Reduction Hethod of High Harmonic Currents on
the AC Side of the Diode Rectifier Circuits
i n the AC Electric Railways
Tokio Matsuhashi,
Non-member, IEEE
Nihon University
Kohriyama, Fukushima, 963, Japan.
AlrPtract-We propose the method which is able to suppress the gen-
eration of the high harmonic currents on the AC side of the diode
rectifier circuits i n the AC electric railways by connccting the Ut
series circuit i n parallel with the load on the BC side. From the
experimental and theoretical results, it is confirmed that t h i s
method produces the desirable effect for the reduction of high
harmonics and the improvement of the power characteristics.
.
I I mRomIa
In the AC electric railways, the single phase r e c t i f i e r
c i r c u i t s placed i n the car generate high harmonic currents
on the AC side.The lower order components of the generated
harmonics may cause breakdown and overheating of the power
source transformer and the Power Factor improvement capac-
itor etc.. Also,the higher order components cause inductive
interference t o neighboring communication l i n e s and the
train control infornation etc..
A s a countermeasure, the AC f i l t e r t o reduce harmonic
currents on the AC side has been adoptedCllC21, but it does
not have much effect[3][4]. Also, problemC51 such a s
increase i n the size of capacitor kVA acconpanied by funda-
mental harmonic current inflow arise.
Then, we propose the new reduction method[61[7]C8] of the
high harmonic currents i n the car using the diode r e c t i f i e r
circuits. I t is able to suppress the generation of the high
harmonic currents on the AC side by connecting the CR
series c i r c u i t i n parallel with the load on the DC side of
the r e c t i f i e r circuits.
In t h i s paper, the theoretical analysisC91 of the single
phase r e c t i f i e r c i r c u i t adopted t h i s method is pre8ented.In
t h i s analysis, we separate into two operating nodes and
carry out the circuit analysis for each d e . Furthermore,
we make calculations and experiments on the condition of
electric railways, and then indicate the power characteris-
tics and the reduction effects of high harmonic currents.
And, it is clarified that adopting this method t o the car
using the diode r e c t i f i e r circuits produces the desirable
effects f o r reduction of the high harmonics and the power
characteristics.
The equivalent circuit configuration of a tap control car
is shown with a solid line i n Fig.1. In t h i s circuit, Xp
and Rp show the resultant reactandinductance Lpland the
resistance on the AC power source side. Xd and Rd show the
0-7803-0634-1/92$03.OO0IEEE
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Kazutaka Itako,Takeaki Mori and Susumu Ohya
Member, IEEE
Kanagawa Institute of Technology
Atsugi, kanagawa, 243-02,Japan.
RP XP
Rd
e a
.......
I id2
Xd
d
F i g . 1 . Equivalent c i r c u i t of e l e c t r i c railway
applied this method.
resultant reactance(inductance M) and resistance of the DC
series motor and smoothing reactor etc..
Generally, the equivalent circuit on the UC motor side is
expressed i n an alternating equivalent resistance Rt,react-
ance Xd and a constant counter e.m.f E. In t h i s analysis,we
substitute a DC equivalent resistance Re for a counter
e.n.f E. Then, i n Fig.1, Rd shows Rt+Re. The influence of
t h i s treatment is discussed i n the l a t e r chapter.
Fir.P(a) shows the voltage and current waveforms on the
AC side of this circuit configuration. In this figure, AC
side current i p contains the high harmonics based on the
inductive load.
Then,we propose the new method that the CR series circuit
(shown a dotted l i n e i n Fig.l)is connected i n parallel w i t h
the load on the DC side. Iherefore,DC side circuit consists
of the parallel circuit of the load and the CR series
circuit. Then, i f the relation of the c i r c u i t constants on
the DC side c a n be maintained as follows
XdXc=Rd2=R2(constant resistance condition 1, (1)
impedance of the DC side can be considered t o be a pure
resistance.
Fig.2(b) shows the voltage and current waveform on the
AC side under the condition of the equation (l).The AC side
( a ) General waveforms. ( b ) Waveforms applied this method.
P i g . 2 . Voltage and current waveforms on the AC s i d e .
1343
 current i p becorn a sine wave which does not contain the Commutation start angle is rectification end phase in
high harnonic components. Also, the AC side impedance has which terminal voltage of r e c t i f i e r circuit becomes zero.
effect only on Power Factor and the current magnitude on Hereafter,v.b and vd i n Fir.1 keep zero,because a l l recti-
the AC side. f i e r elements are i n short state. Hence, circuit equations
Thus, when the load constant values a r e given, the moat are given i n the following differential equations;
desirable values of the CR circuit for high harmonics
reduction can be determined by the equation (1). But, i n
practice, the condition is not always aatisfied for reason
of the load fluctuation.In t h i s case, the AC side inpedance
h a s an effect on the AC current waveform. Therefore, i n the
area that the equation (1) is not satisfied,the character-
istics of high harmonics reduction and efficiency have t o where each i n i t i a l current a t commutation s t a r t angle a is
be investigated. ip=-icd, idi=icdi, i d 2 = i c d 2 and iCd=ie*i*icd2. Therefore,

In order t o carry out tba above-mentioned investigation, the s t a r t angle a of commutation state is
analysis method of the r e c t i f i e r circuit w i t h the CR series
circuit on the DC side is described i n the next chapter. a=sin-I C (X,(Xc i cdi/R+Ra i caz/Xa)
- R P ( i o d i + i cd2)) /EJ (8).
1.ANALYSIS OF WB PBCTIMER CIRCUIT YITU
m CR SRRIB CIRCUIT (b) Couutation state ( a 4 8 5 a +U
In the r e c t i f i e r c i r c u i t with the CR s e r i e s circuit on In the commutation state, the AC side circuit and the DC
the DC side, commutation condition can be divided into two side c i r c u i t respectively behave a s independent circuit,
modes i n coapliance with circuit constant conditions. because the terminal voltages of r e c t i f i e r circuit are i n
(1) There is commutation s t a t e . ( d e 1) short state.By the solutions of the equations (2)-(5) each
(2) There is no commutation state.(mode 2) i is shown in the following equations;
And constant resistance condition is located i n boundary of
modes 1 and 2.

A . Aoalysis of .bde 1

In the CR series circuit, when C is small or R is large

in comparison with the CR constant valuea given by the
eq.(l),there is commutation s t a t e .
where Zl= (RP2+Xp2) $l=tan-l(X,/R,) and the i n i t i a l
currents a t commutation start angle a a r e i p = - i c d , i d i = i c d i ,
i d 2 = i c d 2 and i d = i c d 1 + i c d 2 . Commutation state ends, when i,
becomes equal t o i d .

(c) Rectification s t a t e ( a +U S 6 5 + a1 1~

In the rectification state, the equivalent circuit is

c o n p o d of the AC side circuit and the DC side circuit.
Hence, the circuit equations are given i n the following
differential equations;

I
1 1
-
4- -----I

Pig.3. Voltage and current waveform( mode 1 ) .

Pig.3 shows the voltage and current waveform i n t h i s By the solutions of these equations each i is a s follows;
condition.Each symbol corresponh to Fig. 1.For the analysis
of the c i r c u i t i n Fig.1, commutation s t a r t angle a , the
currents of each part i n commutation and rectification
s t a t e s have t o be calculated.
(a) Commutation s t a r t angle a

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where the i n i t i a l values a t rectification s t a r t angle a + U
are i d l = i R l d l , i d 2 = i ~ l d 2and q=qR.In these equations,Zl-ZT,
$2,Tn and K, are constants and are shown i n appendix. VI
V I

(d) Flowchart of calculation

In the case of node 1,the flowchart of each current -i I ~ I

calculation u s i n g the above-mentioned equations is shown i n
Fig.4.

B . Analysis of rode 2

In the CR series circuit,when C is large or R is small i n

comparison with the CR constant values given by the
equation (l),there is no commutation s t a t e . And the c i r c u i t Pig.5. Voltage and current waveform( mode 2 )
gives rise to the s t a t e (Interruption s t a t e ) i n which no
current flows i n any diode.
Fig.5 shows the voltage and current waveform i n this
node. When the circuit i n t h i s node is analyzed, r e c t i f i - (a) Rectification s t a r t angle 8 1
cation s t a r t angle B 1 and currents of each part i n r e c t i -
fication and interruption s t a t e s have t o be calculated. Rectification s t a r t angle P i is interruption end angle
a t which vat,(=ea) is equal t o vd.
Therefore, B i is shown i n the following equation;

where current and charge a t p i are i d l = i R Z d i and q=qR2.

Hence, from eq. (191, equation (20) is obtained;

~ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
81=sin-' ((R i R 2 d i + o X, qRZ)/Em) . (20)
~s.(7),(8),(10)and(ll)
(b) Rectification s t a t e ( B id 0 B2)

The current i n the rectification s t a t e are given by

substituting f l 1 f o r a + U i n the eqs. (16)-(18);

harmonic analysis
calculation of K.F,P.F aid J P

Fig.4. Flowchart of calculation( mode 1 ).

where the i n i t i a l values a t rectification s t a r t angle 8 1
are i d l = i R 2 d 2 , i d 2 = h Z d l and q = q R 2 . When i d 2 is equal t o
capacitor discharge current i d 1 , rectification s t a t e ends.

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The constants i n the eqs.(21)-(23) are equal to the
values( appendix ) which are obtained by substituting,
respectively, i n i t i a l values 8 1 , i R 2 d 1 , - i R 2 d 2 and q R 2 f o r
a + u , i R l d l , i R l d 2 and q R 1 .
(c) Interruption s t a t e ( B 2 5 0 S ?c + B 1 )
In the interruption state, the charged energy i n
capacitor is supplied to the load and the circuit is
composed of the closed c i r c u i t on the DC side.
Hence, the circuit equations are given i n the following
differential equations;
By the solutions of the equations (2)-(5)
shown i n the following equations;
where the condition of the circuit constants is i n the
vibratory case. Then,
And, i n i t i a l values a t interruption s t a r t angle 8 2 are
=-id2=i1d1 and q=qI. When vab(=ea) becomes equal to
interruption s t a t e ends.
(d) Flowchart of calculation
In the case of mode 2, flowchart of each current calcula-
tion using the equations given above are shown i n Fig.6.
IV. ANALYSIS RESULTS AND CONSIDERATION
By using the analysis way shown i n the former chapter,
the analysis results considered the condition of e l e c t r i c
railway a r e shown i n the following.
A . Circuit condition and wavefom of voltage and current
In the electric railway, the constant values of the
popular DC motor MT-52 i n the rated load condition are
R=0.394R, X=1.49652 and E=675.8V ( equivalent resistance
Re=1.185R 1. Including the impedance of smoothing reactor,
their values[lO] are Rt=O.415R and Xd=2.28R as the values
corresponding t o the c i r c u i t configuration.
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c ~~
start )
I assumption of initial values 1
calculation of rectification
’
star1 angle 81 eq.(20)
I
calculation of rectification
calculation of interruption
=end values state eqs. (27), (28)and(29)
,. ”.,
each i and v are
I v
I I
end v a l u e s i n i t i a l
calculation of K.F,P.F and Jp
Fig.6. Flowchart of calculation( mode 2 ).
For example, i n the ED75 systeo[11][12], their constants
variable limits owing t o change of the load current value
are R t = 0.385-0.555R and Xd=2.08-5.56R .Also, impedance
ratios among the constants i n the e l e c t r i c railway c i r c u i t
id1 are Kd=Xd/Rt=5-15, KL=Xp/Xd=0.05-0.3 and KR=Rp/Rt=O. 1-
Vd, 0.3, and, the t u r n ratio n[12] of the main transformer is
n=ls.O,etc..
The rated capacity of the main transformer used i n the
experiment is 200VA. Rated primary voltage is 100V(f=80Hz)
and rated secondary voltage is 15V. Turn ratio n=Ni/N2+
6.67. Secondary leakage reactance is 0.0314R .Each c i r c u i t
constant value used i n the experiments is about s i x times
larger than practical values owing t o the restriction of
the experiment system. Then, the impedances on the AC side
converted into secondary side are Rp=0.74Q and L p 3 . 6 d .
Assuming that the constant values of the motor i n the rated
condition are maximum load constants, values of R t , Re and
Ld are 2.5R, 7.OR and 36mH. Also, because the values of
impedance ratio KD, KL and KR are 5.4, 0.1 and 0.3, t h e y
are w i t h i n the range of the practice example.
Pigs.7(a), (b) show examples of the voltage and current
waveforms i n the experiments. Pig.7(a) shows waveforms i n
the case of the CR series c i r c u i t non-insertion. Pig.7(b)
shows waveforms i n the case of the CR series circuit
insertion(C=400pP,R=9.5R) and their values satisfy n e a r l y
the constant resistance condition. Each symbol corresponds
to Pig.1. In the waveforms of Fig.7(a),ip shows change l i k e
a square uave i n the neighborhood of phase angle zero and
1346
 ,---,--- I-- .'-r
- ---I

Klirr Factor K. F = I h / I . (30)

I0 OV / d i v
.
Total Power Factor P F = I I/I .cos+ 1 (31)

0.5i\/d i v

k=l k =1
n=2k-1, m=2k+l
ZOV/div
9 i =phase difference between the fundamental harmonic
.
1 Oi\/tl i v voltage and current.
I I=effective value of the fundamental harmonic current.
0. Srnsldiv
( a ) CR series circuit non-insertion
--I- t
4"

-
Capacitance c( P F) +

( b ) CR series circuit insertion. o . S m s / t ' " Fig.8. Capacitance vs. third harmonic current,
Porer Factor and Klirr Factor.

Fig.7. Experimental waveforms of voltage and current.
pai. Therefore, i p contains a large quantity of high
harmonics. Also, the r e c t i f i e r circuit gets into the s t a t e
that instantaneouse value of vd is zero(commutation s t a t e ) .
And, the ripple of id2 is low due t o the load reactance.
In the waveforms of Fig.7(b), accompanied by insertion of
the CR circuit, i p approaches a sine waveform. Id2 shows
change very l i t t l e by inserting the CR circuit. Idi
reiterates charge and discharge in the two times frequency
of the power source i n accordance w i t h magnitude relation
between vd and capacitor voltage.
From the above-mentioned, i n the constant resistance
condition, it was made sure that i p approaches a sine
waveform and that it contains high harmonics very l i t t l e .
B . Characteristics for constants change of the CR series
circuit
In this paragraph, reduction effect of the high harmonics
for constants change of the CR series c i r c u i t is investi-
gated. Also, it shows considerations for selection of the
circuit constant values. These investigations are given i n
the condition of the load power 21.4W constant.
(a) Efficacy for third harmonic current, Klirr Factor and
Total Power Factor.
The definitionsC131 of Klirr Factor and Total Power
Factor are shown i n the following equations;
Fig.8 shows the characteristics of third harmonic current,
Klirr Factor and Total Power Factor for variation of the CR
circuit constants on the condition that the value of
impedance on the AC side and the load constant are fixed.
Because investigation of t h i s method is aimed a t reduction
of equivalent disturbing current Jp, the value of the
resistance R for C except for the constant resistance
condition is selected i n the condition which the value of
Jp is the lowest.
The third harmonjc current is regularized by the value of
third harmonic current 1 3 0 i n C=O. A s their results show,
third harmonic current and Klirr Factor are zeros i n the
constant resistance condition and even i f C is small, the
effect is enough.
In Total Power Factor, even i f value of C is very small,
the effect is great.The calculation results agree w i t h the
experimental results i n Fig.8.
(b) Effect for the equivalent disturbing current Jp and
loss *
Considering the induction obstacle of the communication
lines, it is customary that the disturbance degree is
evaluated by the equivalent disturbing current. According
to CCITTC141, the definition is revealed i n the equation,as
follows;
J P "~ (sn
CI n > 2 (321
where
I ,, : effective value of the n t h harmonic
S :noise evaluation coefficient.

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 t increase rate CR circuit
(DC side insertion)
T !
/ measured
:calculated

counter e.nf E). counter e.m.f E ) .

(AC side insertion) measured
(AC side insertion) , j L ’

A’
S I \

---*--
-A
\ constant resistance condition

Capacitance C(crF)+

Fig.10. Capacitance vs. increase rate of I C

FiE.9. Capacitance VS. Jp/Jp, current and power loss of CR series circuit.

Pig.9 shows the characteristics of Jp, coapared t h i s
method w i t h the case of inserting the CR circuit into the
AC side. The values of the CR circuit constant i n Fig.9 and
Pig.8 are the same. Vertical axis is regularized by the
value(Jp0) of Jp i n C=O.
Experimental results considered the constant e.n.f E are
shown i n Pig.9. A s the result shows, value of C on the DC
side is efficacious i n the value given by the constant
resistance condition or aore than it. The calculation
results agree with the experimental results i n Fig.9. Jp of
AC side insertion is about ten tines a s large as Jp of the
DC side insertion i n the constant resistance condition.
Therefore, the reduction effect of the CR circuit on the
DC side is good.
S i g n a is nuch the sane result as s i g n 0 substituted the
resistance for the constant counter e.m.f E. Hence, it was
nade sure that substituting the resistance is pertinent.
According t o the reports of UIC the f i f t h steering
cornittee, electrification sectional meeting and WG-5-A-22,
the reduction effect of Jp i n former method inserted the AC
tuned f i l t e r is about V3.7 i n the examination results by
the car of Sweden National Railways. Also, according t o the
measurenent examples used the 951 t y p e examination car of
JR, it is reported that Jp becomes w i t h i n the range of
V1.04-111.78.
The reduction effect of this method is very good as
contrasted w i t h these results.
maxinun value(about 13%). Likewise,in the AC side insertion,
it becones about IO$.Also,in the r e c t i f i e r circuit inserted
the CR circuit into the CC side, no natter how much the C
increases, I, does not increase. But, i n the r e c t i f i e r
circuit inserted the CR c i r c u i t into the AC side, the more
C increases, the more i, increases, because the fundamental
harmonic current flows into the CR c i r c u i t on the AC side.
I n the AC side insertion, naximun value of the CR c i r c u i t
loss is about 24%,and i n the DC side insertion, its maximum
value is about 13%.
I t is evident from the above-mentioned that connecting
the CR c i r c u i t with the DC side is a profitable method.
(c) Effect for Jp of the inductive reactance on the AC side.
In order t o know the effect for Jp of the inductive
reactance on the AC side, calculation results of the Jp/Jp,
for the CR circuit time constant with the parameter of the
inductive reactance on the AC side are shown i n Fig.11.
I t can be seen from the results t h a t in t h e constant
resistance condition ( C=88.89pF, R=9.5R, Time constant
is 3 7 8 9 ~ s), s t r i k i n g reduction effect can be got and the
st,
Y

Next, Pig.10 shows increase rate((IpcR-Ip)/IFX100) of AC

current and power loss( PcR/P,X~DO ) of the CR series
circuit f o r variation of the capacitance as contrasted w i t h .n
Y
the AC side insertion -El

where Y
6 0.5-

I, : effective value of the current on the AC side

i n the case of the CR circuit non-insertion Y
I,CR : effective value of the current on the AC side
i n the case of the CR circuit insertion
PCR : effective power of the CR circuit r
Pa : total effective power. ZUOU 40UU 6000 8000 lUU00 12000

The conditions of Fig.10 and Fig.9 are the same. A s shown Tine constant of CR series circuit(ps)+
i n Pig.10, i n the constant resistance condition of the DC
Fig.11. Tine constant of CR series circuit vs. Jp/Jpn.
side insertion, increase rate of the AC current becomes

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value is 516 a s contrasted with Jp of the CR circuit non-
insertion. Further, Jp shows minimum point without reference
to magnitude of the inductive reactance on the AC side.
Also,in the case of (C=200/1F,time constant 1300ps)and(C=
BOOpP, time constant 6 0 0 0 SI,
~ their characteristics are
similar t o the above-mentioned one. When the more different
the time constant is from optimum point, the greater the
effect for Jp of the inductive reactance on the AC side is.
And, the smaller L, is, the higher the relative value of Jp
is.
In the diagram, i n the absence of the impedance on the AC
side, sign I is the time constant i n the minimum value of Jp.
In the presence of the impedance on the AC side, t h i s time
constant is approximately same value i n comparison with it.
Therefore, when the load constants are given, the best CR
circuit constants can be determined without reference t o
the impedance on the AC side.
C. Mfect f o r Jp of the load variatim(coddering the
inductive reactance variation w the AC side)
In this paragraph, assuming a tap control car, the char-
acteristics of Jp for the load variation are investigated
on the assumption that load current is constant control and
that t u r n r a t i o of the main transformer is ~ 1 6 . 0 i n the
maximum load condition. In the investigation of t h i s para-
graph , the load variation means variation of the constant
counter e.m.f E accompanied by a speed control.
In t h i s investigation, because the constant counter e.m.f
E is estinated as Re=7.0R i n the maximum load condition,
Fig. 12 shows the characteristics of Jp calculated by
changing the value of Re from OR to 7.OR. However, the
load current id:! is 1.5A constant. Jp is obtained from
values converted into primary side by computing the turn
r a t i o for each secondary voltage. In addition, constant
values of the CR circuit are selected under the condition
that Jp becomes minimum v a l u e i n the maximum load condition.
A s the results show, it can be seen t h a t Jp is greatly
suppressed for increase of the load average power i n each
capacitor. Also, i n the case of the CR c i r c u i t insertion,
when t h e inductivity reactance on the AC side increases,
M
cs Load average wwer P,(W)-+
Fig.12. load average power YS. JP/JPQ
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the value of Jp becomes relatively low l i k e i n the case of
the CR c i r c u i t non-insertion.
From the above-mentioned, it is confirmed that i f best
value of the CR circuit constants is selected i n the
maximum load condition, the circuit can always maintain low
value of Jp.
v. CaNCLuSIOw
The proposed method i n t h i s paper can make the high
harwnic currents on the AC side reduce by getting the
correct harmonic distribution on the DC side by connecting
the CR c i r c u i t with the DC side.
The investigation results of a tap control car applied
t h i s method can be summed up as follows.
1) The best value of the CR circuit constants is given i n
the constant resistance condition and even i f the value of
C is a l i t t l e different from the condition, the effect is
great. Further, the best value of resistance R for the
various C may be selected without reference t o the
impedance on the AC side i n the e l e c t r i c railway c i r c u i t
condition.
2) In the constant resistance condition, the value of the
equivalent disturbing current Jp is 5$ a s contrasted with
the CR circuit non-insertion.
3) The effects for Klirr Factor and third harmonic current
are great too. And it can be said that much hope is found
i n the reducing third harmonic current a t the inside of the
car.
4) Increase i n size of capacitor kVA accompanied by the
fundamental harmonic current inflow is small and the
reduction effect of high harmonic currents is great too.
Further, Total Power Factor also can be improved.
5) Jp is low w i t h i n the wide range of the load variation
and even maximum value is about 2%. Therefore, by using
t h i s method, it becomes possible t o narrow a generation
area of the induction obstacle.
From these results, it is confirmed t h a t t h i s method has
much effect on the reduction of high harmonic currents and
improvement of Power Factor.
A t the present time, the devices used the r e c t i f i e r
circuits are on the increase year by year. Hence, it may
appear that the reduction countermeasure of high harmonic
currents generated from the devices w i l l be investigated i n
future.
The authors thank Prof .Satoru Sone of Tokyo University
and Prof .Tadashi Pukao of Tokyo Technical University f o r
their instructive advices.
naximun load wwer REWENCIS
1349
 c11 T.Hongo: On the Higher Harmonic Currents i n AC Side of the K3= CqRi( Z 3 2 + Z 4 2 ) ZnE, - ( Zssin( a + u
Single Phase Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit w i t h the AC Filter(1n + d 2) - Zrcos( a + U + $2)) / 01 /( z 3 z+ 242)
No-Grid Control) .Jour.IEE of Japan 79,722 (1959-9) + ( ( T 2 - T i ) € - ( P i - P z )A ) /A
C21 T.Ilongo: On the Higher Harmonic Currents i n AC Side of the
A = ( T 3 - T 2 ) ( Pi - P 3 1- ( T 3-Ti 1( P 2 - P 3 1
Single Phase Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit w i t h the AC Filter(1n
Grid Control).Jour.IEE of Japan 80,35 (1960-1) Pi. P 2 and P 3 are root of the characteristic equation
C31 Special steering committee for induction reserch : The Newest and their values are shown i n the following;
Trend and Theme for the Kagnetic Induclion. PI=-x - y - z
Jour.IEE of Japan (1979) P2=-0x-w2y-z
[41 Railway Electrification Society:Reserch of Various Problems i n P3=-0 2 x - w y - z
the Thyristor Application car. (1968) where
C51 Railway Electrification Society: Reserch Steering Commitlee of
a = (Rd R p + X c( X p + X d ) + R ( R p + R d ) )/ X P &
non-contact control car. (1970)
b = X , ( R p + R a ) / X pxd
C61 T.Katsuhashi and Y.Anemiya: The Noise Reduction Method of the
Devices Containing Rectifiers.Patent number 696027(1973),Japan *
a=(-1 j & / 2
C71 T. natsuhashi ,K. Uatahiki ,S. Shirai and T. Tani no: Experiments for
Reduction of High llarmonic Currents on the AC Side by the
F i l t e r on the DC Side.
The national conference of IEE of Japan (1973)
C81 T.Ueda,T.Matsuhashi and T.llongo : The Reduction of the AC Side
High Harmonic Currents on the AC Side by the F i l t e r on the DC
Side i n the Rectifier Circuit.
The northeast branch conference of IEE of Japan(1983)
C9l K.Itako and T.Katsuhashi: The Reduction of the High Harmonic
Currents i n the Rectifier Circuit-In the Case of Counter e.m.f
Non-consideration- .
The national conference of IEE of Japan (1990)
cl01 N.Irie,T.Kawazoe and T.Kawamura: Caracteristic Calculat,ion of
Single Phase Rectifier Circuit Used i n the Electric Railway.
Jour.IEE of Japan 87,539(1967-3)
C111 N.Irie and Y .Yamazaki: Normalized Characteristic of Phase Rec-
t i f i e r c i r c u i t used i n the Electric Railway.
ibid. 87,2232(1967-11)
cl21 Railway Electrification Society: Basic Study of Non-contact
Control Car. (1970-3)
C131 T.Pukao: Effective Power and Reactive Power. (student column)
Jour.IEE of Japan (1981)
Cl41 CCITT: Directives (1963)

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