Joint Precision Approach

and Landing System (JPALS)

Land-Based JPALS
Aircraft Integration

AFCEA CNS/ATM 2010

San Antonio, TX
15 April 2010

Mr. Ted Ede

The MITRE Corporation

641st Electronic Systems Squadron

Hanscom Air Force Base, MA

Approved for Public Release: 10-1432 This material has been cleared for public release by 66 ABW/PA (22 March / case # 66 ABW-2010-0413.
Distribution Unlimited Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
 Generic DGPS PALS Architecture

GPS
Satellites
Airborne System software functions:
1. Apply differential corrections
2. Calculate DGPS position solution
3. Confirm integrity of DGPS solution
4. Generate approach path guidance

Processor Datalink
GPS Sensor
Subsystem Receiver

DGPS
Controls
Airborne
& Displays Datalink content:
System
1. Differential corrections
2. GPS integrity parameters
3. Approach path data

GPS Processor Datalink

Sensors Subsystem Transmitter

DGPS
Ground Ground System software functions:
System 1. Generate differential corrections
2. Monitor GPS satellite integrity
3. Store or generate approach path data
 JPALS Interoperability

Military Aircraft Military Aircraft Civil Aircraft

(Sea-Based JPALS capable) (Land-Based JPALS capable) (GBAS capable)

UHF encrypted,
1.2 MHz GMSK, UHF encrypted,
25 kHz D8PSK, VHF unencrypted,
P(Y)-code shipboard
P(Y)-code corrections 25 kHz D8PSK,
relative corrections
C/A-code corrections
and surveillance data
per ICAO SARPS

Military Airport with Civil Airport with

JPALS equipped Ship JPALS Ground System GBAS Ground System
3
 Civil and Military Mode

• Civil Mode defined in ICAO SARPS Annex 10 and RTCA

MOPS (DO-253C) and ICD (DO-246D)
• Uses C/A-code (L1) only
• Processing algorithms, inputs/outputs
• VHF Data Broadcast (VDB) structure and data content

• Military Mode will be defined by Land-Based JPALS

contractor in an Interface Control Document (ICD)
• Uses P(Y)-code (most likely dual frequency)
• Processing algorithms, inputs/outputs
• Encrypted UHF data link structure defined in SRD
• Data content defined in ICD

• Accuracy, Integrity and Continuity requirements are

identical for both modes
4
 Aircraft Architecture Overview

Military Military Aircraft

Data Link Data Link Guidance
Antenna Receiver Interface

Military Data Link Subsystem

Processor
OR Subsystem

Civil Data Link Subsystem

Civil Civil
Aircraft
Data Link Data Link
Control
Antenna Receiver Interface

GPS Antenna GPS

Antenna Electronics Receiver

GPS Subsystem

5
 GPS Subsystem Details

Outputs GPS pseudorange,

Tracks C/A and carrier phase measurements,
P(Y)-code signals GPS
Antenna
GPS
and navigation message data
Electronics
Antenna Receiver
from multiple GPS (AE)

satellites GPS Subsystem

GPS Antenna GPS Receiver

Rockwell
Collins GEM

Aircraft Fixed Reception

Pattern Antennas (FRPA) AE

Advanced Digital Antenna Production (ADAP) AE with Trimble Force

Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) and Separate Receiver 524D

Hardware/Software Dependent On Desired GPS Anti-Jam Capability 6

 GPS Subsystem Details
Four possible configurations (Each with increasing Anti-Jam capability)
RF (L1 and/or L2)
FRPA Multi-channel Receivers with Integrated Digital Nulling and
Antenna P(Y)-code Receiver
Beamsteering AE

RF RF
(L1 and/or L2) (L1 and/or L2)

CRPA Analog Multi-channel

Antenna Nulling AE P(Y)-code Receiver

RF RF Raytheon DAR
(L1 and/or L2) (L1 and/or L2)

CRPA Digital Multi-channel

Antenna Nulling AE P(Y)-code Receiver

RF High Speed
(L1 and L2) Serial Digital
Digital Nulling &
CRPA Multi-channel Rockwell
Beamsteering
Antenna P(Y)-code Receiver
AE Collins DIGAR

OR
RF
(L1 and L2)
Multi-channel P(Y)-code Receiver
CRPA
with integrated Lockheed Martin
Antenna
Digital Nulling and Beamsteering AE
G-STAR
7
 Data Link Subsystem Details

GPS Corrections,
Integrity Data and
VHF and/or UHF Military and/or Civil
Data Link Data Link Approach Path Data
Antenna Receiver
HPOL VHF Rx VPOL VHF Rx
Military and/or Civil Data Link Subsystem
Antenna Antenna

Honeywell H764 EGI

with MMR BAE MMR-2055

VPOL UHF Rx
Antenna
Raytheon
ARC-231 Rockwell Collins ARC-210

• VHF antenna and civil data link receiver needed to decode VDB
uplink data – Defined in RTCA DO-246D
• UHF antenna and military mode data link receiver needed to decrypt
and decode UHF uplink data
• Data link physical structure (modulation, bandwidth, encryption, etc.)
defined in Land-Based JPALS System Requirements Document (FY11)
• Data link data content defined by Land-Based JPALS contractor (FY14) 8
 Processor Subsystem Details
Aircrew mode and
channel selection inputs
Generates
lateral/vertical
GPS Corrections, deviations and
Integrity Data Processor range-to-go guidance
and Approach Subsystem
Path Data

GPS pseudorange, carrier

phase measurements, and
navigation message data

• Calculates differentially corrected position solution

• Performs integrity monitoring and generates alerts
• Formats precision approach path data
• Does NOT interact with aircraft aeronautical database

Processor Subsystem Can Reside In Any Avionics “Box” 9

 Aircraft Integration Guide Concept

• Aircraft System design flexibility extremely important

• Large variation in aircraft architectures
• Federated & integrated implementations on the aircraft possible
• Aircraft programs dictate level of performance “desired” in GPS threat
environment; will drive aircraft GPS receiver and anti-jam technology
Aircraft Program Aircraft Integration Civil Aviation Community

Offices Guide Land-Based JPALS PO

Contractor Developed
Yes GBAS ICAO
GBAS? SARPS and
RTCA MOPS
& ICD
No
Do Nothing

Yes SBAS ICAO

SBAS?
SARPS and
RTCA MOPS

No
Do Nothing

JPALS LB JPALS
Yes Aircraft
Mil
Interface
Mode? Control
Document
Etc. No
Do Nothing
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 Avionics Risk Reduction

• BAE Systems Precision Landing System Receiver

• UHF Receiver Upgrade
• GPS Receiver Study
• PPS Receiver Upgrade
• Encryption and Red/Black separation studies
• Implement LAAS Waveform
• Demonstration Flight

• Honeywell Embedded GPS/INS (H-764) with MMR Top-Hat

• Implement LAAS Waveform

• End-to-End Demonstrations of UHF Data Link

• Develop Software Defined Waveform Transmitter and Receiver
• Implement AES encryption

11
 Thoughts For Continued Discussion

• Where will the civil and military GPS receiver functionality reside?
• Where will the military data link receiver reside?
• Where will the civil data link receiver reside?
• Where will the navigation processing be implemented?
• Can the JPALS integration be aligned with other planned navigation
system upgrades (i.e., ADS-B)?

JPALS Implementation Depends Greatly On Aircraft’s

Current Configuration And Planned Upgrades 12
 Dates To Remember

• JPALS Town Hall and 1-on-1 Meetings

• ACC – May
• AMC – June
• ASC – July
• OC-ALC – August
• WR-ALC – September
• OO-ALC – November

• Airlift/Tanker Association Conference – October

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 Summary
• Integration via modification/upgrade of existing avionics
• No single LB JPALS avionics box
• Integration depends on existing/future architecture
• Recommend integration of both civil and military modes
• Operate independently and NOT simultaneously
• Civil mode enables JPALS equipped aircraft to land at
civil airfields equipped with GBAS/LAAS ground system
• LB JPALS aircraft will operate in military mode when
supporting critical military ops – per CJCSI 6130.01
• Does NOT interact with aircraft aeronautical database
• Detailed AIG should be available in FY14
• Lead Platform funding from JPALS Program Element
The JPALS Program Office Is Here To Help Aircraft
Programs Evaluate Integration Alternatives 14
Back Up

15
 Concept of Operations
Employment

• Joint Interoperable system increases availability of air

assets to the Joint Force Commander
• Land-Based JPALS capability employed in fixed and
mobile ground systems
• Differential GPS enabling technology
• Civil and Military modes in both configurations
• Aircraft System operation identical regardless of ground config
• Aircraft System integration flexibility – no one JPALS avionics box
• Reduces siting challenges of existing precision approach
ground systems
• Minimize pilot training through use of ILS look-a-like
displays
• Ship Relative Navigation capability provides range &
bearing info to properly equipped JPALS aircraft
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 Land-Based JPALS
Aircraft System Functions
Aircraft System Functions

GBAS
Ship Relative
LB JPALS Military Mode SBAS
LB JPALS Civil Mode Navigation

Satellite Ranging Signal

L1 GPS C/A-Code X X

L1 SBAS GEO X

L1 GPS P(Y)-Code X X

L2 GPS P(Y)-Code X X

Augmentation Source

SBAS GEO Satellite X

GBAS Ground System X

LB JPALS Civil Mode X

Ground System Military Mode X

JPALS Ship System X

Data Link

Civil VDB X

Military UDB X

SBAS L-Band X

Sea-Based UHF X
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 Aircraft System Functional Block
Diagram
Civil Data Link Subsystem
Civil Civil
Data Link Data Link
Receiver Antenna
GPS Antenna GPS Processor
Antenna Electronics Receiver Subsystem
Military Military
GPS Subsystem Data Link Data Link
Aircraft
Receiver Antenna
Interfaces
Military Data Link Subsystem

Aircraft System Software Functions

C/A-code P(Y)-code Approach
Measurement Measurement Path
Processing Processing Guidance

C/A-code P(Y)-code
Navigation Navigation Control &
Solution Solution Status
Software
C/A-code
Integrity
````
P(Y)-code
Integrity

P(Y)-code
RFI
Characteriz’n

P(Y)-code
Emerg. Threat
Detection

(Civil Mode) (Military Mode) (Common)

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 Civil Data Link Subsystem Details

• A GBAS data link receiver will be needed to recover the VDB uplink data
from a new or existing antenna
• Civil Waveform:
• VDB as defined in RTCA DO-246D “GNSS-Based Precision Approach Local Area
Augmentation System (LAAS) Signal-in-Space Interface Control Document (ICD)”
• VHF band from 108 to 118 MHz
• Differential 8-Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK) in a 25 kHz bandwidth channel
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheme
• GBAS VDB Aircraft Antenna:
• Horizontal polarization preferred
• Maximum insertion loss of 15dB
• Near omni directional coverage in azimuth
• GBAS broadcast station could anywhere even directly behind the airplane on approach
• Coverage must include areas forward of the plane
• Coverage out to angles of 90 degrees from straight in front of plane, +/- 3dB
• Lower hemisphere coverage is more important than upper
• Dedicated to GBAS when GBAS function selected (without interruption)
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 Military Data Link Subsystem Details

• A JPALS data link receiver will be needed to recover the JPALS uplink data
from a new or existing UHF-band antenna
• Military Waveform:
• LB-UDB per a standard defined by LB JPALS program in the LB JPALS System
Requirements Document (SRD)
• UHF band from 225 to 400 MHz
• D8PSK in a 25 kHz bandwidth channel
• Includes NSA Type 1 encryption layer
• JPALS UHF-band Aircraft Antenna:
• Vertical polarization
• Near omni directional coverage in azimuth
• Coverage must include areas forward of the plane
• Coverage out to angles of 90 degrees from straight in front of plane, +/- 3dB
• Lower hemisphere coverage is more important than upper
• Full band coverage (225 – 400 MHz) with +/- 1dB preferred
• Dedicated to JPALS when JPALS function selected (without interruption)
• Minimum gain -5dBi, preferred gain +5dBi
20