EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAMAPURAM

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

QUESTION BANK
Subject Code : CS2204 -
Subject Name: ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Class /Sem : II year CSE / III Semester Section:
A&B
Faculty Name: Mr.C. Gnanaprakasam

UNIT – I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION

PART –A

1. In a Amplitude modulation system, the carrier frequency is Fc= 100KHz. The maximum frequency
of the signal is 5 KHz. Determine the lower and upper side bonds and the bond width of AM signal.
(MAY’10)
2. The maximum frequency deviation in an FM is 10 KHz and signal frequency is 10 KHz. Find out
the bandwidth using Carson's rule and the modulation index. (MAY’10)
3. A carrier wave is represented by equation s(t)=12sinwt.Draw the wave form of an AM wave for
depth of modulation of 0.5. (NOV’09)
4. Compare FM with AM (NOV’09)
5. What are the advantages of SSB-SC modulation? (MAY’09)
6. What are direct and indirect frequency modulations? (MAY’09)
7. What are the main problems in TRF receivers? How are these problems overcome by super
heterodyne receiver? (MAY’09)
8. The required Bandwidth for FM transmission depends upon the modulation index-
Justify. (MAY’09)
9. Define modulation index for frequency and phase modulation. (Nov’08)
10. Define Frequency modulation and mention its advantages. (May’07)
11. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 5kW power when the modulation percentage is 60%. How
much is the carrier power? (Nov/Dec 2006)
12. What are the two major two limitations of the standard form of amplitude modulation?
(Nov/Dec 2006)
13. Illustrate the relationship between frequency and phase modulation (Nov/Dec 2006)
14. A carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2kHz resulting in a maximum
frequency deviation of 5 kHz. Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal. (Nov/Dec 2006)
15. Differentiate between an analog and a digital signal. (MAY’06)
16. Define modulation depth for a FM system and highlight its impact on the spectral
occupation. (MAY’06)
17. An Am broadcast transmitter radiates 9.5kW of power with the carrier unmodulated and 10.925kW
when it is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index. (May/June 2006)
18. List the disadvantages of Tuned radio Frequency receiver. (May/June 2006)
19. What is the need for pre-emphasis in FM transmission? (May/June 2006)
20. If the rms value of the aerial current before modulation is 12.5 A and during modulation is 14A,
calculate the percentage of modulation employed, assuming no distortion. (Nov/Dec 2005)
21. A 107.6 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a 7 kHz sine wave. The resultant FM signal has a
frequency deviation of 50 kHz. Determine the modulation index of the FM wave. (April/May 2005)
22. An angle modulated signal is described by m(t) = 10 cos [2 ( 106) πt +0.1 sin (103 )πt] Considering m
(t) as a PM signal with k = 10 , find vm(t) . (Nov/Dec 2005)
23. Define the term Modulation Index for AM. (April/May 2005)
24. What is the bandwidth required for an FM signal in which the modulating frequency is 2KHz and
maximum deviation is 10KHz? (NOV’04)
25. Define Amplitude modulation. (MAY’04)
26. State Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth. (Oct/Nov 2002)
27. Compare DSB-SC-AM and SSB-SC-AM.
28. What is meant by the repetition rate of the AM envelope?
29. Define modulation coefficient and percent modulation.
30. What is the relationship between the modulating signal frequency and the bandwidth in a
conventional AM system?
31. Describe the relationship between the carrier and sideband powers in an AM DSBFC wave.
32. What is the primary advantage and disadvantage of low-level AM?
33. Describe the differences between low-and high-level modulations.
34. What is the primary function of front-end receiver?
35. Define selectivity and shape factor. What is the relationship between them?
36. Define sensitivity and fidelity and insertion loss.
37. Describe the difference between coherent and non-coherent radio receivers.
38. Draw the block diagram for a TRF radio receiver and briefly describe its operation
39. Find the amplitude and the frequency of various sideband terms of the AM wave vam = 10 sin
(2π500kt)-5cos (2π515kt)+ 5cos (2π485kt).
40. As related to AM, what is over modulation, under modulation and 100% modulation?
41. What are the advantages of the super hereterodyne receiver over TRF receiver?
42. For an AM wave
eAM = 100[ 1+ 0.7 cos(3000t/2Π) + 0.3 cos (6000t/2Π) sin 106 t/2Π)
Find the amplitude and frequency of various sideband terms. (Oct/Nov ’02)
43. Define frequency deviation in FM
44. Differentiate between narrow band FM and wideband FM
45. What are the advantages of FM over AM?
46. Differentiate FM and AM
47. Why Armstrong method of FM is superior to reactance modulator?

PART-B
1. (a) (i) Distinguish between FM and PM by giving its mathematical analysis. (8 Marks)
(ii) Derive the relationship between the voltage amplitudes of the side band frequencies and the
carrier and draw the frequency spectrum. (8 Marks) (MAY’10)
2. (b) (i) Discuss about the sets of side bands produced when a carrier is frequency modulated by a
single frequency sinusoid. (8 Marks)
(ii) In an AM modulator, 500 KHz carrier of amplitude 20 V is modulated by 10 KHz modulating
signal which causes a change in the output wave of +_ 7.5 V. Determine:
(1) Upper and lower side band frequencies
(2) Modulation Index
(3) Peak amplitude of upper and lower side frequency
(4) Maximum and minimum amplitudes of envelope. (8 Marks) (MAY’10)
3. (a)(i)The output voltage of a transmitter is given by 500(1+0.4sin3140t)cos6.28X10^7t
This voltage is fed to a load of 600 ohms.Determine
1.Carrier frequency
2.Modulating frequency
3.Carrier power (9)
(ii)Explain i detail about superheterodyne receiver(7) (NOV’09)
4. (b)(i)Carrier frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2kHz resulting in a
maximum frequency deviation of 5kHz.Find
1.Modulatind index
2.Bandwidth of modulated signal (4)
(ii)Explain the method of generating FM signal using indirect method(12) (NOV’09)
5. Draw a AM modulator circuit which generates DSBFC AM and explain the operation with suitable
sketches. (MAY’09)
6. For an AM DSBFC with a peak modulated carrier voltage Vc = 12V and modulation coefficient m=1
with load resistance Rl= 12 ohm, Determine the (
(1) Carrier power and the upper and lower side band power (Pc,P usb,Plsb)
(2) Total power of the modulated wave.
(3) Draw the power spectrum. (MAY’09)
7. Draw the block diagram of Super heterodyne receiver and explain the function of each block. what
are its advantages over TRF receiver? (MAY’09)
8. Draw the circuit of Varactor diode FM modulator and reactance modulator and explain the
generation of FM. (MAY’09)
9. Draw the circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator and explain its operation. (MAY’09)
10. (i) Explain the principle of amplitude modulation. (MAY’07)
(ii) Draw the circuit of diode envelope detector and explain how it is used for AM
demodulation. (MAY’07,MAY’05)
7. With a neat block diagram explain the operation of Armstrong indirect FM
transmitter (May/June
2006, 8 marks)
8. Explain the operation of the slope detector. Give its advantages. (May/June 2006, 12marks)
9. Determine the spectrum of single tone FM wave for an arbitrary value of the modulation index.
10. Draw the block diagram of an indirect FM transmitter. (Nov/Dec 2006, 4 marks)
11. Explain the process of demodulating FM signal using PLL. (Nov/Dec 2006, 12 marks)
12. A 20 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the maximum frequency
deviation is 100 kHz. Determine the modulation index and the approximate bandwidth of the FM
signal if the frequency of the modulating signal is 100 kHz. (Nov/Dec 2006, 4 marks)
13. Derive an expression for single tone amplitude modulated wave. (April/May 2005,8marks)
14. Derive the expression for the AM signal and hence explain the power relationship in AM.
Draw the frequency spectrum of AM signal. (May/June 2006, 12marks)
15. Explain the operation of AM super heterodyne receiver with neat block
diagram. (May/June 2006, Nov/
Dec 2006 12marks)
16. (i) Compare AM and FM. (NOV’05)
(ii) Explain the method of generating frequency-modulated signal with neat block diagram.
17. Consider an angle-modulated signal xc(t) = 10 cos (ωct + 3 sin ωmt ). Assume FM and fm= 1 kHz.
Calculate the modulation index and find the bandwidth when (i) when fm is doubled and (ii) fm is
decreased by one half. (Nov/Dec 2005, 8 marks)
18. Sketch the preemphasis network and discuss why it is necessary to increase the amplitude of the
higher modulation frequencies before modulation of the transmitter. (Nov/Dec 2005, 8 marks)
19. Draw the block diagram of narrow band FM generation and derive an expression for single tone
narrow band FM. (April/May 2005,8marks)
20. (i) What is AM? Explain with relevant mathematical expressions the square law modulation?
(ii) Explain how FM can be generated from PM (NOV’04)
21. A block diagram of an indirect (Armstrong) FM transmitter is shown in figure. Compute the
maximum frequency deviation ∆ f of the output of the FM transmitter and the carrier frequency fc is
f1= 200 kHz, fLO= 10.8 MHz, ∆ f1 = 25 Hz, n1=64 and n2=48.
22. Explain how Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) is effective in correct tuning of FM receiver.
What is the function of phase locked loop? (Nov/Dec 2005, 8marks)
23. When modulating frequency in a FM system is 400Hz and the modulating voltage is 2.4v, the
modulation index, when modulation frequency is reduced to 250Hz and the modulating voltage
raised to 3.2V
24. (i) Explain how FM and PM to FM is obtained.
(ii) Compare the performance of AM, FM and PM.
23. a. (i) Explain SSB-SC-AM with a neat block diagram.
(ii)Write notes on image frequency.
b.(i) Discuss the threshold effect on FM and write down the factors to reduce it.
(ii) Explain FM transmitter with a neat sketch.
(iii) Differentiate between narrow band and wide band FM
25. Derive an expression of FM wave with a single tone modulation and show that it has infinite number
of sideband terms
26. Find the carrier and modulating frequency, the modulation index and maximum deviation of the FM
wave represented by the equation efm(t) = 12 sin( 6 x 108 t + 5 sin 1250 t ). What power will FM
wave dissipate in a 10 Ω resistance?
27. a) Differentiate between FM and AM
b) With block diagram explain the principle of operation of Foster-seeley discriminator.
 Compare the performance with ratio detector
28. Draw the circuit of a balanced slope detector for FM demodulation and explain
29. a) Explain – ‘Tuned Radio-Frequency receiver’ with neat diagram.
b) Mention the drawbacks of a TRF receiver. (Nov/Dec 2006,4 marks)
c) Describe ‘Double Conversion AM Receivers’.
28. a) For an unmodulated carrier amplitude of 12Vp and a modulation coefficient of 0.5, determine the
following:
i) Percent modulation
ii) Peak voltages of the carrier and side frequencies.
iii) Maximum positive envelope voltage.
iv) Minimum positive envelope voltage.
b) For an AM DSBFC wave with an unmodulated carrier voltage of 18Vp and a load resistance of
72 Ω determine
i. Unmodulated carrier power.
ii. Modulated carrier power.
iii. Total sideband power.
iv. Upper and lower sideband powers.
v. Total transmitted power.
29. a) For a low-power AM modulator with a modulation carrier voltage of 0.8, a Quiescent gain
of 90, and an input carrier amplitude of 10 mVp determine
i)Maximum and minimum voltage gains.
ii)Maximum and minimum envelope voltages.
iii)Sketch the AM envelope.
b) Consider an amplitude modulated signal s(t) = 5(1 + 0.5 cos 2000πt + 0.5 cos 4000πt +
cos6000πt) cos 25000πt.
i) Sketch the frequency spectrum of s(t)
ii) Find the total, the sideband and the carrier power.
iii) Find the modulation index.
30. Write the short notes on low level and high-level modulation. (May/June 2006, 4marks)
31. Define image frequency rejection ratio. Determine image frequency rejection ratio for an AM super
heterodyne receiver with IF of 455kHz and RF of 700kHz. The Q of the preselector is
100. (May/June 2006, 4marks)
32. Verify that the message signal m(t) recovered from a modulated DSB signal by first multiplying it by
a local sinusoidal carrier and then passing the resultant signal through a low pass
filter. (Nov/Dec 2005,8 marks)
(i) In the time domain (ii) In the frequency domain

33. Derive the efficiency ηof ordinary AM and show that for a single tone AM ηmax =33.3% at
µ =1 . (Nov/Dec 2005,4 marks)
34. Explain the process of demodulating DSB-SC signal by using synchronous demodulator, with the
help of neat block diagram and frequency spectrum. (Nov/Dec 2006,12 marks)
 UNIT – II -DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
PART A

1. Draw the ASK and FSK signals for the binary signal s(t)= 1011001. (MAY ’10)
2. What are the advantages of QPSK? (MAY ’10)
3. What is coherent detection? (NOV ’09)
4. Why is binary ASK called on-off keying? (NOV ’09)
5, State Shannon’s theorem on information capacity of a channel and what its significance.
(MAY’09, MAY’06,NOV’05))
6. What is the advantages of PSK over FSK. (MAY’09)
7. Define on-off keying. (NOV’05)
8. Calculate the capacity of a standard 4 KHz telephone channel with a 32 dB signal to
noise ratio. (NOV’04)
9. Draw the waveforms for FSK and PSK modulation. (NOV’04)
10. What is full duplex operation of a modem? (NOV’04)
11. What is impulse noise? (APR’04)
12. What is the bandwidth efficiency for QPSK modulation scheme
if Eb/No = 11.2 dB. (APR’04)
13. What are antipodal signals? (Oct/Nov 2002, Nov/Dec 2006)
14. What are the advantages of digital modulation over analog modulation?
15. Comparison between BFSK and BPSK.
16. Explain DS/BPSK signal.
17. Give the advantages of Digital Modulation over AM.
18. Differentiate coherent and non-coherent detection methods.
19. Sketch the waveform of PSK for the binary sequence 1101001.
20. Draw the phasor diagram of QPSK.
21. What are the advantages of QPSK as compared to BPSK? (April/May 2005)
22. Sketch the waveform representation of ASK, FSK, PSK for NRZ coded binary sequence and
represent each case mathematically. ( Nov/Dec 2005)
23. Draw the signal constellation of QPSK and give comments on QPSK (Nov/Dec 2005)

PART - B

1. What is known as Binary phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter and Receiver
and also obtain the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth. (16 Marks) (MAY’10)
2. (i) Illustrate the concept of 8 QAM transmitter with the truth table. (8 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) What is the need for carrier Recovery? Explain the Costas loop method of carrier recovery. (8
Marks)
3. (i)Explain the coherent binary FSK system with a neat diagram of transmitter and receiver(12)
(NOV’09)
(ii)Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of FSK over PSK system(4)
4. (i)Explain the generation and detection of coherent QPSK system in detail(12) (NOV’09)
(ii)What is DPSK?Explain its bandwidth requirements.
5. Draw the block diagram of FSK transmitter and receiver and explain the operation.
How is the required bandwidth calculated for FSK? (May’09,NOV’05,APR’05)
6. Explain the operation of QPSK transmitter and receiver. Also draw its phasor diagram
and compare QPSK with simple BPSK in terms of bandwidth requirements.(May’09)

7. (i) Define QPSK modulation and mention its advantages. (Nov’09)

(ii) Explain the operation of QPSK transmitter and receiver (Nov’09,NOV’04)
8. (i) State and prove Shannon’s theorem for information capacity. (Nov’09)
(ii) Determine the Shannon’s limit for information capacity for a STD telephone circuit with signal
to noise power ratio of 900 and bandwidth of 2.5KHz. (Nov’09)
9. (i) Define Channel capacity.
(ii) Explain the Shannon’s channel coding theorem for a discrete memory less channel. (May’07)
10. (i)Draw the block diagram of FSK system and explain. (NOV’05)
(ii) Compare BPSK and QPSK. (NOV’05)
11. (i) What is ASK ? Draw the waveform. (NOV’04)
(ii) Derive the expression for channel capacity. (NOV’04)
12. Draw the block diagram of binary PSK system and explain with signal space diagram.(APR’04)
13. (a) (i) Explain in detail the non-coherent detection of FSK.
(ii) Discuss the probability of bit error for coherently detected BPSK.
b) (i) Discuss the influence of inter symbol interference in digital communications.
(ii) Compare the bit error performance of various modulation types.
14. (i) Compare ASK, FSK and PSK systems.
(ii) Explain in detail the non-coherent ASK detection and also derive the expression for probability
of error.
15. a) (i) Explain correlation receiver for BPSK with neat block diagram.
(ii) Discuss in detail the timing and synchronization problems associated with optimum coherent
detection.
b) Compare various digital modulation schemes.
16. a) (i) Discuss in detail the optimum coherent psk system using correlators.
(ii) With a neat block diagram, explain DPSK modulator.
b) (i) How interference affects the signal in digital communication?
(ii) With a neat block diagram, explain the QPSK system.
17. (i) Explain the non-coherent detection of FSK.
(ii) Discuss the probability of bit error for coherently detected BPSK.
18. (i) Derive probability of error for DSS BPSK system
(ii) For a 4-ary FSK, show that if the frequencies are separated by fs they are each orthogonal
19. (i) Explain binary PSK and binary FSK modulation and demodulation with the help of block
diagrams
(ii) Derive an expression for bit error probability for quadrature PSK receiver and draw the block
diagrams
 20. (i) Derive an expression for bit error probability for quadrate PSK receiver and draw the block
diagram for the modulator and demodulator
21. Explain the basic idea of correlative level coding and illustrate it by considering the specific
example of duobinary signaling scheme. (Nov/Dec 2005, Nov/Dec 2006,8 marks)
22. With the neat block diagram explain the operation of 16 QAM transmitters. Draw its output
signal constellation diagram (May/June 2006, 10 marks)
23. Explain BPSK transmitter and receiver with the help of block diagrams
(Nov/Dec 2006,12 marks)
24. The bit stream 1011100011is to be transmitted using DPSK. Determine the encode sequence
and transmitted phase sequence (Nov/Dec 2006,4 marks)

UNIT – III -DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

PART – A
1. Define Nyquist sampling theorem. (MAY’10)
2. For the signal m(t)= 3 cos 500^t + 4 sin 1000^t, Determine the Nyquist sampling rate. (MAY’10)
3. What are the errors in DM? (NOV’10)
4. Define companding (NOV’10)
5. What are the two types of noises present in Delta modulation system? (MAY’09)
6. Explain why the quantisation noise cannot be removed completely in PCM How do you reduce this
noise? (MAY’09)
7. What is uniform quantizer? (NOV’09)
8. Give the advantages of biphase coding techniques. (NOV’08)
9. What are the advantages of digital transmission? (May’07)
10 What is natural sampling? (MAYy’07)
11. What are the limitations of NRZ? (MAY’07)
12.For the bit stream 01001110,sketch the waveforms for NRZ-L and Manchester coding..
(MAY’07)
13. What are the two types of noise in delta modulation? (MAY’06)
14. Draw the Bi-phase and AMI encoded waveforms corresponding to a binary data
sequence 0110100011,. (MAY’06)
15. How is Eye pattern used to measure intersymbol interference in a data transmission
system (Nov/Dec 2006, Nov/Dec
2005)
16. What is Pulse amplitude modulation? (NOV’05)
17. State sampling theorem. (NOV’05,NOV’04))
18. For the given digital data 01100011,draw the NRZ and RZ waveforms. (NOV’04)
19. What is NRZ-I and NRZ-L encoding formats? (APR’04)
20. What is pulse width modulation? (APR’04)
21. What are the causes for inter symbol interface. Explain how Eye pattern is used to
measure ISI.
22.What is the primary purpose of data modems?
23. Define Equalization and list various types of Equalizers.
24. What is alaising? How it can be reduced?
25. What is full duplex operation of a modem? (Nov/Dec 2004)
26. What is phase delay distortion? (Nov/Dec 2004)

PART B

1. (i) What is called companding? Briefly discuss the Analog companding. (8 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) Discuss about the causes of ISI. (8 Marks)
2. (i) Explain in detail the Delta modulation transmitter and Receiver. (10 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) Discuss the draw backs of delta modulation and explain the significance of adaptive
delta modulator. (6 Marks)
3. (i)Explain in detail about DPCM with suitable diagram(10) (NOV’09)
(ii) 1kHz signal is sampled by 8kHz sampling signal and the samples are encoded with
12 bit PCM system. Find 1.Required bandwdth for PCM system
2.Total number of bits in the digital output signal in 10 cycles(6)
4. (i)Write short notes on ISI(6) (NOV’09)
(ii)What is eye pattern?Explain how is the performance of a baseband pulse
transmission system measured with this?(10)
5. (i)With a neat block diagram, explain in detail about PCM.
(MAY’09, June’07, NOV’05, NOV’04)
(ii) What is the need for companding? Explain analog and digital compandimg. (May’09)
6.(i) What is ISI in digital communication? Explain how ISI can be measured using eye
pattern method. (May’09)
(ii) Draw the block diagram of adaptive delta modulator and explain its operation .How
is this ADM better than DM? (May’09)
11. (i)Explain with block diagram the delta modulation technique. Compare it with
Differential PCM. (Nov’09)
(ii) Explain the various sources of noise in delta modulation. (Nov’09)
12. (i) Distinguish between the different pulse modulation schemes with neat diagram.
(ii) Explain Quantisation and determine the quantisation error of a uniform quantizer.
(May’07)
13. What is Delta modulation? Explain its differences and disadvantages compared to
PCM. (May’07,May’06,NOV’05,
NOV’04,APR’04)
14. (i) Derive expressions for the quantisation noise and signal to noise ratio in a PCM
system using a uniform quantiser. (May’06)
(ii) A sinusoidal signal is to be transmitted using PCM.An output SNR of 55.8dB is required.
Find the number of representation levels required to achieve this performance. (May’06)
15. (i)Explain the principle of sampling and quantisation in digital communication.
(ii) Explain the method of generation of PWM signal. (NOV’05)
16. (i)What is flat top sampling? Explain (NOV’04)
(ii)Explain what is quantisation error. (NOV’04)
13. Explain quantisation noise in delta modulation. (APR’04)
14. Explain various binary data formats with an example. (April/May 2005, 8marks)
15. Draw the block diagram of a base band binary transmission systems and explain
(April/May 2005, 8marks; Nov/Dec 2006, 12 marks)
16. Show that if the sampling rate is equal to or greater than the twice the highest message
frequency, the message m(t) can be recovered from the signal by low pass filtering
(Nov/Dec 2005,16 marks)
17. Write short notes on intersymbol interference, pulse shaping and raised cosine
filter (Nov/Dec 2005, 16
marks)
18. Write notes on the adaptive equalization use for data transmission. (May/June 2006, 8 marks)
19. Given the signal m(t) 10 cos(2000 πt )cos (8000 πt), what is the minimum sampling rate based
on the low-pass uniform sampling theorem. (Nov/Dec 2006, 4 marks)

UNIT – IV -DATA COMMUNICATION

PART-A
1. What is meant by ASCII code? (MAY’10)
2. Which error detection technique is simple and which one is more reliable? (MAY’10)
3. What are the two methods of error detection and correction? (NOV’09)
4. What do you mean by signaling rate? (NOV’09)
5. What is meant by flow control? (NOV’08,’05)
6. List the functions of data link control. (MAY’06)
17. What are the major transmission impairments suffered by a signal on a transmission media.
8. Distinguish between random error and burst error. (Nov/Dec 2004)
9. Define error detection and its need.
10. Differentiate serial and parallel interface.
11. What is UART and what are its primary functions.
12. What is the purpose of scrambler and descrambler?
13. What is maximum ratio combining principle?
14. Differentiate Serial and Parallel data transmission.
15. What is modem and give its various standards.
16. Discuss about the voltage levels of RS-232 standard.
17. Give some serial interfaces similar to RS-232.
18. What are the various network topologies?
19. Which OSI layers are network supportive and which are user supportive layers?

PART-B

1. (i) Describe the most common error detection techniques. (12 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) Discuss the function of a data modem. (4 Marks)
2. (i) Explain in detail the characteristics of IEEE 488 Bus. (10 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) Briefly explain the three methods of error connection. (6 Marks)
3. (i)Write short notes on error correcting codes (NOV’09)
(ii)Find the generator polynomial of (7,4) cyclic code and find the codeword for the message
1001(12)
4. Explain in detail about the serial interface with its control signals and timing information
(16) (NOV’09)
5. (i) What is the need for data communication interfaces? (Nov’09)
(ii) Explain the electrical and functional specifications of the ISDN physical interface.
6. (i) Explain synchronous TDM.Describe how error and flow control are accomplished.
(ii) Explain the mechanism of error control usingstop and wait ARQ. (MAY’07)
7. Explain with suitable diagram and examples, the flow control mechanisms that are used in
the process of sending data over a data communication link. (MAY’06)
8. (i) Explain the error detection and correction methods used in data link control.
(ii) Explain HDLC. (NOV’05)
9. What are the functionsof data link layer? And explain.
10. Write short notes on burst error correcting codes. (Nov/Dec 2004)
11. Discuss asynchronous data transmission technique.
12. Explain General interfacing for data transmission.
13. Explain various error detection techniques.
14. Explain in detail about RS232 interface.
15. a) Explain various digital communication codes.
b) (i) Explain data modulation and two problems associated with it.
(ii) Differentiate Serial and Parallel data transmission.

UNIT—V
SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
PART –A

1. What are the applications of spread spectrum modulation? (MAY’10)

2. Design processing gain in spread spectrum modulation. (MAY’10)
3. Define processing gain (NOV’09)
4. What is CDMA? (NOV’09)
5. What are slow frequency hopping and fast frequency hopping? (MAY’09)
6. Define processing gain in spread spectrum system. (MAY’09)
7. Compare frequency and time division multiplexing. (NOV’08)
8. What is meant by multiplexing? (NOV’05)
9. What is frequency Division Multiplexing? (APR’04)
10. List out the comparison between slow and fast frequency hopping (Nov/Dec 2006)
11. What is node-to-node delivery? (Nov/Dec 2004)
12. Mention the classification of multiple access protocols (Nov/Dec 2005)
13.State the correlation property of maximum length sequence (May/June 2006)
14. What is time division multiple access (May/June 2006)
15. Sketch the structure for CDMA system and give the orthogonal condition for signal in
CDMA (Nov/Dec 2005)
16. What are randomness properties that make a pseudo random signal appear truly random
17. What do you understand by acquisition of a FH signal
18. Give the advantage of spread spectrum technique in communication
19. Explain CDMA.
20. Give the use of spread spectrum with code division multiple access
21. List the properties of the pseudo noise sequence used in direct sequence spread spectrum
system
22. Define pseudo noise sequence
23. Explain why the FH spread spectrum system is not affected by the near –far problem
24. Distinguish TDM and FDM.
25. Define pseodo noise sequence (Oct/Nov 2002)
26. Explain why FH spread spectrum system is not affected by near-far problem
(Oct/Nov 2002)

PART B
1. (i) What is a Pseudo noise sequence? What are the properties of Pseudo noise sequence?
(8 Marks) (MAY’10)
(ii) Describe the application of CDMA in wireless communication system. (8 Marks)
2. (i) With a block diagram explain, DS spread spectrum with coherent binary PSK. (10 Marks)
(ii) Explain the near- far problem in spread spectrum modulation? (6 Marks) (MAY’10)
3. (i)What are pseudo noise sequences? How are they generated?(6) (NOV’09)
(ii)Explain direct sequence spread spectrum system in detail(10)
4. Explain 2 types of FH spread spectrum systems with suitable diagrams (16) (NOV’09)
5. (i)What are the properties of PN sequence random numbers? Draw the direct sequence
spread spectrum system which employes BPSK and explain the operation (May’09)
(ii) Distinguish between FDMA and TDMA. (May’09)
6. What are fast frequency hopping and slow frequency hopping? Explain both with suitable
diagrams. (May’09)
7. The spread spectrum communication system has the information bit duration of 2.047ms and
PN sequence chip duration of 1 µs. If the minimum (Eb / No) is considered as 10, determine the
jamming margin. (May/June 2006, 12 marks)
7. Explain the frequency hop spread spectrum modulation scheme with illustrative
diagrams (Nov’06 ,May/June
2006,10 marks)
8. What is CDMA? Compare its features with TDMA (May/June 2006, 6 marks)
9. What is direct sequence pseodo noise spread spectrum. Explain with block
diagram (April/
May 2005, 6marks)
10. Explain with a neat diagram, time division multiplexing. (NOV’04)
11. Explain the principle of FDM system with neat block diagram. (APR’04)
12. Explain in detail the direct sequence spread spectrum system and derive the signal to jammer
ratio{ SJR} and processing gains
13. (i) Differentiate fast hopping and slow hopping
(ii) Explain the tracking technique of spread spectrum system
14. (i) Describe SS receiver synchronization and calculate the average time it takes to achieve
synchronization
 (ii) Describe the operation of DSS and FH-SS systems
15. (i) Calculate the minimum hop rate of a FH-SS system that will prevent a jammer from operating
five miles away from the receiver
(ii) How many customers of equal power can share a CDMA system of each one is using DS-BPSK
where the processing gain is 30 dB with pe< 10-7
16. (i) Define processing gain.
(ii) Discuss in detail a base band spread spectrum system in necessary diagrams
(iii) What is feed back shift register and how does it related with pseudo-noise sequences?
17. (i) A spread spectrum communication system has the following parameters.
Information bit duration Tb= 4.095 ms, PN chip duration Tc = 1 µs
Find [1] processing gain [2] jamming margin {dB}
(ii) Derive probability of error for direct sequence spread BPSK system.
(iii) Discuss in detail various tamers encountered in practice.
18. a) (i)What do you men by pseudo-random noise? Give its expression.
(ii) Explain in detail the generation and characteristics of PN sequences.
b) (i) Explain early-late gate tracking circuit of frequency hopping signal
(Oct/Nov 2002,16 marks)
19. (i) Discuss the application of DS spectrum in ranging.
(ii)Explain the operation of FHSS.
20. (i) Draw the block diagrams of direct sequence and frequency Hopping spread spectrum transmitters
and explain.
21. Discuss about TDM scheme with circuit schematic. What are advantages and limitations of TDM?

22. Briefly explain DS spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation technique and derive an expression for
effective jamming power and the effect of processing gain.
23. Describe what a reference burst is for TDMA and explain the following terms: Preamble,
carrier recovery sequence, bit timing recovery, unique word and correlation
spike (Nov/Dec
2005,8 marks)

PREPARED BY REVIEWED BY APPROVED BY

(C.Gnanaprakasam) (Mr.B.Sridhar) (HOD-ECE)