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See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and
noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
This page contains information about adverb clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and
Noun Clauses.
A. Adverb clauses show relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and
condition. (See Conditional Sentences for more information on this type of adverb
clause.)
B. A sentence which contains one adverb clause and one independent clause is the
result of combining two clauses which have one of the relationships above. You can
combine two independent clauses to make one sentence which contains an adverb clause
by following these steps:
1. You must have two clauses which have one of the relationships in A above:
2. Add a subordinating conjunction to the beginning of the clause you want to make
dependent:
3. Place the two clauses next to each other. Usually, the order of the clauses is not
important. When the adverb clause precedes the independent clause, the two clauses are
usually separated by a comma:
When the independent clause precedes the adverb clause, there is usually no comma:
Billy jumped off the pier although he couldn’t swim.
Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once,
as long as
Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as, as long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order
that
Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while
Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that), in
case, in the event (that). See Conditional Sentences.
D. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one adverb clause
(underlined) and one independent clause. The two sentences in each pair have the
same meaning:
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another
clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?",
"why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:
adverb
The premier gave a speech here.
adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.
Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever),"
"since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent
adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence:
independent clause
they left the locker room
dependent adverb clause
after they left the locker room
The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader
will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples
of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:
cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's
father.
effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.
time
After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to
kill him.
The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an
adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.
place
Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an
attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.
condition
If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.
Adverb Clause
Kategori: Grammar - Dibaca: 10825 kali
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata
kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata
penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where,
nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling
berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although,
though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya
dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini.
Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided
to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book
that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact
that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as,
inasmuch as
Contoh:
Contoh:
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause
itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this
country, Mary has made many friends.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan.
Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even
that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that),
dll.
Contoh:
Adverb Clause
Kategori: Grammar - Dibaca: 10825 kali
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata
kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata
penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where,
nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling
berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although,
though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya
dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini.
Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided
to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book
that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan
pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact
that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as,
inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take
in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for
peace are still remote.
Contoh:
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause
itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari
main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this
country, Mary has made many friends.
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan.
Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even
that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that),
dll.
Contoh:
Adverb Clauses
Introduction
An adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday (see the page
Adverbs), or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother (see
the page Adverb Phrases). However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a
subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses
(sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.
Question
Type Example
answered
Wherever there are
Place Where? computers, there is
Microsoft software.
As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized
because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so
that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and
there are many of them, including these:
Subordination
conjunctions
after, before, until, while,
because, since, as, so that, in
order that, if, unless, whether,
though, although, even though,
where
Adverb clauses
Because is an adverb. But because of is a preposition.
1. Introduction:
Examples:
When she was in Miami, she visited many friends.
She visited many friends when she was in Miami.
Time:
Opposition:
Condition:
If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that),
Provided (that), in case (that), in the event (that).
Examples:
After she (had) came, she turned on the radio.
After she comes, she will turn on the radio.
Because:
Examples:
Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami.
He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.
Since:
Examples:
Since she never heard about cloning, she decided to not speak about it.
Since = because
Now that:
Now that = because now. It is used for present and future situations.
As:
As = because
As/so long as:
Inasmuch as = because
3. Using: So …that:
So that = in order to
So that = in order that.
So that + can:
So that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability
is being expressed.
Examples:
He is going to make a registration in order to be able to take courses.
He is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses.
So that + could:
Could is used after so that in past sentences.
Examples:
He repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use it.
He repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it.
May and might may also be used after that, but are not as
common as can and could.
So that + will:
The use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does
something in order to make sure that something else is
the result.
Examples:
She fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run
out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desert.
She fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz
during her trip across The Nevada desert.
So that would:
Would is used in past tense.
Examples:
Last week, he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure
that it would be ready by eleven.
Last week, he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would
be ready by eleven.
Examples:
Because she was sick, she didn’t come to attend the speech.
Because of her sickness, she didn’t come to attend the speech.
Due to her sickness, she didn’t come to attend the speech.
Due to the fact that she was sick, she didn’t come to attend
the speech.
5. Using “therefore”:
Examples:
He passed his exams because he worked very hard.
6. Punctuations:
Adverb clause:
Examples:
Because she was sick, she didn’t come to attend the speech.
She didn’t come to attend the speech because she was sick.
Preposition:
Conjunction:
Transition:
He worked very hard. (;) Therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. (;) He, therefore, he passed his exams.
He worked very hard. (;) He passed his exams, therefore.
Examples:
While he was reading, he felt very upset.
While reading, he felt very upset.
Reading, he felt very upset.
Going home, she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk.
Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the
sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)
Because she has moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.
Having moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.
Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because, but
also of before.
ADVERB CLAUSE
Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent
clauses or subordinate clauses. Consider the same clause with the subordinating
conjunction "because" added to the beginning:
Dependent
when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction "because"
suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else. Since this
dependent clause answers the question "when," just like an adverb, it is called a
dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always
dependent clauses). Note how the clause can replace the adverb "tomorrow" in the
following examples:
adverb
The committee will meet tomorrow.
adverb clause
The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.
Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but also for nouns and for adjectives.
Noun Clauses
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or
phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a
preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following
examples:
noun
I know Latin.
noun clause
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.
In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the
second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object.
noun
Their destination is unknown.
noun clause
Where they are going is unknown.
The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a
noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is
the subject of the verb "is."
This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about
what?"
This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question
"who will have to pay?"
The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.
This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the
fans hope?"
Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in
another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or
pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following
examples:
Adjective
the red coat
Adjective clause
the coat which I bought yesterday
Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday"
in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually
comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.
In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that,"
or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it
is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative
pronoun in formal, academic writing:
informal
The books people read were mainly religious.
formal
The books that people read were mainly religious.
informal
Some firefighters never meet the people they save.
formal
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.
This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?".
This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?".
they are searching for the one who borrowed the book
The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?".
The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?".
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another
clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?",
"why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:
adverb
The premier gave a speech here.
adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.
independent clause
they left the locker room
dependent adverb clause
after they left the locker room
The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader
will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples
of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:
cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's
father.
effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.
time
After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to
kill him.
The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an
adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.
place
Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an
attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.
condition
If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.
Adverb Clause
ADVERB CLAUSE
A. Pendahuluan
Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause” adverb adalah : kata
keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat), sedangkan
clause adalah : anak kalimat. Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan
kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb
clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of
reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of
contrast.
Tetapi dalam kesempatan ini yang dibahas pemakalah hanya empat macam, yaitu, adverb
clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause
of contrast. Untuk lebih jelasnya pemakalah akan membahasnya sebagai berikut:
Example:
- If you help me, I shall be happy.
o Jika kamu menolong saya, saya akan senang.
- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it
o Jika kamu tidak mengatakan cintamu kepadanya, dia tidak akan mengetahuinya.
- You must do this wheter, you like it or not
o Kamu harus mengetahui ini meskipun kamu menyukainya atau tidak
- I ean help you provide that you must follow my advice
o Saya bisa menolongmu, jika kamu mengikuti nasehat saya.
- So long as you work hard, you have no problem with me
o Sepanjang kamu bekerja keras, kamu tidak punya masalah dengan saya.
D. Kesimpulan
Dari uraian diatas penulis mencoba menyimpulkan bahwa Adverb clause adalah anak
kalimat yang menerangkan kata kerja dan kata sifat, yang berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Rumus umum adverb clause.
Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.
Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause
1. Adverb Clause of Reanson
Adverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/
because/ whereas/ on the ground that
Types of Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb (predicate). This differs
from a phrase, which does not have a subject and a verb, like “to the park.” Clauses can
be independent or dependent. Independent clauses are called sentences as they can stand
alone and express a complete thought.
You can see that each underlined clause cannot stand on its own, but needs a clause to
help it make sense or to help it complete a thought.
• Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by the
time
• Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, in the event
• Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as
• Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even though
Most of the time, an adverb clause will be separated from the other clause with a comma.
Here are a few examples of sentences with and without commas:
• Whether you like it or not, you have to go. (The adverb clause “Whether you like
it or not” puts a condition on the action.)
• She enjoyed the party more than he did. (The adverb clause 'than he did' modifies
the adverb “more”.)
Functions of Adverbs
Since adverb clauses function as adverbs, let’s look at the functions of adverbs. Adverbs
modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They tell why, when, where, how, how
much, and how often an action occurs. They can begin a sentence that is a question, and
give more information. Here are some examples according to what the adverb is
modifying:
• Verbs: We eat pizza weekly. She watched the wild animal carefully.
• Adjectives: That is a very nice person. The dog is extremely hyperactive.
• Adverbs: She sings quite beautifully. My dog is almost always starving.
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• Place: Wherever there is music, people will often dance. Let’s go to the room
where they asked us to wait.
• Time: After the chores are done, we will eat ice cream. When the clock strikes
midnight, she has to leave.
• Cause: She passed the course because she worked hard. Since he has long hair,
he wears a ponytail.
• Purpose: So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes. He ate
vegetables in order to stay healthy.
• Concession: Even though you are 13, you can’t go to that movie. Although you
gave it your best, you did not win the match.
• Condition: If you save some money, you can buy a new game. Unless you hurry,
you will be late for school.