of object and distance of image.
Variables : Manipulated variable : u
Responding variable : v
Constant variable : focal length
Apparatus Convex lens, metre rule, screen, light bulb, power supply
Arrangeme
nt of the
apparatus

method 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.

2. A ray box is placed ____ cm from the lens
3. The screen is moved until a sharp image is obtained. The distance between the lens
and the screen is measured using metre rule.
4. The steps above is repeated for u=____cm, ___ cm, _____ cm, and ______ cm.
5. Graph 1/v against 1/u is plotted.

Tabulate u(cm) v(cm) 1/u (cm-1) 1/v (cm-1)

data

Conclusion
Precaution
Snell’s Law

Inference Angle of refraction depends on angle of incidence increases

Hypothesis When the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases.
Aim To study the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of refraction
Variables : Manipulated: Angle of incidence, i
Responding: Angle of refraction, r
Constant: Refractive index
Apparatus Ray box, glass block, paper, pencil, protractor
Arrangeme
nt of the
apparatus

method 1. The outline of the glass block is traced on a sheet of white paper and
labeled.
2. The glass block is removed. Point O is marked on one side of the
glass block. With a
protractor, lines forming angles of incidence 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and
60° are drawn and
marked.
3. The glass block is replaced on its outline on the paper.
4. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along 20° line. The ray
emerging on the
other side of the block is drawn.
5. Step 4 is repeated for the other angles of incidence 20°, 30°, 40°,
50° and 60°.
6. The glass slab is removed. The points of incidence and the
corresponding points of
emergence are joined. The respective angles of refraction are
measured with a
protractor.
7. Graph sin i against sin r is plotted.

Tabulate i/o r/o Sin i Sin r

data

Conclusion
Precaution