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n
1 n
1
Ix
M
x
i 1
2
i
Iy
M
y
i 1
2
i (3)
Figure 7. Codevector clusters formed after grouping process Figure 8. Codevector Histogram and Spatial information.
Figure 9. Frequency Vs Codevector Group (Codevector Histogram)
5. CLASSIFICATION PROCESS We consider signature from same as well as different users and
We have codevector histograms and their associated spatial then perform the codevector histogram generation and distance
moments, to evaluate the distance between them we used an calculation. Fig. 10 shows standard test signature 1, test 1, test 2
Euclidian distance based formula described in [18]. This is and Fig. 9 shows codevector histogram standard and test signature
described below, given an encoded image having similar 1.
representation as a text document, image features can be extracted
based on codevectors frequency. The feature vector for signature
6. RESULTS
template I1 and the feature vector for test signature I2 are given We use test signatures from other persons also; these signatures
below, are shown in Fig. 11. Now for Each Signature in test signature
For I1, It is given by I1= {W11, W21, … WN1} (4) group we match the histogram with standard signature shown in
For I2, It is given by I2= {W12 , W22 , … WN2 } (5) Fig 10. We calculate the S-Score by Equation 6 & 7.We also
calculate The Euclidian Distance d [7] for frequency. We present
In the histogram model, Wij = Fij , where Fij is the frequency of Euclidian distance for frequency of codevectors and the moments
group Ci appearing in Ij .Thus, the feature vectors I1 and I2 are of inertia Ix, Iy. The result is shown in Table I
the codevector histograms. The similarity measure is defined in the Table1. Similarity score, Euclidian distance for Frequency,
histogram model, Wij = Fij , where Fij is the frequency of Ci and Vertical and Horizontal Spatial moments of inertia
appearing in Ij . The similarity measure is defined in [18],[19] is
Sign S-Score Euclidian Ix Iy
called as S-score, give by
Distance
1
s ( I 2, I1) (6) T1 3.2316 15.4596 6418.207 2668.473
1 dis ( I 2, I1)
T2 3.3409 18.8149 5477.747 2687.285
Where the distance function is D1 2.4871 47.7700 7770.988 3255.156
N
| Wi1 Wi 2 |
dis ( I 2, I 1)
D2 2.5723 19.1572 5806.319 3283.935
(7)
i 1 1 Wi1 Wi 2
D3 2.6023 21.8860 8233.13 3504.646
This formula is used to evaluate the similarity between two D4 2.1200 33.3766 7820.745 3753.719
codevector Histograms, to evaluate the similarity between spatial D5 2.6731 22.2261 7541.738 3199.428
information we use simple Euclidian distance. The testing results
D6 2.8159 19.3132 8500.541 2938.301
are discussed in next section.
D7 2.7948 26.7207 7902.172 3157.305
We evaluate FAR and FRR for both the methods simultaneously. VQ codevector histogram. Here we can see that the EER for FAR
Besides this we find the performance of the spatial moments of & FRR is 21%.
the Codevectors.
For all these features we have performed total 140 tests each. We
present the summary for the test for
1. VQ Codevector Histogram S-Score - (VQS) (Threshold -3.0)
2. VQ Histogram Euclidian Distance- (VQED) (Threshold – 22)
3. Spatial Moment of Gravity- (SPMG) (Threshold -6400)
4. Spatial Moment of Inertia-(SPMI) (Threshold – 3090)
Table 2. Signature Verification Results for VQ based features
Case VQS VQED SPMG SPMI
Cases that Should be 70 70 70 70
Accepted
Cases that actually 51 61 43 45
Accepted
Figure 12 FAR, FRR Plot for VQ S-Score Distance.
Cases that Should be 70 70 70 70
Rejected
Cases that actually 45 47 41 44
Rejected
Figure 15. FAR, FRR Plot for VQ-Moment of Inertia. Fig. 16. FAR-FRR plot for Signature Recognition System in Verification
Mode
FAR FRR for VQ
7. CONCLUSION
45 In this paper we discussed application of vector quantization
40 technique for the problem of pattern recognition. Here we
35
Parameter Value