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ECE 504: Session 36; Page 1/22

Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Phase Open Examples


Define Constants: MVA := 1000kW
1 1 1 
j ⋅ 120deg
 2
a := e A012 :=  1 a a 
 2
1 a a 
pu := 1

Textbook problem 12.18: In the system of Fig. 12.9(a), consider that machine 2 is a motor drawing a
load equivalent to 80MVA at 0.85 power factor lagging and nominal system voltage of 345kV at bus 3.
Determine the change in voltage at bus 3 when the transmission line undergoes (a) a one-open
conductor fault and (b) a two-open conductor fault along its span between buses 2 and 3. Choose a
base of 100MVA, 345kV in the transmission line. Consult examples 12.1 and 12.2 for Zbus(0), Zbus(1)
and Zbus(2).

• System one-line diagram:


1 T1 2 3 T2 4
Machine 1 Machine 2
F F'

Y YY YY Y

Machines 1 and 2: SMach := 100MVA Vmachine := 20kV

XdMach'' := 20% X1Mach := XdMach'' X2Mach := X1Mach

X0Mach := 4% XnMach := 5%
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 2/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Transformers T1 and T2: STran := 1000MVA VHV := 345kV VLV := 20kV XT := 8%

Transmission Line XL1 := 15% XL2 := XL1 XL0 := 50%

SBase := 100MVA
 VLV 
VBLine := 345kV VB_mach := VBLine⋅  VB_mach = 20 kV
 VHV 
No change of base calculations are needed for this system.

Determine internal source voltages:

magSpre := 80MVA pfpre := 0.8 lagging θ pre := acos ( 0.85) θ pre = 31.788 deg

magSpre j ⋅ θ pre
Spre := ⋅e Spre = 0.68 + 0.421i pu Spre = 0.8 pu
SBase

Assume bus 3 voltage is 1.0 pu at and angle of 0 degrees.

V3 := 1.0

 Spre 
Iload :=  Iload = 0.68 − 0.421i Iload = 0.8 pu arg ( Iload) = −31.788 deg
 V3 

Internal voltage on the motor (since we don't know steady-state synchronous reactance, use X1):

E2 := V3 − Iload⋅ j ( XT + X1Mach) E2 = 0.902 φ 2 := arg ( E2) φ 2 = −12.182 deg


Generator internal voltage:
E1 := V3 + Iload⋅ ( j ⋅ XL1 + j ⋅ XT + j ⋅ X1Mach) E1 = 1.217 pu φ 1 := arg ( E1) φ 1 = 13.904 deg
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 3/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Check result by calculating power transfer between sources and current:

Ptrans :=
(
E1 ⋅ E2 ⋅ sin φ 1 − φ 2 ) Ptrans − Re ( Spre) = 0
2⋅ X1Mach + 2⋅ XT + XL1

E1 − E2
Itrans := Itrans − Iload = 0
j ( 2⋅ X1Mach + 2⋅ XT + XL1)

• Positive sequence equivalent circuit (with phase open point indicated).


j0.08pu F F' j0.15pu j0.20pu

Find total impedance counterclockwise around loop from F to F'

Z1total := j ⋅ ( X1Mach + XT + XL1 + XT + X1Mach)


j0.20pu
j0.20pu

E1 E2 Z1total = 0.71ipu

Z1FF' := Z1total
N1
Vequiv := E1 − E2
• Negative sequence equivalent circuit:
j0.08pu F F' j0.15pu j0.20pu
Find total impedance counterclockwise around loop from F to F'

j0.20pu Z2total := j ⋅ ( X2Mach + XT + XL2 + XT + X2Mach)


j0.20pu
Z2total = 0.71ipu

Z2FF' := Z2total
N2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 4/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

• Zero sequence equivalent:


j0.08pu F F' j0.50pu j0.20pu

Find total impedance counterclockwise around loop from F to F'


j0.04pu j0.04pu
Z0total := j ⋅ ( 2⋅ X0Mach + 2⋅ XT + XL0 + 2⋅ 3⋅ XnMach)
3*j0.05pu
3*j0.05pu Z0total = 1.04ipu

Z0FF' := Z0total
N0

Now solve for the single phase open circuit currents and voltages:

Vequiv
F0 F0' I1 := I1 = 0.427 − 0.264i pu
−1
Z1FF' + 
1 1 
+
arg ( I1) = −31.788 deg
N0
 Z2FF' Z0FF'  I1 = 0.502 pu

F1 F1'  Z0FF' 
I2 := −I1⋅  I2 = −0.253 + 0.157i pu
 Z2FF' + Z0FF' 
arg ( I2) = 148.212 deg
N1
I2 = 0.298 pu

 Z2FF' 
F2 F2' I0 := −I1⋅  I0 = −0.173 + 0.107i pu
 Z2FF' + Z0FF' 
I0 = 0.204 pu arg ( I0) = 148.212 deg
N2
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 5/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

 I0 
→ 
0 
→ 
 
90 
Iabc := A012⋅  I1  Iabc =  0.757  pu arg ( Iabc ) =  −145.575  deg
I  0.757  81.998
 2    

Using the right have the sequence equivalent circuits:

V3new1 := E2 + I1⋅ j ⋅ ( X1Mach + XT) V3new1 = 0.959 pu arg ( V3new1) = −4.246 deg

V3new2 := 0 + I2⋅ j ⋅ ( X2Mach + XT ) V3new2 = 0.083 pu arg ( V3new2) = −121.788 deg

V3new0 := 0 + I0⋅ j ⋅ ( X0Mach + XT + 3⋅ XnMach) V3new0 = 0.055 pu arg ( V3new0) = −121.788 deg

 V3new0 
→ 
0.903 
→ 
−12.06 
 
V3newABC := A012⋅  V3new1  V3newABC =  0.971  pu arg ( V3newABC) =  −119.947  deg
V  1.014  118.579
 3new2     

1
→ 
0.222 
→ 
  58.212 

∆VABC := 1.0⋅  a2  − V3newABC

∆VABC =  0.029 
 0.029
( )
arg ∆VABC =  −121.788  deg
a     −121.788
 
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 6/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Solve using the method suggested in the book. First get the Zbus matrices for the positive, negative and zero sequence networks:

 1 1 −1 
 + 0 0
 j ⋅ X1Mach j ⋅ XT j ⋅ XT 
 −1 1 1 −1 
 + 0 
j⋅ XT jXT jXL1 j ⋅ XL1
Ybus1 :=   −1
 −1 1 1 −1  Zbus1 := Ybus1
 0 + 
j ⋅ XL1 jXT jXL1 j⋅ XT
 
 −1 1 1 
0 0 +
 j⋅ XT j ⋅ X1Mach j ⋅ XT 

 0.1437i 0.1211i 0.0789i 0.0563i 



0.1211i 0.1696i 0.1104i 0.0789i 
Zbus1 = pu Zbus2 := Zbus1
 0.0789i 0.1104i 0.1696i 0.1211i 

 0.0563i 0.0789i 0.1211i 0.1437i 

 1 1 −1 
 + 0 0
 j ⋅ X0Mach + 3⋅ j⋅ XnMach j⋅ XT j⋅ XT 
 −1 1 1 −1 
 + 0 
j ⋅ XT jXT jXL0 j ⋅ XL0
Ybus0 :=  
 −1 1 1 −1 
 0 + 
j ⋅ XL0 jXT jXL0 j⋅ XT
 
 −1 1 1 
0 0 +
 j ⋅ XT j ⋅ X0Mach + 3⋅ j ⋅ XnMach j ⋅ XT 

ECE 504: Session 36; Page 7/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

−1
Zbus0 := Ybus0

 0.1553i 0.1407i 0.0493i 0.0347i 



0.1407i 0.1999i 0.0701i 0.0493i 
Zbus0 = pu Note that these matrices are available in examples
 0.0493i 0.0701i 0.1999i 0.1407i  12.1 and 12.2 as well.

 0.0347i 0.0493i 0.1407i 0.1553i 

Reset origin for matrices and vectors: ORIGIN := 1


Equivalent impedances looking into the network from the open segment using equations (12.28) and (12.32):

−( j ⋅ XL1)
2
Z1pp' := Z1pp' = 0.71ipu Same as calculated above
Zbus1 + Zbus1 − 2⋅ Zbus1 − j ⋅ XL1
2,2 3,3 2,3

Z2pp' := Z1pp'

−( j ⋅ XL0)
2
Z0pp' := Z0pp' = 1.04ipu Same as calculated above
Zbus0 + Zbus0 − 2⋅ Zbus0 − j ⋅ XL0
2,2 3,3 2,3

Find the sequence currents using equation (12.37)

Z1pp'
I1aopen := Itrans⋅
−1 I1aopen = 0.502 pu arg ( I1aopen ) = −31.788 deg
Z1pp' + 
1 1 
+
 Z0pp' Z2pp'  same as above.
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 8/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

 Z0pp' 
I2aopen := −I1aopen ⋅  I2aopen = 0.298 pu arg ( I2aopen ) = 148.212 deg
 Z2pp' + Z0pp' 

 Z2pp' 
I0aopen := −I1aopen ⋅  I0aopen = 0.204 pu arg ( I0aopen ) = 148.212 deg
 Z2pp' + Z0pp' 

Sequence voltages across the open circuit using equation (12.38) or Figure 12.19.

Z2pp' ⋅ Z0pp'
V1Aopen := I1aopen ⋅ V1Aopen = 0.212 pu arg ( V1Aopen) = 58.212 deg
Z2pp' + Z0pp'

Since the positive, negative and zero sequence voltages are equal for the phase A open case:

V2Aopen := V1Aopen

V0Aopen := V1Aopen

Then the change in voltage at Bus 3 can be found using equation (12.27):

 Zbus13 , 2 − Zbus13 , 3 
∆V3_1aopen := 
j ⋅ XL1
⋅ V1Aopen ∆V3_1aopen = 0.0835 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_1aopen = −121.788 deg
 

 Zbus23 , 2 − Zbus23 , 3 
∆V3_2aopen := 
j ⋅ XL2
⋅ V2Aopen ∆V3_2aopen = 0.0835 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_2aopen = −121.788 deg
 
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 9/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

 Zbus03 , 2 − Zbus03 , 3 
∆V3_0aopen := 
j ⋅ XL0
⋅ V0Aopen ∆V3_0aopen = 0.055 pu (
arg ∆V3_0aopen = −121.788 deg)
 

 ∆V3_0aopen 
→ 
0.222 
→ 
 −121.788 

∆V3ABC_book := A012⋅  ∆V3_1aopen 

∆V3ABC_book =  0.029  pu (
arg ∆V3ABC_book =  58.212  deg )
 0.029  58.212
 ∆V3_2aopen     
Then using the books method, the voltage at bus 3 would be:

1
→ 
 0.903   −12.06 

V3ABC_aopen := 1.0⋅  a2  + ∆V3ABC_book V3ABC_aopen =  0.971  pu arg ( V3ABC_aopen) =  −119.947  deg
  1.014  118.579
a     
Note the plus sign instead of the minus sign as in the circuit based case above.

ATP simulation results: Currents Voltages


1.2
0.8

0.7
Ib := 0.757 1.0

0.6
Ic := 0.757 0.8
0.5 Van := 0.90

Vbn := 0.97
0.4 0.6

0.3
0.4 Vcn := 1.01
0.2

0.1 0.2

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50 0.0
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: IARMS t: IBRMS t: ICRMS
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: V3ARMS t: V3BRMS t: V3CRMS
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 10/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Now solve the two phase open circuit below for the sequence currents:

F1 F1'

N1
Vequiv
I1 := I1 = 0.196 − 0.122i pu
Z1FF' + Z2FF' + Z0FF'
I1 = 0.231 pu arg ( I1) = −31.788 deg
F2 F2'

N2 I2 := I1 I0 := I1

 I0 
→ 
0.693 
→ 
−31.788 
 
F0 F0'
Iabc := A012⋅  I1  Iabc =  0  pu arg ( Iabc ) =  −95.222  deg
I  0  −95.222
N0
 2    

V3new1 := E2 + I1⋅ j ⋅ ( X1Mach + XT) V3new1 = 0.916 − 0.135i pu

V3new2 := 0 + I2⋅ j ⋅ ( X2Mach + XT ) V3new2 = 0.034 + 0.055i pu

V3new0 := 0 + I0⋅ j ⋅ ( X0Mach + XT + 3⋅ XnMach) V3new0 = 0.033 + 0.053i pu

 V3new0 
→ 
0.983 
→ 
−1.603 
 
V3newABC := A012⋅  V3new1  V3newABC =  0.905  pu arg ( V3newABC) =  −132.155  deg
V  0.901  107.93
 3new2     
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 11/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

1
→ 
0.032 
→ 
  58.212 

∆VABC := 1.0⋅  a2  − V3newABC

∆VABC =  0.223  pu
 0.223
( )
arg ∆VABC =  −61.274  deg
a     177.698
 
Using the method from the book:

Find the voltage across the two phase open fault using right side equation (12.43)

 Z1pp'⋅ ( Z2pp' + Z0pp') 


V1bcopen := Itrans⋅   V1bcopen = 0.404 pu arg ( V1bcopen ) = 58.212 deg
 Z1pp' + Z2pp' + Z0pp' 

 −Z1pp' ⋅ Z2pp' 
V2bcopen := Itrans⋅  V2bcopen = 0.164 pu arg ( V2bcopen ) = −121.788 deg
 Z1pp' + Z2pp' + Z0pp' 

 −Z1pp' ⋅ Z0pp' 
V0bcopen := Itrans⋅  V0bcopen = 0.24 pu arg ( V0bcopen ) = −121.788 deg
 Z1pp' + Z2pp' + Z0pp' 

 Zbus1 3 , 2 − Zbus1 3 , 3 
∆V3_1bcopen := 
j ⋅ XL1
⋅ V1bcopen ∆V3_1bcopen = 0.1593 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_1bcopen = −121.788 deg
 

 Zbus2 3 , 2 − Zbus2 3 , 3 
∆V3_2bcopen := 
j ⋅ XL2
⋅ V2bcopen ∆V3_2bcopen = 0.0647 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_2bcopen = 58.212 deg
 

 Zbus0 3 , 2 − Zbus0 3 , 3 
∆V3_0bcopen := 
j ⋅ XL0
⋅ V0bcopen ∆V3_0bcopen = 0.0623 pu ( )
arg ∆V3_0bcopen = 58.212 deg
 
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 12/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
 

 ∆V3_0bcopen 
→ 
0.032 
→ 
 −121.788 

∆V3ABC_bcopen := A012⋅  ∆V3_1bcopen 

∆V3ABC_bcopen =  0.223  pu ( )
arg ∆V3ABC_bcopen =  118.726  deg
 0.223  −2.302
 ∆V3_2bcopen     

Then using the books method, the voltage at bus 3 would be:

1
→ 
 0.983   −1.603 
:= 1.0⋅  a2  + ∆V3ABC_bcopen arg ( V3ABC_bcopen )
V3ABC_bcopen V3ABC_bcopen =  0.905  pu =  −132.155  deg
  0.901  107.93
a     
Note the plus sign instead of the minus
sign as in the circuit based case above.
ATP Simulation Results:
0.7 1.0

0.6 Ia := 0.692
0.8

0.5 Van := 0.982


0.6 Vbn := 0.904
0.4
Vcn := 0.900
0.3
0.4

0.2

0.2
0.1

0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50 0 10 20 30 40 *10 -3 50
(f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: IARMS t: IBRMS t: ICRMS (f ile PROB3A.pl4; x-v ar t) t: V3ARMS t: V3BRMS t: V3CRMS
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 13/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

4. For the following system with all quantities shown in per unit:
a. Develop the each of the sequence networks for a fault at location F.
b. Develop the sequence network connections for single-phase to ground, phase-phase to
ground, phase-phase, and three-phase faults.
c. Determine the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents and voltages at location F
for a single-phase to ground fault.
Z1L1 = 0.3pu @ 90 degrees
Z0L1 = 1.2pu @ 90 degrees
VS = 1pu @ 0 degrees VR = 1pu @ 0 degrees
LINE 1

LINE 2 Z1R = 0.05pu @ 90 degrees


Z1S = 0.1pu @ 90 degrees
Z0R = 0.2pu @ 90 degrees
Z0S = 0.3pu @ 90 degrees Z1L2 = 0.4pu @ 90 degrees
Z0L2 = 1.5pu @ 90 degrees

Solution for 4a: Develop the each of the sequence networks for a fault at location F.
N

Z1S := j ⋅ 0.1pu Z1R := j ⋅ 0.05pu

Z1L1 := j ⋅ 0.3 Z1L2 := j ⋅ 0.4


POSITIVE j0.05
−1
Z1LineEq := 
1 1 
j0.1 + Z1LineEq = 0.171ipu
 Z1L1 Z1L2 
j0.3 j0.4
−1
Z1 :=  
1 1
F + Z1 = 0.069ipu
 Z1S Z1LineEq + Z1R 
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 14/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

j0.05

NEGATIVE j0.1 Z2 := Z1

j0.3 j0.4

Z0S := j ⋅ 0.3pu Z0R := j ⋅ 0.2pu


N Z0L1 := j ⋅ 1.2 Z0L2 := j ⋅ 1.5
j0.2 −1
Z0LineEq := 
1 1 
ZERO j0.3 + Z0LineEq = 0.667ipu
 Z0L1 Z0L2 
j1.2 j1.5 −1
Z0 :=  
1 1
+ Z0 = 0.223ipu
F
 Z0S Z0LineEq + Z0R 
Solution for 4b): Three Phase Fault Problem 4b: Line to line fault:

N
N N

j0.05

NEGATIVE j0.1

POSITIVE j0.05 POSITIVE j0.05 j0.3 j0.4

j0.1 j0.1 F

j0.3 j0.4 j0.3 j0.4

F F
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 15/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Problem 4b: Double Line to Ground Fault:

N N N

j0.05 j0.2

NEGATIVE j0.1 ZERO j0.3

POSITIVE j0.05 j0.3 j0.4 j1.2 j1.5

j0.1 F F

j0.3 j0.4

F
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 16/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

Problem 4b: Single line to ground fault: N

POSITIVE j0.05

j0.1

j0.3 j0.4

j0.05

NEGATIVE j0.1

j0.3 j0.4

j0.2

ZERO j0.3

j1.2 j1.5

F
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 17/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

c. Determine the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents and voltages at location F
for a single-phase to ground fault.

Assuming the fault is on phase A:

1.0
I0F := I0F = −2.773i pu I1F := I0F I2F := I0F
Z1 + Z2 + Z0

IAF := I0F + I1F + I0F IAF = −8.319i pu

V0 := −I0F⋅ Z0 V0 = 0.618 pu arg ( V0) = 180 deg

V1 := 1.0 − I1F⋅ Z1 V1 = 0.809 pu arg ( V1) = 0 deg

V2 := −I2F⋅ Z2 V2 = 0.191 pu arg ( V2) = 180 deg


ECE 504: Session 36; Page 18/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

5. For the system shown in 4, develop the sequence connection diagram for a single-phase open on Line 1.

N Z1L1 −1 Z1L1
+ 
1 1 
Z1equiv := + +
2  Z1S + Z1R Z1L2  2
+ j0.4
Z1equiv = 0.409ipu

j0.1 j0.05
j0.15 j0.15

j0.4 Z2equiv := Z1equiv


-

j0.1 j0.05
j0.15 j0.15

−1
Z0equiv := Z0L1 + 
1 1 
0 J1.5 +
 Z0S + Z0R Z0L2 
j0.3 j0.2
j0.6 j0.6 Z0equiv = 1.575ipu
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 19/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

6. Using the sequence diagram from problem 5, calculate the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence currents on Line 2
with VR = 1pu @ 20 degrees.
j ⋅ 0deg
VS := 1pu⋅ e
j ⋅ 20deg
VR := 1pu⋅ e

Total prefault current:

VS − VR
Isourceprefault := Isourceprefault = 1.08 pu arg ( Isourceprefault) = −170 deg
−1
Z1S + Z1R + 
1 1 
+
 Z1L1 Z1L2 

Current dividers to find the current in lines 1 and 2:

 Z1L2 
IL1_prefault := Isourceprefault⋅  IL1_prefault = 0.617 pu arg ( IL1_prefault) = −170 deg
 Z1L1 + Z1L2 

 Z1L1 
IL2_prefault := Isourceprefault⋅  IL2_prefault = 0.463 pu arg ( IL2_prefault) = −170 deg
 Z1L1 + Z1L2 

1
→ 
0.617 
→ 
 −170 
 
IABCL1_prefault := IL1_prefault⋅  a2  IABCL1_prefault =  0.617  pu arg ( IABCL1_prefault) =  70  deg
  0.617  −50
a     
1
→ 
0.463 
→ 
 −170 
 
IABCL2_prefault := IL2_prefault⋅  a2  IABCL2_prefault =  0.463  pu arg ( IABCL2_prefault) =  70  deg
  0 463  50
a     
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 20/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
a   0.463   −50 

Phase A open analysis:

Equivalent voltage source for phase A open analysis:


F0 F0'
Vse := VS − VR Vse = 0.06 − 0.342i pu
N0
Vse
Norton Equivalent Current: Ise := Ise = −2.28 − 0.402i pu
Z1R + Z1S
F1 F1'
−1
Zeq :=  
Equivalent Parallel Impedance: 1 1
N1 + Zeq = 0.109ipu
 Z1L2 Z1S + Z1R 
Convert back to Thevenin Equivalent Voltage
F2 F2'
Vf := Zeq⋅ Ise Vf = 0.253 pu arg ( Vf ) = −80 deg
N2

Positive sequence current in line 1:

Vf
I1L1_open := I1L1_open = 0.344 pu
−1
Z1equiv + 
1
+
1 
 Z2equiv Z0equiv  arg ( I1L1_open) = −170 deg

Negative sequence current in line 1 (current divider on the line 1 current)


Z0equiv
I2L1_open := −I1L1_open⋅
Z2equiv + Z0equiv I2L1_open = 0.273 pu

(I ) 10 d
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 21/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009
arg ( I2L1_open) = 10 deg

Zero sequence current in line 1 (current divider on the line 1 current)

Z2equiv
I0L1_open := −I1L1_open⋅
Z2equiv + Z0equiv I0L1_open = 0.071 pu arg ( I0L1_open) = 10 deg

 I0L1_open 
→ 
 0 

IABC_Line1 := A012⋅  I1L1_open 
I
 2L1_open 
IABC_Line1 =  0.545  pu
 0.545 (
arg IABC_Line1
2 ) = 88.74 deg
 
(
arg IABC_Line1
3 ) = −68.74 deg
Note that the magnitude on phase A is 0 and a little smaller on the unfaulted phases. There i
also a phase shift compared to prefault

Now to fine the line 2 current, we need to do another current divider on each of the sequence currents from line 1, since the sequnce
currents could either pass through the sources or line to to return to line 1.

Positive sequence load VS − VR


ILineA2 := ILineA2 = 0.631
current in line two ignoring Z1S + Z1L2 + Z1R
open line arg ( ILineA2) = −170 deg

 Z1S + Z1R 
I1L2 := −I1L1_open⋅  + ILineA2 I1L2 = 0.538 pu arg ( I1L2) = −170 deg
 Z1S + Z1R + Z1L2 

 Z1S + Z1R 
I2L2 := −I2L1_open⋅  I2L2 = 0.075 pu arg ( I2L2) = −170 deg
 Z1S + Z1R + Z1L2 
ECE 504: Session 36; Page 22/22
Advanced Power Systems Protection Spring 2009

 Z0S + Z0R 
I0L2 := −I0L1_open⋅  I0L2 = 0.018 pu arg ( I0L2) = −170 deg
 Z0S + Z0R + Z0L2 

 I0L2 
→ 
0.63 
→ 
 −170 

IABC_Line2 := A012⋅  I1L2  IABC_Line2 =  0.494  pu arg ( IABC_Line2 ) =  64.287  deg
I  0.494  −44.287
 2L2     

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