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Indicators
FN 115‐Nutritional Assessment and
Epidemiology
IRON STATUS
C. P. Fernandez 2
Stages of Iron Depletion and Biochemical
Iron Deficiency Tests Used to Identify Them
Stage Descriptive Term Biochemical Tests
“State in which there is insufficient First Depleted iron Serum ferritin level
iron to maintain the normal stores
Second Iron deficiency Transferrin saturation
physiological function of tissues w/o anemia Erythrocyte
such as the blood, brain, and protoporphyrin
muscles.” Third Iron‐deficiency Hemoglobin
anemia Mean corspuscular
volume (MCV)
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Cont.
Serum Ferritin
Good indicator of body iron stores
Most specific test for iron
deficiency
Useful in assessing total body iron
load 2 major exceptions for use:
1 ug/L serum ferritin is equivalent to 1. significant or chronic
i ifi t h i
8‐10 mg stored iron for an average‐ inflammatory conditions and
size adult 2. disease processes that cause
tissue destruction
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Cutoff values indicative of iron Transferrin receptors
deficiency
Age (yr) Serum Ferritin (ug/L) Transferrin receptors on the surface of
the erythrocyte precursor increase when
1‐2 ‐ the supply of iron is inadequate for the
3‐4 <10 production of hemoglobin
d i fh l bi
Cutoff value in defining elevated
5‐10 <10
transferrin receptor level based on
11‐14 <10 normal values for adults is >8.0ug/L
15‐74 <12
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Erythrocyte protoporphyrin Cutoff values indicative of iron
deficiency
Precursor of hemoglobin and Age (yr) Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
becomes elevated when the iron (umol/L RBC)
supply is insufficient
supply is insufficient 1‐2 >1.42
3‐4 >1.33
Can be used as a screening test in
children and adults 5‐10 >1.24
11‐14 >1.24
15‐74 >1.24
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Epidemiological criteria for assessing severity Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
and magnitude nutritional anemia in
population groups (FAO/WHO, 1992)
MCH is the amount of hemoglobin in
MAGNITUDE
Parameters High Moderate Low RBC
Percent of population with Hb
Percent of population with Hb Calculated by dividing Hg level by
Calculated by dividing Hg level by
less than the above cut‐off > 40 10‐39 1‐9 RBC count
points especially women and
children Reference values ≈ 26‐34pg
Percent of population with Hb
less than 7g/dL especially > 10 1‐9 <1
women and children
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Average concentration of Hg in the Calculated by dividing hematocrit
average RBC value by RBC count
Normal range = 80‐100fL
Normal range 80 100fL
Calculated by dividing Hg value by
Factors increasing MCV: Folate and
Hematocrit value
B12 deficiency, chronic liver disease,
Normal range = 320 ‐ 360g/L (32 ‐ alcoholism, cytotoxic chemotherapy
36dL)
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Models Assessing Impaired Iron
Status
Model Measurements Used
Four‐variable MCV or serum ferritin
model Transferrin saturation
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin
percentile shift Transferrin saturation IODINE STATUS
model Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
C. P. Fernandez 19 C. P. Fernandez 20
Biochemical Indicators Urinary Iodine
Good marker of previous day’s dietary
Urinary Iodine
iodine intake
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Data can be used only for making a
Epidemiological criteria for assessing Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
severity of IDD based on median
urinary iodine levels
Iodine levels
Median value Severity of IDD
(μg/l))
(μg
are low
< 20 Severe IDD
20‐49 Moderate IDD Pituitary gland
50‐99 Mild IDD stimulates the
release of TSH
> 100 No deficiency
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TSH… Thyroglobulin (Tg)
Directly reflect the availability
Insufficient
°
and adequacy of thyroid Enhanced Release Tg
iodine intake turnover into the
hormone
hormone induces
induces
of thyroid
f h id serum
proliferation
Best diagnostic for determining of thyroid cells
cells
hypothyroidism
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Indicators for the assessment of
Vitamin A status at the subclinical
level
Serum retinol
Serum retinol‐binding protein (RBP)
lb d ( )
RBP/TTR molar ratio
VITAMIN A STATUS RAG hydrolysis test
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Serum Retinol Serum Retinol Level
Level is under homeostatic control
Reflects stores only when they are very
high or very low 0.70μmol/l
Best used when frequency distribution can
Best used when frequency distribution can
provide useful information…
• “low” value
… about the status of a population • Considered consistent with the
…about response to an intervention presence of a subclinical deficiency
programme status
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WHO biological indicators of subclinical Serum retinol‐binding protein
vitamin A deficiency in children 6‐71 (RBP)
months of age (McLaren and Frigg, 2001)
Prevalence below cut‐off to define Correlates closely with serum
a public health problem and its
l l fi
level of importance retinol
Indicator (cut‐ Mild Moderate Severe Measured using fluorometer
off)
Serum retinol > 2‐<10% > 10‐<20% > 20%
(<0.70μmol/l)
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Assessment of Body Reserves Indirect assessment of liver
Indirect assessment of liver stores stores…
Relative dose response (RDR) apo‐RBP accumulates in
Modified relative does response
the liver when retinol is in
short supply
short supply
(MRDR)
Serum 30‐day dose response
Once retinol is available
Deuterated‐retinol‐dilution RBP is released into the
technique circulation
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Modified Relative Dose Cont.
Response (MRDR)
2
Uses a metabolite of vitamin A, 3,4‐ • Oral • MRDR =
• Blood
didehydroretinyl acetate dose of test (4‐6 SDR/SR
(dehyroretinol)
(d h i l) DR h
hours
1 after 3
Dehydroretinol binds to RBP and dose)
appears in serum after test dose is
liver reserves of vitamin A are low
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Serum 30‐day dose response WHO biological indicators of subclinical
(+S30DR) vitamin A deficiency in children 6‐71
months of age (McLaren and Frigg, 2001)
Similar to RDR but… Prevalence below cut‐off to define
… second blood sample taken 30‐45
p a public health problem and its
l l fi
level of importance
days after the first
Indicator Mild Moderate Severe
Used at the population level and in (cut‐off)
monitoring the effectiveness of +S30DR <20% > 20‐<30% > 30%
interventions (ratio > 20%)
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Deuterated‐retinol‐dilution Breast milk Vitamin A
technique concentration
Uses stable isotope of hydrogen – Proposed to be used as an indicator
deuterium of vitamin A status of a communityy
Used increasingly in research Concentration of vitamin A in the
Extent of dilution of the labeled tracer breast milk of undernourished
relates to the amount of endogenous mothers is low
reserves
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Average Breast milk WHO biological indicators of subclinical
vitamin A deficiency in children 6‐71 months
concentrations of age (McLaren and Frigg, 2001)
Prevalence below cut‐off to define a
public health problem and its level of
Vitamin A‐ sufficient Vitamin A‐deficient importance
populations population Indicator Mild Moderate Severe
1.75‐2.45μmol/L <1.4μmol/L (cut‐off)
Breast milk <10% > 10‐<25% > 25%
retinol (<
1.05μmol/L or
<8μg/gmilk fat)
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Protein
Principal compound of body
structure and function
Not stored in a non‐functional form
Not stored in a non functional form
Gain or loss of protein represents
PROTEIN STATUS equivalent gain or loss of function
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Biochemical assessment of Creatinine excretion and
protein status: two compartment Creatinine‐height index
model
24‐H urinary creatinine – used for
Somatic and visceral protein estimating body muscle mass
Somatic protein – skeletal muscles When compared with a standard
Visceral protein – organs, based on stature, it can be used to
erythrocytes, granulocytes and estimate lean body mass
lymphocytes
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Nitrogen Balance Serum Proteins
Rate of protein synthesis or anabolism =
Based on the assumption that
Rate of protein degradation or
catabolism decreases in serum concentrations
are due to decreased in liver
Positive Nitrogen Balance –
Positive Nitrogen Balance nitrogen
nitrogen
intake exceeds nitrogen loss production
Negative Nitrogen Balance – nitrogen A consequence of limited supply of
losses exceed nitrogen intake amino acids
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Serum Normal Half‐life Function
Serum Normal Half‐life Function Protein Value
Protein Value Mean (+
Mean (+ SD or
SD or Range)
Range) Insulin‐like 0.83IU/mL 2‐6 One of a family
Retinol‐ 0.372 + 12 Transports gro th
growth (0 55 1 4) hours
(0.55‐1.4) h of ins lin like
of insulin‐like
binding 0.0073 hours vitamin A in factor‐1 peptides that
protein plasma; binds (IGF‐1) have anabolic
noncovalently actions on fat,
to prealbumin muscle,
cartilage, and
C. P. Fernandez 61 cultured cells
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