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Hematology Values
Electrolyte Values
Hepatic Enzymes
Renal Related
Protein
Lipids
Thyroid
Cardiac
Hematology Values
HEMATOCRIT (HCT)
o Normal Adult Female Range: 37 - 47%
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42%
Normal Adult Male Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47
Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62%
Optimal Newborn Reading: 56
HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
o Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16 g/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl
Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl
Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl
Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/dl
PLATELET COUNT
o Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 265
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
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Electrolyte Values
SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It
functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to
transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
o Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5
POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac
arythemia.
o Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as well as too much water
crossing the cell membrane. Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin
may indicate water deficiency crossing the cell membrane (edema).
o Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 103
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related to the respiratory exchange of
carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system.
Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of
acidosis and alkalinity.
o Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Childrens Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L
Optimal Childrens Reading: 24
CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS Ratio
o Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3
SODIUM/POTASSIUM
o Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 32
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Hepatic Enzymes
AST (Serum Glutamic-Oxalocetic Transaminase - SGOT ) - found primarily in the
liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, and muscles. Seen in tissue damage, especially
heart and live
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 21
LDH (Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase) - Increases are usually found in cellular death
and/or leakage from the cell or in some cases it can be useful in confirming
myocardial or pulmonary infarction (only in relation to other tests).
Decreased levels of the enzyme may be seen in cases of malnutrition,
hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low tissue or organ activity.
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 125
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Renal Related
B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can be caused by excessive protein intake,
kidney damage, certain drugs, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or
heart failure. Decreased levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver
damage or low nitrogen intake.
o Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 16
CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes seen in kidney damage, protein starvation,
liver disease or pregnancy. Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney
disease due to the kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration,
and some drugs involved in impairment of kidney function.
o Normal Adult Range: .7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout, infections, kidney disease, alcoholism,
high protein diets, and with toxemia in pregnancy. Low levels may be
indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an
overly acid kidney.
o Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5
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Protein
PROTEIN, TOTAL - Decreased levels may be due to poor nutrition, liver disease,
malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus,
liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst
many others.
o Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25
ALBUMIN - major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). High levels are
seen in liver disease(rarely) , shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower
levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease,
inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcemia
o Normal Adult Range: 3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1
GLOBULIN - Globulins have many diverse functions such as, the carrier of some
hormones, lipids, metals, and antibodies(IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE). Elevated
levels are seen with chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis,
myelomas, and lupus are present, . Lower levels in immune compromised
patients, poor dietary habits, malabsorption and liver or kidney disease.
o Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2 g/dl (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
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Lipids
CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins (HDL) is desired as opposed to the low
density lipoproteins (LDL), two types of cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has
been seen in artherosclerosis, diabetes, hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Low
levels are seen in depression, malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies,
anemia and infection.
o Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 180
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies correlate the association between high
levels of LDL and arterial artherosclerosis
o Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl
CHOLESTEROL/LDL RATIO
o Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
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Thyroid
THYROXINE (T4) - Increased levels are found in hyperthyroidism, acute thyroiditis,
and hepatitis. Low levels can be found in Cretinism, hypothyroidism,
cirrhosis, malnutrition, and chronic thyroiditis.
o Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12 ug/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 8 ug/dl
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Cardiac
Creatine phosphokinase (CK) - Levels rise 4 to 8 hours after an acute MI, peaking at
16 to 30 hours and returning to baseline within 4 days
o 25-200 U/L
o 32-150 U/L
(LDH) Lactate dehydrogenase - Total LDH will begin to rise 2 to 5 days after an
MI; the elevation can last 10 days.
o 140-280 U/L
LDH-1 and LDH-2 LDH isoenzymes - Compare LDH 1 and LDH 2 levels. Normally,
the LDH-1 value will be less than the LDH-2. In the acute MI, however, the
LDH 2 remains constant, while LDH 1 rises. When the LDH 1 is higher than
LDH 2, the LDH is said to be flipped, which is highly suggestive of an MI. A
flipped pattern appears 12-24 hours post MI and persists for 48 hours.
o LDH-1 18%-33%
o LDH-2 28%-40%
SGOT - will begin to rise in 8-12 hours and peak in 18-30 hours
o 10-42 U/L
Myoglobin - early and sensitive diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the emergency
department This small heme protein becomes abnormal within 1 to 2 hours of
necrosis, peaks in 4-8 hours, and drops to normal in about 12 hours.
o <1
Troponin Complex - Peaks in 10-24 hours, begins to fall off after 1-2 weeks.
o < 0.4
Serum
Markers of
Myocardial
Injury
12-
CK/CK-MB 3-8 24-48
16
cTnI: 5-9
Troponin 10-
3-6 days cTnT:
Complex 24
7-14 days