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Course 136

Understanding
Understanding Basic
Basic CDMA
CDMA
For
For 2G
2G and
and 3G
3G Systems
Systems

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 1


Purposes of This Course

■ This course would be a good choice for any of the following:


• a first introduction to CDMA technology
• a convenient review to solidify basic understanding of CDMA
into a foundation for working in 2G or 3G systems
• an efficient way for engineers and techs in other technologies
to understand the CDMA technology they will soon implement
• a glimpse into the similarities and differences between the two
families of 3G systems around the world
– US/CDMA2000
– International/WCDMA-UMTS

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 2


Foreword: A Quick CDMA Family History

■ Code Division Multiple Access is a popular wireless communication


technology based on spread-spectrum techniques
■ The first CDMA cellular systems began commercial operation in late 1994
and early 1995 (IS-95 standard, including AMPS/CDMA integration)
■ Many PCS systems chose CDMA and began operation in 1996 (J-Std008)
■ Performance/popularity of these IS-95/J-Std 008 systems has been good
■ Revised Standard IS-95B became available by early 1999
• Offers improved access, handoffs, more flexible data capability
• Hasn't been widely deployed, most operators await CDMA2000
■ In 1997-1998, the existing CDMA user community developed CDMA2000
for Third Generation systems, building on the IS-95 platform
• 1xRTT deployment underway now
■ In 1997-1998, the GSM community selected wideband CDMA technology
(WCDMA, UMTS) to supersede GSM for Third Generation systems
• To avoid GPS dependence, uses other codes than IS-95/CDMA2000
■ Wide successful deployment expected for both CDMA2000 and WCDMA

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 3


CDMA Development & Deployment
Leading up to Third Generation
TIA formally accepts CDMA Korea passes Harmonization
As a standard in the USA Million customers ratified

Hong Kong and Los Angeles 1xRTT


IS-95 commercial launch Trials

Korea IS-95 UMTS


Commercial Launch Trials
Ericsson, NTT 1xRTT
Promote 3G Launch?
ITU 3G
team formed UMTS
Launch?
ETSI selects CDMA
For GSM>3G migration!

US CDMA2000
Specs finished

ITU receives 10
IMTS2000 proposals

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 4


Course Outline

■ Basic CDMA Principles


• Spreading Gain, Capacity, Link considerations
■ CDMA Coding Basics
• Forward and Reverse Code Schemes and Channels
• Differences between CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS
■ IS-95 CDMA Operational Details
• Codes, Channels, Multiplexing, Power Control
■ IS-95 CDMA Handset Architecture
■ IS-95 CDMA Handoffs
■ IS-95 CDMA Network Architecture
■ IS-95 CDMA Messaging and Call Flow Procedures and Examples
■ IS-95 Basic Optimization - Drive-Test Tools, Post-Processing
■ Bibliography and Tools

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 5


How
How Does
Does CDMA
CDMA Work?
Work?
Introduction
Introduction to
to Basic
Basic Principles
Principles

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 6


CDMA: Using A New Dimension
CDMA
■ CDMA at first seems very strange when
compared with 'normal' radio technologies
■ Every sector of every base station transmits
simultaneously on the same frequency
• Not separated onto different frequencies,
and not on different timeslots
■ The signal of a CDMA BTS sector carries all
its individual channels simultaneously
The Secret of CDMA
• Not separated into timeslots, not •Each CDMA user has a unique code
separated onto different frequencies pattern, different from the code pattern of
any other user in the area. The user's
■ All mobiles are transmitting simultaneously actual "payload" information bits are
on their own frequency combined with a much faster, yet unique,
"noise" waveform.
• Not on different frequencies as in FDMA •At the receiver, the received signal is
combined with the same "noise"
• Not on different timeslots as in TDMA waveform locally generated. What is left
is the user's information bits.
■ How is it possible to distinguish the •Since all users' noise waveforms are
channels of individual users?!!? random compared to each other, the
presence of other users' signals does not
confuse the detection process.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 7


Claude Shannon:
The Einstein of Information Theory
■ The core idea that makes CDMA
possible was first explained by
Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs
research mathematician
■ Shannon's work relates amount
of information carried, channel
bandwidth, signal-to-noise-ratio,
and detection error probability
• It shows the theoretical
upper limit attainable SHANNON’S
In 1948 Claude Shannon published his landmark
CAPACITY EQUATION
paper on information theory, A Mathematical
S
Theory of Communication. He observed that C = Bω log2 [ 1+ ]
"the fundamental problem of communication is N
that of reproducing at one point either exactly or
approximately a message selected at another
Bω = bandwidth in Hertz
point." His paper so clearly established the
foundations of information theory that his C = channel capacity in bits/second
framework and terminology are standard today. S = signal power
Shannon died Feb. 24, 2001, at age 84. N = noise power

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 8


Two Types of CDMA
CDMA can be implemented two ways:
Frequency Hopping CDMA ■ Frequency-Hopping
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
• Each user’s narrowband signal hops
among discrete frequencies, and the
User 3 User 4 User 1 unused User 2 receiver follows in sequence
• Frequency-Hopping Spread
User 1 User 4 User 3 User 2 unused Spectrum (FHSS) CDMA is NOT
currently used in wireless systems,
unused User 1 User 2 User 4 User 3
although used in military applications
■ Direct Sequence
Frequency
• narrowband input from a user is
Direct Sequence CDMA
coded (“spread”) by a user-unique
broadband code, then transmitted
Time Frequency
User 1
• broadband signal is received;
receiver knows, applies user’s code,
+ Code 1 recovers users’ data
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
= Composite (DSSS) CDMA IS the method used
in IS-95 commercial systems
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 9
The Mechanics of DSSS Spreading:
Viewed as Waveforms in Time
Input A: User’s Data Originating Site
At Originating Site: 1
■ Input A: User’s Data @ Input B: Spreading Code
XOR
Exclusive-OR
19,200 bits/second Gate

■ Input B: Walsh Code #23


@ 1.2288 Mcps Spread Spectrum Signal
■ Output: Spread
spectrum signal
via air interface Input A: Received Signal Destination Site

At Destination Site: XOR


Input B: Spreading Code Exclusive-OR
Gate
■ Input A: Received
spread spectrum signal
■ Input B: Walsh Code #23 Output: User’s Original Data
@ 1.2288 Mcps 1
■ Output: User’s Data @
19,200 bits/second just
as originally sent Drawn to actual scale and time alignment

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 10


Direct-Sequence Spreading
Viewed as Frequency Spectra
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
■ Traditional technologies try Spread Spectrum
Narrowband
to squeeze a user's signal Slow Signal Slow
Information Information
into a minimum required Sent Recovered
bandwidth TX RX

■ CDMA uses larger


bandwidth but exploits the SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
resulting processing gain to Wideband
get capacity Slow
Signal
Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered
TX RX

Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:


Processing Gain

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 11


The CDMA Spread Spectrum Payoff:
Would you like a lump-sum, or monthly payments?

■ Shannon's work suggests that a certain CDMA Spreading Gain


bit rate of information deserves a Consider a user with a 9600
certain bandwidth bps vocoder talking on a
CDMA signal 1,228,800 hz
■ If one CDMA user is carried alone by a wide. The processing gain is
CDMA signal, the processing gain is 1228800/9600 = 128, which is
21 db. What happens if
large - roughly 21 db for an 8k vocoder. additional users are added?
• Each doubling of the number of
users consumes 3 db of the # Users Processing Gain
processing gain 1 21 db
• Somewhere above 32 users, the 2 18 db
signal-to-noise ratio becomes 4 15 db
undesirable and the ultimate
capacity of the sector is reached 8 12 db
16 9 db
■ Practical CDMA systems restrict the
number of users per sector to ensure 32 6 db
processing gain remains at usable 64…..Uh, Regis, can I just
levels take the money I've already
won, and go home now?

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 12


Real-World
Real-World
CDMA
CDMA Channel
Channel Coding
Coding

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 13


Real-World CDMA Codes - Forward Link
■ In actual commercial systems, a user's unique code is actually
constructed from a combination several simpler codes
■ A base station uses a different unique channelization code to mix with and
encode the signal of each individual user before combining their signals
■ The combined signal is then coded with a unique pattern to distinguish
this sector's signal from any the signals of other sectors
■ Notice one base station sector can carry the channels of many users
AT THE BASE STATION AT ONE SPECIFIC MOBILE
Channel Code 1
Each user has a unique At the beginning of a call, the base station tells
User 1 Bits Protection channelization code, the mobile which user channelization code and
different from all other which unique sector code will be used.
Channel Code 2 users on this BTS sector
User 2 Bits Protection
Sector's Sector's
Analog Summing Bus

Unique Unique
Channel Code 3 Code Code Channel Code 2
User 3 Bits Protection
RF RF
Modulation Demodulation User 2 Bits!
Channel Code 4
User 4 Bits Protection The mobile goes through two signal-processing
The sector has its own steps to extract the desired user's bits.
Channel Code 5 unique code, which makes •First, the sector's unique code is used to
its signal distinguishable correlate and extract the signal of the desired
User 5 Bits Protection from all other base station
sector only -- all other sectors are ignored.
sectors that a mobile might •Second, the user's unique code is used to
Channel Code 6
hear
User 6 Bits Protection
extract only the desired user's bits from among
all the users transmitted by the sector.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 14


How a BTS Sector Serves Multiple Users
QPSK RF

Users Σ Summing
Analog
BTS

Demodulated
Received
CDMA Signal
1
Despreading Sequence
if 0 = (Locally Generated, =0) Decision:
if 1 =
Received energy: Correlation Matches!
(=0) 1
Σ
matches +10

opposite -26
Opposite
Time ( =1)
Integration
-16
This figure illustrates the basic technique of
CDMA signal generation and recovery.
The actual coding process used in IS-95 CDMA includes
a few additional layers, as we’ll see in following slides.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 15
Real-World CDMA Codes - Reverse Link
■ Each mobile has a unique CDMA code pattern which makes its signal
different from the signal of any other mobile nearby
• In North American CDMA, the unique code is computed using the
phone's serial number, so each phone in the world has a different
code
■ Bits the mobile transmits are first protected by error-resistant coding, then
combined with the mobile's unique CDMA code
• Phase modulation is then performed and the signal is transmitted
■ At the base station, the RF signals of all nearby mobiles are received
• Each mobile's signal is extracted by an individual circuit ('channel
element') which generates the mobile's unique code

AT THE BASE STATION AT ONE MOBILE

Phase Phase
Modulation Modulation
User Code Code Code User Code

RF RF
User Voice Bits! Demodulation Modulation Protection User Voice Bits

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 16


Special Reverse Link Coding for 3G
■ In 3G systems, links sometimes includes multiple channels of one user
• A fundamental channel carrying voice or medium-speed data
• One or more supplemental channels carrying fast data
• A dedicated control channel carrying messaging and power control
■ The base station is already capable of transmitting multiple channels, so
no new tricks are required
■ A 3G mobile can use separate additional channelization codes, and
possible independent transmission on its I and Q phase planes
• 3G mobiles may be transmitting several types of channels at once

AT THE BASE STATION AT ONE MOBILE


Phase Phase
User User
Modulation Modulation
Code Code
Code Code
Channel Code 1 Channel Code 1

Analog Summing Bus


RF RF
User Voice Bits! Demodulation Modulation Protection User Voice Bits

Channel Code 2 Channel Code 2

Fast Data Bits! Protection Fast Data Bits

Channel Code 2 Channel Code 3

Control Bits! Protection Control Bits

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 17


Bits, Symbols, and Chips
Not All 'Bits' are Equally Famous and Important

Building a
CDMA Signal
■ The raw information is in the form of bits
■ Bits are protected by error-correcting redundant Bits
from User’s Vocoder
coding, producing a bigger population of more-
rugged 1s and 0s called symbols
■ The symbols are combined with individual 1s and Forward Error
0s of CDMA codes - these are called chips Correction
Symbols
Sector's
Unique
Code
Coding and
Summing

Channel Code
RF Spreading
User Bits Protection Modulation
These These are Chips
are Bits Symbols These are
Chips

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 18


Code Differences between
CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS
North American International
IS-95 & CDMA2000 WCDMA UMTS/UTRA
Forward Link
Walsh Codes (variable length in 3G) Orthogonal Variable Speading Factor*
User Codes
Forward Link
Timing Offsets of one PN Short Code 16 x 32 = 512 different Gold Codes
Sector Codes
Reverse Link
Timing Offsets of one PN Long Code Gold Codes or Kasami Sequences
User Codes

■ North American CDMA2000 and International WCDMA/UMTS use the


same basic CDMA concepts, but different codes and channels
■ North American CDMA2000 uses a single pseudorandom sector code and
a single pseudorandom mobile code
• it assigns small timing offsets to each sector and each mobile to make
their signals distinguishable
• this requires GPS receivers at the BTSs to establish timing
■ European WCDMA uses different Gold codes to distinguish sectors, and
uses Gold or Kasami Codes to distinguish mobiles
• since physically different codes are used to distinguish sectors and
mobiles, super-precise timing (GPS) is not needed
• the roles of the channels are similar to channels of GSM

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 19


IS-95
IS-95 CDMA
CDMA
Codes
Codes and
and Channels
Channels

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 20


Spreading: What we do, we can undo

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION


Spread Data Stream

Input Recovered
Data Data

Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

■ Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence, transmits


spread data stream
■ Receiver intercepts the stream, uses same spreading sequence
to extract original data

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 21


“Shipping and Receiving” via CDMA

Shipping Receiving

FedEx
FedEx
Data Mailer Mailer Data

■ Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is


extremely important!
■ Cargo is placed inside “nested” containers for protection and to
allow addressing
■ The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in
the reverse order
■ CDMA “containers” are spreading codes

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 22


CDMA’s Nested Spreading Sequences

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION


Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams
X+A X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B X+A

Input Recovered
Data Data
X X

Spreading Spreading Spreading Spreading Spreading Spreading


Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence
A B C C B A
■ CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create
unique, robust channels
■ The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving
ends of each link
■ “What we do, we can undo”

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 23


One of the CDMA Spreading Sequences:
Walsh Codes
WALSH CODES
# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011

■ 64 “Magic” Sequences, each 64 chips long 3


4
5
6
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001

■ Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal 8


9
10
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001

with respect to all other Walsh Codes 12


13
14
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
15 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110

• it’s simple to generate the codes, or


16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
17 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
19 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000

• they’re small enough to use from ROM 21


22
23
24
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
26 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
27 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
28 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010

Unique Properties: 30
31
32
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010

Mutual Orthogonality 34
35
36
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
40 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
42 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011

EXAMPLE: 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001

Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59 48


49
50
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
51 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
56 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 57 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
60 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
Correlation Results: 32 1’s, 32 0’s: Orthogonal!! 61
62
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 24


Other Sequences: Generation & Properties
An Ordinary Shift Register
■ Other CDMA sequences are
generated in shift registers
Sequence repeats every N chips,
■ Plain shift register: no fun, where N is number of cells in register
sequence = length of register
A Tapped, Summing Shift Register
■ Tapped shift register generates a
wild, self-mutating sequence 2N-1
chips long (N=register length) Sequence repeats every 2N-1 chips,
• Such sequences match if where N is number of cells in register
compared in step (no-brainer,
A Special Characteristic of Sequences
any sequence matches itself) Generated in Tapped Shift Registers
• Such sequences appear Compared In-Step: Matches Itself
approximately orthogonal if Sequence:

compared with themselves not Self, in sync:


Sum: Complete Correlation: All 0’s
exactly matched in time
Compared Shifted: Little Correlation
• false correlation typically <2% Sequence:
Self, Shifted:
Sum: Practically Orthogonal: Half 1’s, Half 0’s

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 25


Another CDMA Spreading Sequence:
The Short PN Code

32,768 chips long


26-2/3 ms. CDMA QPSK Phase Modulator
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.) Using I and Q PN Sequences
I
Q I-sequence cos ωt

QPSK-
chip modulated
■ The short PN code consists of two Σ RF
input
PN Sequences, I and Q, each Output
32,768 chips long
• Generated in similar but Q-sequence * sin ωt
differently-tapped 15-bit shift
registers * In BTS, I and Q are used in-phase.
In handset, Q is delayed 1/2 chip to
• They’re always used together, avoid zero-amplitude crossings which
modulating the two phase axes would require a linear power amplifier
of a QPSK modulator

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 26


Third CDMA Spreading Sequence: Long Code
Generation & Masking to establish Offset
Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

AND Public Long Code Mask


1100011000 PERMUT ED ESN

SUM
= (STATIC)

User Long Code


Modulo-2 Addition Sequence
(@1.2288 MCPS)
■ Generated in a 42-bit register, the PN Long code is more than 40 days
long (~4x1013 chips) -- too big to store in ROM in a handset, so it’s
generated chip-by-chip using the scheme shown above
■ Each handset codes its signal with the PN Long Code, but at a unique
offset computed using its ESN (32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system
• this is called the “Public Long Code Mask”; produces unique shift
• private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy
■ Integrated over a period even as short as 64 chips, phones with different
PN long code offsets will appear practically orthogonal
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 27
North American IS-95 CDMA Coding Summary
FORWARD CHANNELS

One LONG CODE:


Sector Data WALSH CODE: Individual User
Scrambling SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector

REVERSE CHANNELS
WALSH CODES:
used as symbols
LONG CODE OFFSET: for robustness
individual handset SHORT PN:
BTS used at 0 offset
for tracking

■ The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the
forward and reverse links
■ A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code
assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector
■ A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset
of the Long PN sequence
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 28
IS-95
IS-95 CDMA
CDMA Forward
Forward and
and
Reverse
Reverse Channels
Channels

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 29


How a BTS Builds the Forward Code Channels
Switch BSC or BTS (1 sector) Short PN Code
Access PN Offset 246
Manager Walsh #0 I Q cos ωt
Pilot FEC x Trans-
Walsh #32 + mitter,
Sync FEC Sector X
x
Walsh #1 sin ωt
Paging FEC
A Forward Channel
Walsh #12 is identified by:
Vocoder FEC ΣΣ ❖ its CDMA RF
Walsh #23 carrier Frequency
Vocoder FEC a Channel Element
I Q ❖ the unique Short
Walsh #27 Code PN Offset of
Vocoder FEC the sector
❖ the unique Walsh
Walsh #44
Vocoder FEC Code of the user

more more more

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 30


Functions of the CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Walsh 0 ■ PILOT: WALSH CODE 0


Paging Walsh 1 • The Pilot is a “structural beacon” which
does not contain a character stream. It is a
Walsh 6 timing source used in system acquisition
and as a measurement device during
Walsh 11 handoffs
Walsh 19 ■ SYNC: WALSH CODE 32
• This carries a data stream of system
Walsh 20 identification and parameter information
used by mobiles during system acquisition
Sync Walsh 32
■ PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7
Walsh 37 • There can be from one to seven paging
Walsh 41 channels as determined by capacity needs.
They carry pages, system parameters
Walsh 42 information, and call setup orders

Walsh 55 ■ TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes


• The traffic channels are assigned to
Walsh 56 individual users to carry call traffic. All
remaining Walsh codes are available,
Walsh 60 subject to overall capacity limited by noise

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 31


Code Channels in the Reverse Direction
Switch BSC, BTS (1 sector)
CBSC, A Reverse Channel is identified by:
Access Long Code Gen ❖ its CDMA RF carrier Frequency
Manager
Channel Element ❖ the unique Long Code PN Offset
Access Channels
of the individual handset
Long Code Gen Long
Code
Vocoder Channel Element offset Long
Code
Receiver, offset
Long Code Gen Sector X
Vocoder Channel Element
a Channel Element

Long Code Gen


Long Long
Vocoder Channel Element Code Code
offset Long
Code offset
offset Long
Long Code Gen Code
offset
Vocoder Channel Element

more more more

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 32


Functions of the CDMA Reverse Channels
There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels:

■ TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual users


during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS
• a reverse traffic channel is really just a user-specific
public or private Long Code mask
• there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there
are CDMA phones in the world!
BTS ■ ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobiles not yet in a
call to transmit registration requests, call setup
requests, page responses, order responses, and other
signaling information
• an access channel is really just a public long code
offset unique to the BTS sector REG
• Access channels are paired to Paging Channels.
Each paging channel can have up to 32 access 1-800
242
channels. 4444
Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each paging channel
can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems today use only one paging
channel per sector and only one access channel per paging channel.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 33
Basic CDMA Network Architecture

Switch Access Manager BTS


GPS or (C)BSC GPS
GPSR
SLM CM GPSR
BSM CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU

DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU


Ch. Card ACC
DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP
CDSU
CDSU
Packets
DISCO 2
CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
Σβ
Chips
Txcvr RFFE
CDSU
DS0 in T1DTCs CDSU Σχ
B
Txcvr
C
B
RFFE
C
SBS
IOC Vocoders
Vocoder Channel RF
Selectors Element

PSTN

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 34


Forward Traffic Channel:
Generation Details from IS-95
bits symbols chips

I PN
CHANNEL ELEMENT
Power
Control Walsh
9600 bps function
Bit
4800 bps R = 1/2 19.2
2400 bps ksps Scrambling M 1.2288
1200 bps Convolutional Block Mcps
U
or Encoding and Interleaving
14400 bps Repetition Symbol X
7200 bps 28.8 Puncturing 19.2
3600 bps ksps (13 kb only) ksps
1800 bps
19.2
(From Vocoder)
1.2288 ksps
Q PN
User Address Long PN Code Mcps
Mask Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Generation
(ESN-based)

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 35


Reverse Traffic Channel:
Generation Details from IS-95

I PN
9600 bps (no offset)
4800 bps R = 1/3
1.2288
2400 bps 28.8 28.8 307.2 Mcps
1200 bps Convolutional ksps ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst 1/2 PN
Block
or Encoder & Randomizer Chip
Interleaver Modulation
14400 bps Repetition Delay
7200 bps D
3600 bps R = 1/2
1800 bps 1.2288 Q PN
User Address Long Mcps (no offset)
Mask PN Code
Generator Direct
Sequence
Spreading

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 36


IS-95
IS-95 Operational
Operational Details
Details
Vocoding,
Vocoding, Multiplexing,
Multiplexing, Power
Power Control
Control

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 37


Variable Rate Vocoding & Multiplexing
DSP QCELP VOCODER

■ Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit 20ms Sample


rate, greatly increasing capacity Pitch
Filter
■ CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Codebook
Vocoder
Coded Result Feed-
• full rate during speech back Formant
Filter
• low rates in speech pauses
• increased capacity bits Frame Sizes
• more natural sound 288 Full Rate Frame
■ Voice, signaling, and user secondary 144 1/2 Rate Frame
data may be mixed in CDMA frames 72 1/4 Rt.
36 1/8

Frame Contents: can be a mixture of


Primary Signaling Secondary
Traffic (System (On-Air
(Voice or
data) Messaging) activation, etc)

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 38


Forward Power Control

BSC BTS (1 sector) Help!


Pilot
Trans-
Sync mitter, Forward
Paging Sector X RF
User 1 Σ I Q
User 2 Short PN
Vocoder/
Selector User 3
more

■ The BTS continually reduces the strength of each user’s forward


baseband chip stream
■ When a particular handset sees errors on the forward link, it
requests more energy
■ The complainer’s chip stream gets a quick boost; afterward,
continues to diminish
■ Each network manufacturer uses FER-based triggers and initial,
minimum, and maximum traffic channel DGU values
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 39
Reverse Power Control
800 bits per second

BSC BTS RX RF Digital


Stronger than Reverse Closed
RF Open
setpoint? Loop Loop
Bad FER?
Raise Setpoint Setpoint TX RF Digital
Occasionally, Handset
as needed
■ Three methods work in tandem to equalize all handset signal levels
at the BTS
• Reverse Open Loop: handset adjusts power up or down based
on received BTS signal (AGC)
• Reverse Closed Loop: Is handset too strong? BTS tells up or
down 1 dB 800 times/second
• Reverse Outer Loop: BSC has FER trouble hearing handset?
BSC adjusts BTS setpoint

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 40


Details of Reverse Link Power Control
Subscriber Handset
■ TXPO Handset Transmit Power BTS
Receiver>> Rake
R
• Actual RF power output of the LNA

Viterbi
DUP x IF R Σ
Decoder
handset transmitter, including TXPO PA ∼ LO R
combined effects of open x ~
LO
Open Loop S

loop power control from Closed Loop Pwr Ctrl


IF I Long PN
receiver AGC and closed x
Vocoder
Orth
loop power control by BTS IF Mod
x
x Mod FEC

Q <<Transmitter
• can’t exceed handset’s
maximum (typ. +23 dBm) Typical TXPO:
+23 dBm in a coverage hole
TXPO = -(RXdbm) -C + TXGA 0 dBm near middle of cell
C = +73 for 800 MHz. systems -50 dBm up close to BTS
= +76 for 1900 MHz. systems
Typical Transmit Gain Adjust
■ TXGA Transmit Gain Adjust 0 dB

• Sum of all closed-loop -10 dB


power control commands
from the BTS since the
beginning of this call -20 dB
Time, Seconds
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 41
A
A Quick
Quick Introduction
Introduction to
to IS-95
IS-95
CDMA
CDMA Messages
Messages and
and Call
Call Processing
Processing

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 42


Messages in CDMA

■ In CDMA, most call processing events are driven by messages


■ Some CDMA channels exist for the sole purpose of carrying
messages; they never carry user’s voice traffic
• Sync Channel (a forward channel)
• Paging Channel (a forward channel)
• Access Channel (a reverse channel)
• On these channels, there are only messages, continuously all
of the time
■ Some CDMA channels exist just to carry user traffic
• Forward Traffic Channel
• Reverse Traffic Channel
• On these channels, most of the time is filled with traffic and
messages are sent only when there is something to do
■ All CDMA messages have very similar structure, regardless of the
channel on which they are sent

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 43


How IS-95 CDMA Messages are Sent
EXAMPLE:
■ CDMA messages on both forward A POWER MEASUREMENT
and reverse traffic channels are REPORT MESSAGE
normally sent via dim-and-burst
Field Length
■ Messages include many fields of (in bits)
binary data MSG_TYPE (‘00000110’) 8
■ The first byte of each message ACK_SEQ 3
identifies message type: this allows
MSG_SEQ 3
the recipient to parse the contents
ACK_REQ 1
■ To ensure no messages are
missed, all CDMA messages bear ENCRYPTION 2
serial numbers and important ERRORS_DETECTED 5
messages contain a bit requesting POWER_MEAS_FRAMES 10
acknowledgment LAST_HDM_SEQ 2
■ Messages not promptly NUM_PILOTS 4
acknowledged are retransmitted
several times. If not acknowledged, NUM_PILOTS occurrences of this field:
the sender may release the call PILOT_STRENGTH 6 t
■ Field data processing tools capture
and display the messages for study RESERVED (‘0’s) 0-7

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 44


Message Vocabulary: Acquisition & Idle States
Pilot Channel Sync Channel
No Messages Sync Channel Msg

Access Channel
Paging Channel BTS

Access Parameters Msg General Page Msg Registration Msg

Order Msg
System Parameters Msg Order Msg • Mobile Station Acknowldgment
•Base Station Acknowledgment
•Lock until Power-Cycled • Long Code Transition Request
• Maintenance required • SSD Update Confirmation
CDMA Channel List Msg many others….. many others…..

Extended System Channel Assignment Origination Msg


Parameters Msg Msg

Extended Neighbor Page Response Msg


List Msg Feature Notification Msg

Global Service Authentication Authentication Challenge


Redirection Msg Challenge Msg Response Msg

Status Response Msg


Service Redirection Msg Status Request Msg

TMSI Assignment
SSD Update Msg TMSI Assignment Msg Completion Message

Null Msg Data Burst Msg Data Burst Msg

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 45


Message Vocabulary: Conversation State
Forward Traffic Channel
Order Msg Alert With Reverse Traffic Channel
• Base Station Acknowledgment Information Msg
• Base Station Challenge
Confirmation
Service Request Msg Service Request Msg Origination
• Message Encryption Mode Continuation Msg

Authentication Service Response Msg Service Response Msg Authentication Challenge


Challenge Msg Response Msg

TMSI Assignment Msg Service Connect Msg Service Connect TMSI Assignment
Completion Message Completion Message

Send Burst DTMF Msg Service Option Service Option Control Send Burst DTMF Msg
Control Msg Message

Set Parameters Msg Status Request Msg Status Response Msg Parameters Response
Message

Power Control Flash With Flash With Power Measurement


Parameters Msg. Information Msg Information Msg Report Msg

Retrieve Parameters Msg Data Burst Msg Data Burst Message Order Message
• Mobile Sta. Acknowledgment
Analog Handoff Extended Handoff Pilot Strength •Long Code Transition
Direction Msg Direction Msg Measurement Msg Request
• SSD Update Confirmation
SSD Update Msg Neighbor List Handoff Completion Msg • Connect
Update Msg

Mobile Station In-Traffic System


Registered Msg Parameters Msg

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 46


CDMA
CDMA Handset
Handset Architecture
Architecture
CDMA
CDMA Handoffs
Handoffs

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 47


What’s In a Handset? How does it work?

Digital
Rake Receiver
Symbols
Chips Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
Symbols

Receiver Traffic Correlator Viterbi Decoder,


RF Section Σ Convl. Decoder,
IF, Detector PN xxx Walsh xx Demultiplexer

Traffic Correlator Packets


AGC
PN xxx Walsh xx
Audio
RF Messages
Open Loop

Pilot Searcher
Duplexer CPU Vocoder
PN xxx Walsh 0

RF
Audio
Transmit Gain Adjust
Messages
Transmitter
Digital Section
Transmitter
RF Section
Long Code Gen.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 48


The Rake Receiver
Handset Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
Voice,
RF PN Walsh Σ Data,
BTS Messages
PN Walsh
BTS
Searcher Pilot Ec/Io
PN W=0

■ Every frame, handset uses combined outputs of the three traffic


correlators (“rake fingers”)
■ Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and
Walsh code
■ Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on
different BTSs
■ Searcher continuously checks pilots

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 49


CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics
Switch BSC Handset Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
Voice,
Sel. RF PN Walsh Σ Data,
PN Walsh Messages
BTS
BTS Searcher
Pilot Ec/Io
PN W=0

■ CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset


• Handset continuously checks available pilots
• Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
• System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset
• Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
• All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
■ Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame
basis!
• Users are totally unaware of handoff

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 50


The Complete Rules of Soft Handoff

■ The Handset considers pilots in sets PILOT SETS


• Active: pilots of sectors actually in use
Active 6

Req’d. By Std.
Min. Members
• Candidates: pilots mobile requested, but
not yet set up & transmitting by system Candidate 5
• Neighbors: pilots told to mobile by system,
as nearby sectors to check Neighbor 20
• Remaining: any pilots used by system but
not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Remaining
■ Handset sends Pilot Strength Measurement
Message to the system whenever: HANDOFF
• It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set PARAMETERS
exceeds T_ADD
T_ADD T_DROP
• An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for
T_TDROP time T_TDROP T_COMP
• A candidate pilot exceeds an active by
T_COMP Exercise: How does a pilot
■ The System may set up all requested handoffs, in one set migrate into
or it may apply special manufacturer-specific another set, for all cases?
screening criteria and only authorize some Identify the trigger, and the
messages involved.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 51
Softer Handoff
Handset Rake Receiver
Switch BSC PN Walsh
Voice,
RF PN Walsh Σ Data,
Sel. BTS Messages
PN Walsh

Searcher
PN W=0 Pilot Ec/Io

■ Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & pilot


■ Handset will ask for whatever pilots it wants
■ If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a handset, this is
called Softer Handoff
■ Handset can’t tell the difference, but softer handoff occurs in BTS in
a single channel element
■ Handset can even use combination soft-softer handoff on multiple
BTS & sectors

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 52


CDMA
CDMA Network
Network Architecture
Architecture

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 53


Structure of a Typical Wireless System
HLR Home Location Register
(subscriber database)

SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS

BASE STATIONS
Voice Mail System SWITCH BASE STATION
CONTROLLER

PSTN Mobile Telephone


Local Carriers Switching Office
Long Distance ATM Link
Carriers to other CDMA
Networks
(Future)

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 54


Signal Flow: Two-Stage Metamorphosis

MTX BSC-BSM BTS


GPS GPS
GPSR
SLM CM GPSR
BSM CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU

DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU


Ch. Card ACC
DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP
CDSU
CDSU
Packets
DISCO 2
CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
Σβ
Chips
Txcvr RFFE
CDSU
DS0 in T1DTCs CDSU Σχ
B
Txcvr
C
B
RFFE
C
SBS
IOC Vocoders
Vocoder Channel RF
Selectors Element

PSTN

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 55


Nortel
Nortel CDMA
CDMA Network
Network
Architecture
Architecture

www.nortel.com

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 56


NORTEL CDMA System Architecture
MTX BSC-BSM BTS
GPS GPS
GPSR
SLM CM GPSR
BSM CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU

DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU


Ch. Card ACC
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
CDSU DISCO 2
CDSU Σβ Txcvr
B
RFFE
B
DTCs CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
SBS
IOC Vocoders
Selectors

•Current Product Capabilities:


PSTN & Billing •Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves
Other MTXs
•About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity
•Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 57
Switch: The Nortel MTX

MTX

SLM CM

DMS-BUS ■ Primary functions


CDMA • Call Processing
BSC
LPP ENET LPP Unch. T1 • Mobility Management
Ch.T1 CDMA – HLR-VLR access
DTCs SBS – Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C)
– Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C)
IOC
• Billing Data Capture
Ch MAP,
T1 • Calling Features & Services
CCS7
VDUs
• Collecting System OMs, Pegs
Billing
PSTN & ■ High reliability, redundancy
Other MTXs
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 58
The Nortel BSC

BSC
GPS

GPSR
BSM CDSU
TFU1 CDSU
MTX BTSs
LPP CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU

CDSU DISCO 2 CDSU ■ Primary functions


CDSU • vocoding
CDSU • soft handoff management
MTX SBS • FER-based power control
(voice Vocoders
trunks) Selectors • routing of all traffic and control
packets
■ Scaleable architecture
• expand SBS to keep pace with
T1 channelized (24 DS0)
traffic growth
T1 unchannelized
• expandable DISCO
BCN link (HDLC)
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 59
The Nortel BTS

■ Base Transceiver Station


■ Primary function: Air link
• generate, radiate, receive CDMA RF
signal IS-95/J.Std. 8
• high-efficiency T1 backhaul
BTS • test capabilities
GPS ■ Configurations
GPSR
• 1, 2, or 3 sectors
CDSU DISCO TFU • 800 MHz.: indoor
BSC
• 1900 MHz.: self-contained outdoor,
Ch. Card ACC
remotable RFFEs
Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A • new indoor, 800 MHz. & 1900 MHz.
Σβ Txcvr
B
RFFE
B multi-carrier options
Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C • Metrocell

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 60


The Nortel BSM
NORTEL CDMA
BSM BSM ■ Base Station Manager
Ethernet LAN
■ Primary functions: OA&M for CDMA
components
• Configuration management
X-Windows terminals
– BSC, BTS configuration and
GNP TELCO
parameters
WORKSERVER

• Fault management
SHELF
---------
HIGH
AVAILABILITY

BSM Workstation
– Alarm Reporting
BCN Links
• Performance management
GPS BSC BTS GPS – interface for CDMA statistics
GPSR
GPSR
CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU
and peg counts collection
TFU1

CDSU
DISCO 1
CDSU
CDSU
Ch. Card ACC • Security management
CDSU Σα Txcvr RFFE
CDSU DISCO 2
CDSU Σβ
A
Txcvr
B
A
RFFE
B
• Unix-based
CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
SBS
Vocoders
Selectors

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 61


Nortel Operational Capacity Considerations
DISCO has
MTX 192 ports
GPS
max. Each
BSC-BSM One T-1 can carry all
traffic originated by a BTS
Typical CM processor one-carrier BTS; special
capacity considerations
BTS uses 1,
consideration required if
GPS
SBS shelf 1,
LPP CIU 1, daisy-chaining
CDMA LPP:
GPSR
Link 2, Ctrl. 2,
One pair SLM CM BSM GPSR
4.
CIUs and BSM
One pair CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU
Sufficient channel
CAUs per elements required for
approx. 600 DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU traffic of all sectors:
erlangs one CE per link; 20
Ch. Card ACC CE per Channel Card
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP CDSU Σα64 Walsh
Txcvr
A
RFFE
Codes/sector
A
CDSU DISCO 2
CDSU Σβ64 Walsh
Txcvr
B
RFFE
Codes/sector
B
DTCs CDSU Σχ64 Walsh
Txcvr
C
Codes/sector
RFFE
C

DTC & ENET: SBS Forward RF Capacity:


One port per IOC links use available
Vocoders BTS TX power
Vocoder plus
one port per Selectors Sufficient vocoders/selectors
outgoing trunk. required in BSC SBS, one per
Reverse RF Capacity:
simultaneous call on the system.
links cause noise floor
8 Vocoders per SBS card, 12
rise, use mobile power
cards per shelf, 4 shelves per
SBS cabinet.
PSTN •1-2001 Current Product Capabilities:
PSTN trunk groups must •Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves
be dimensioned to
support erlang load. •About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity
•Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 62
Lucent
Lucent CDMA
CDMA Network
Network
Architecture
Architecture

www.lucent.com

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 63


Lucent CDMA System Architecture
PSTN &
Other MTXs

CDMA MSC (NO BSC)


ECP Access Manager BTS
Circuit Switch
Executive
Cellular Platform
Processor
Complex
(ECPC) ATM Channel ACU
CDMA Speech Unit
Handling Equipment Cluster Σ Baseband
α Combiner & Radio

Σβ Baseband
Combiner & Radio

Packet Switch Σχ Baseband


Combiner & Radio

Platform

Three Sizes of CDMA MSC: Two Access Manager sizes


•#5ESS-2000 large markets •Large: 16 MSCs, 200K BHCA,
•Compact Digital Exchange (CDX) medium market 222 BTSs, 500K HLR/VLR entries
•Very Compact Digital Exchange (VCDX) small mkts. •Small: 32 BTSs, ~30K subs

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 64


The Lucent ECP

■ Executive Cellular Processor


■ Primary functions
ECP
• Call Processing
• Mobility Management
Executive
Cellular – HLR-VLR access
Processor
Complex – Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C)
(ECPC)
– Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C)
• Billing Data Capture
• Calling Features & Services
• Collecting System OMs, Pegs
■ High reliability, redundancy

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 65


The Lucent #5ESS and Access Manager

PSTN &
Other MTXs
■ Primary functions
5ESS-2000 DCS • vocoding
• soft handoff management
Circuit Switch
Platform
• FER-based power control
• routing of all traffic and control
packets
CDMA Speech ■ Scaleable architecture
Handling Equipment
• expand speech handlers
• expandable packet switch
Packet Switch
Platform

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 66


Lucent Base Stations

■ Primary function: Air link


• generate, radiate, receive
CDMA RF signal IS-95/J.Std. 8
• high-efficiency T1 backhaul
• test capabilities

BTS
Channel ACU
Unit
Cluster Σ Baseband
α Combiner & Radio

Σβ Baseband
Combiner & Radio

Σχ Baseband
Combiner & Radio

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 67


Motorola
Motorola CDMA
CDMA Network
Network
Architecture
Architecture

www.motorola.com

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 68


Motorola CDMA System Architecture
OMC-R BTS (SC614T/611)
OMC-R Motorola
PCSC Processor Advanced
Personal Wideband
Communications Application Interface
Switching Processor (MAWI)
Center (or SC-UNO)

CBSC BTS (SC9600/4800/2400)

Group Line
DSC Mobility Manager
EMX-2500 Interface (GLI)
PSTN or
EMX-5000
Multichannel
Transcoder
CDMA Card (MCC)

PC
Local
Maintenance
Facility

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 69


The Motorola PCSC

■ Personal Communications Switching Center


EMX-2500 ■ Primary functions
• Call Processing
• HLR-VLR access
• Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C)
• Billing Data Capture
• Calling Features & Services
EMX-5000

DSC
EMX-2500
PSTN or
EMX-5000

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 70


The Motorola CBSC

■ Centralized Base Station Controller


■ Mobility Manager
• allocation of BTS resources
• handoff management
• Call management & supervision
■ Transcoder
• vocoding
CBSC
• soft handoff management
Mobility Manager • FER-based power control
• routing of all traffic and control
packets
Transcoder

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 71


The Motorola BTS Family
BTS (SC614T/611) ■ Primary function: Air link
Motorola • generate, radiate, receive
Advanced
CDMA RF signal IS-
Wideband
95/J.Std. 8
Interface • high-efficiency T1
(MAWI) backhaul
• test capabilities

BTS (SC9600/4800/2400) SC611 Microcell

Group Line
Interface (GLI)

Multichannel
CDMA Card (MCC)

PC
Local
Maintenance
Facility
SC614T SC4852
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 72
IS-95
IS-95 CDMA
CDMA Call
Call Processing
Processing

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 73


Example 1

Let’s
Let’s Acquire
Acquire the
the System!
System!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 74


Find a Frequency with a CDMA RF Signal

Reverse Link Frequencies Forward Link Frequencies


(Mobile Transmit) (Base Station Transmit)
800 MHz. Cellular Spectrum
824 MHz. 835 845 849 870 880 890 894

A B Paging, ESMR, etc. A B


825 846.5 869 891.5
1900 MHz. PCS Spectrum
unlic. unlic.
A D B E F C data voice A D B E F C

1850MHz. 1910MHz. 1930MHz. 1990 MHz.

FREQUENCY LISTS:
Mobile scans forward link frequencies:
HISTORY PREFERRED
(Cellular or PCS, depending on model) LIST/MRU ROAMING
History List LIST/PRL
Last-used:
Preferred Roaming List Freq System1
Freq System2
until a CDMA signal is found. Freq System3
NO CDMA?! Go to AMPS, Freq System4
Freq System5
or to a power-saving standby mode etc. etc.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 75


How Idle Mobiles Choose CDMA Carriers
■ At turnon, Idle mobiles use proprietary algorithms to find the initial CDMA
carrier intended for them to use
■ Within that CDMA signal, two types of paging channel messages could
cause the idle mobile to choose another frequency: CDMA Channel List
Message and GSRM

Start
Preferred
MRU Only Bit 0 PRL Acq Idx
Yes
Go to last Strongest Is better
Is SID
frequency PN, read SID
permitted?
from MRU Sync available? F3
No Signal
Denied SID
No
CDMA Ch HASH using
F2 Config
List Message IMSI F1 Messages:
Read remain
Paging
Channel Global Svc my ACCOLC?
Redir Msg redirect
to another CDMA frequency or system
Legend
to Analog
Steps from Steps from Proprietary Typical Mobile
the CDMA proprietary SDA
standards SDAs databases System Determination Algorithm

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 76


Find Strongest Pilot, Read Sync Channel
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

1. Pilot Searcher Scans the Entire Range of PNs


-20

Chips 0 32K
PN 0 512
SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
2. Put Rake finger(s) on strongest 98/05/24 23:14:09.817 [SCH]
available PN, decode Walsh 32, MSG_LENGTH = 208 bits
MSG_TYPE = Sync Channel Message
and read Sync Channel Message P_REV = 3
MIN_P_REV = 2
SID = 179
Active Pilot NID = 0
PILOT_PN = 168
Offset Index
Handset Rake Receiver
! Rake Fingers LC_STATE = 0x0348D60E013
F1 PN168 W32 " SYS_TIME = 98/05/24 23:14:10.160
LP_SEC = 12
RF F2 PN168 W32 # LTM_OFF = -300 minutes
≈ x ≈ F3 PN168 W32 DAYLT = 0
LO
Srch PN??? W0 PRAT = 9600 bps
Reference PN RESERVED = 1

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 77


The Configuration Messages

■ After reading the Sync Channel, the mobile is now capable of


reading the Paging Channel, which it now monitors constantly
■ Before it is allowed to transmit or operate on this system, the
mobile must collect a complete set of configuration messages
■ Collection is a short process -- all configuration messages are
repeated on the paging channel every 1.28 seconds
■ The configuration messages contain sequence numbers so the
mobile can recognize if any of the messages have been freshly
updated as it continues to monitor the paging channel
• Access parameters message sequence number
• Configuration message sequence number
• If a mobile notices a changed sequence number, or if 600
seconds passes since the last time these messages were read,
the mobile reads all of them again

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 78


Go to Paging Channel, Get Configured
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

-20

Chips 0 32K
PN 0 Read the 512
Configuration Messages
Access Parameters Msg
Keep Rake finger(s) on strongest
available PN, decode Walsh 1, System Parameters Msg
and monitor the Paging Channel
CDMA Channel List Msg
Active Pilot Extended System
Parameters Msg (*opt.)

Handset Rake Receiver


! Rake Fingers
(Extended*) Neighbor
List Msg
F1 PN168 W01 "
Global Service
RF F2 PN168 W01 # Redirection Msg (*opt.)
≈ x ≈ F3 PN168 W01
LO
Srch PN??? W0
Now we’re ready to operate!!
Reference PN
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 79
Two Very Important Configuration Messages

SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE


ACCESS PARAMETERS MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:11.126 [PCH] MSG_LENGTH = 264 bits
98/05/24 23:14:10.427 [PCH] MSG_TYPE = System Parameters Message
MSG_LENGTH = 184 bits PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index
MSG_TYPE = Access Parameters Message CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0
PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index SID = 179 NID = 0
ACC_MSG_SEQ = 27 REG_ZONE = 0 TOTAL_ZONES = 0 ZONE_TIMER = 60 min
ACC_CHAN = 1 channel MULT_SIDS = 0 MULT_NID = 0 BASE_ID = 8710
NOM_PWR = 0 dB INIT_PWR = 0 dB PWR_STEP = 4 dB BASE_CLASS = Public Macrocellular
NUM_STEP = 5 Access Probes Maximum PAGE_CHAN = 1 channel
MAX_CAP_SZ = 4 Access Channel Frames Maximum MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX = 0
PAM_SZ = 3 Access Channel Frames HOME_REG = 0 FOR_SID_REG = 0 FOR_NID_REG = 1
Persist Val for Acc Overload Classes 0-9 = 0 POWER_UP_REG = 0 POWER_DOWN_REG = 0
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 10 = 0 PARAMETER_REG = 1 REG_PRD = 0.08 sec
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 11 = 0 BASE_LAT = 00D00'00.00N BASE_LONG = 000D00'00.00E
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 12 = 0 REG_DIST = 0
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 13 = 0 SRCH_WIN_A = 40 PN chips
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 14 = 0 SRCH_WIN_N = 80 PN chips
Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 15 = 0 SRCH_WIN_R = 4 PN chips
Persistance Modifier for Msg Tx = 1 NGHBR_MAX_AGE = 0
Persistance Modifier for Reg = 1 PWR_REP_THRESH = 2 frames
Probe Randomization = 15 PN chips PWR_REP_FRAMES = 56 frames
Acknowledgement Timeout = 320 ms PWR_THRESH_ENABLE = 1
Probe Backoff Range = 4 Slots Maximum PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE = 0
Probe Sequence Backoff Range = 4 Slots Max. PWR_REP_DELAY = 20 frames
Max # Probe Seq for Requests = 2 Sequences RESCAN = 0
Max # Probe Seq for Responses = 2 Sequences T_ADD = -13.0 Db T_DROP = -15.0 dB T_COMP = 2.5 dB
Authentication Mode = 1 T_TDROP = 4 sec
Random Challenge Value = Field Omitted EXT_SYS_PARAMETER = 1
Reserved Bits = 99 RESERVED = 0
GLOBAL_REDIRECT = 0

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 80


Four Additional Configuration Messages

CDMA CHANNEL LIST MESSAGE EXTENDED SYSTEM PARAMETERS


98/05/24 23:14:10.786 [PCH] 98/05/24 23:14:10.946 [PCH]
MSG_LENGTH = 72 bits MSG_LENGTH = 104 bits
MSG_TYPE = CDMA Channel List Message MSG_TYPE = Extended System Parameters Message
PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 RESERVED = 0
CDMA_FREQ = 283 PREF_MSID_TYPE = IMSI and ESN
RESERVED = Field Omitted MCC = 000 IMSI_11_12 = 00
RESERVED_LEN = 8 bits
NEIGHBOR LIST RESERVED_OCTETS = 0x00
BCAST_INDEX = 0
98/05/24 23:14:11.486 [PCH] RESERVED = 0
MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits
MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List Message
PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0
PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 220 Offset Index GLOBAL SERVICE REDIRECTION
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index
98/05/17 24:21.566 Paging Channel: Global Service Redirection
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 500 Offset Index
PILOT_PN: 168, MSG_TYPE: 96, CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 0
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index
Redirected access overload classes: { 0, 1 },
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index
RETURN_IF_FAIL: 0,
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index
DELETE_TMSI: 0,
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index
Redirection to an analog system:
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index
EXPECTED_SID = 0
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index
Do not ignore CDMA Available indicator on the redirected analog
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index
system
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index
Attempt service on either System A or B with the custom system
NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index
selection process
RESERVED = 0

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 81


Example 2

Let’s
Let’s do
do an
an
Idle
Idle Mode
Mode Handoff!
Handoff!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 82


Idle Mode Handoff

■ An idle mobile always demodulates the best available signal


• In idle mode, it isn’t possible to do soft handoff and listen to
multiple sectors or base stations at the same time -- the paging
channel information stream is different on each sector, not
synchronous -- just like ABC, NBC, CBS, and CNN TV news
programs aren’t in word-sync for simultaneous viewing
• Since a mobile can’t combine signals, the mobile must switch
quickly, always enjoying the best available signal
■ The mobile’s pilot searcher is constantly checking neighbor pilots
■ If the searcher notices a better signal, the mobile continues on the
current paging channel until the end of the current superframe,
then instantly switches to the paging channel of the new signal
• The system doesn’t know the mobile did this! (Does NBC’s
Tom Brokaw know you just switched your TV to CNN?)
■ On the new paging channel, if the mobile learns that registration is
required, it re-registers on the new sector

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 83


Idle Mode on the Paging Channel:
Meet the Neighbors, track the Strongest Pilot
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

-20

Chips 0 SRCH_WIN_A Mobile Rake RX 32K


PN 0 F1 PN168 W01 512
Active Pilot F2 PN168 W01
Rake Fingers ! F3 PN168 W01
" Srch PN??? W0
#
SRCH_WIN_N The phone’s pilot searcher constantly checks
the pilots listed in the Neighbor List Message
Reference PN
Neighbor Set

If the searcher ever notices a neighbor pilot substantially stronger than


the current reference pilot, it becomes the new reference pilot
and the phone switches over to its paging channel on the next superframe.
This is called an idle mode handoff.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 84


Phone Operation on the Access Channel
A Successful Access Attempt
■ A sector’s Paging Channel announces 1
(typ) to 32 (max) Access Channels: PN Origination Msg ACCESS
Long Code offsets for mobiles to use if Success!
accessing the system. BTS MS
• For mobiles sending Registration, Probing
Origination, Page Responses an Access Probe
• Base Station always listening! a Probe Sequence
an Access Attempt
■ On the access channel, phones are not
yet under BTS closed-loop power control! PAGING Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order
■ Phones access the BTS by “probing” at
FW TFC TFC frames of 000s
power levels determined by receive power
and an open loop formula PAGING Channel Assnmt. Msg.
• If “probe” not acknowledged by BTS
within ACC_TMO (~400 mS.), phone TFC preamble of 000s RV TFC
will wait a random time (~200 mS)
FW FC Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order
then probe again, stronger by PI db.
• There can be 15 max. (typ. 5) probes Mobile Sta. Ackngmt. Order RV TFC
in a sequence and 15 max. (typ. 2)
sequences in an access attempt FW TFC Service Connect Msg.
• most attempts succeed on first probe!
Svc. Connect Complete Msg RV TFC
■ The Access Parameters message on the
paging channel announces values of all FW TFC Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order
related parameters
Call is Established!
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 85
Example 3

Let’s
Let’s Register!
Register!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 86


Registration

■ Registration is the process by which an idle mobile lets the system


know it’s awake and available for incoming calls
• this allows the system to inform the mobile’s home switch of
the mobile’s current location, so that incoming calls can be
delivered
• registration also allows the system to intelligently page the
mobile only in the area where the mobile is currently located,
thereby eliminating useless congestion on the paging channels
in other areas of the system
■ There are many different conditions that could trigger an obligation
for the mobile to register
• there are flags in the System Parameters Message which tell
the mobile when it must register on the current system

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 87


An Actual Registration
SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE
18:26.826 [PCH] System Parameters Message
Pilot_PN: 32 The System Parameters Message tells
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 14 SID: 16420 NID: 0,
REG_ZONE: 0 TOTAL_ZONES: 0 Zone timer length (min): 1 all mobiles when they should register.
MULT_SIDS: 0 MULT_NIDS: 0 This mobile notices that it is obligated to
BASE_ID: 1618 BASE_CLASS: Reserved
PAG_CHAN: 1 MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 register, so it transmits a Registration
HOME_REG: 1 FOR_SID_REG: 1 FOR_NID_REG: 1,
POWER_UP_REG: 1 POWER_DOWN_REG: 1
Message.
PARAMETER_REG: 1 Registration period (sec): 54
Base station 0°00´00.00¨ Lon., 0°00´00.00° Lat. REG_DIST: 0 REGISTRATION MESSAGE
SRCH_WIN_A (PN chips): 28 SRCH_WIN_N (PN chips): 100,
SRCH_WIN_R (PN chips): 130 NGHBR_MAX_AGE: 2 16:18:27.144 Access Channel: Registration
PWR_REP_THRESH: 2 PWR_REP_FRAMES (frames): 15 ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0
PWR_THRESH_ENABLE: 1 PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE: 0, ACK_TYPE: 0
PWR_REP_DELAY: 1 (4 frames) RESCAN: 0, MSID_TYPE: 3, ESN: [0x 01 99 0d fc]
T_ADD: -14.0dB T_DROP: -16.0dB T_COMP: 2.5dB, MFR 1, Reserved 38, Serial Number 69116,
T_TDROP: 4s IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 1) [0x 01 8d 31 74 29 36]
EXT_SYS_PARAMETER: 1 00-416-575-0421
EXT_NGHBR_LIST: 1 AUTH_MODE: 0
GLOBAL_REDIRECT: 0 REG_TYPE: Timer-based
SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2
MOB_P_REV: 1
EXT_SCM: 1
SLOTTED_MODE: 1
BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT MOB_TERM: 1
16:18:27.506 Paging Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1
MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 3)
[0x 02 47 8d 31 74 29 36] (302) 00-416-575-0421 The base station confirms that the
Order type: Base Station Acknowledgement Order mobile’s registration message was
received. We’re officially registered!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 88


Example 4

Let’s
Let’s Receive
Receive
an
an incoming
incoming Call!
Call!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 89


Receiving an Incoming Call

■ All idle mobiles monitor the paging channel to receive incoming


calls.
■ When an incoming call appears, the paging channel notifies the
mobile in a General Page Message.
■ A mobile which has been paged sends a Page Response
Message on the access channel.
■ The system sets up a traffic channel for the call, then notifies the
mobile to use it with a Channel Assignment Message.
■ The mobile and the base station notice each other’s traffic channel
signals and confirm their presence by exchanging
acknowledgment messages.
■ The base station and the mobile negotiate what type of call this will
be -- I.e., 13k voice, etc.
■ The mobile is told to ring and given a “calling line ID” to display.
■ When the human user presses the send button, the audio path is
completed and the call proceeds.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 90
An Actual Page and Page Response
GENERAL PAGE MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:46.127 [PCH] General Page Message
MSG_LENGTH = 128 bits The system pages the mobile,
MSG_TYPE = General Page Message 615-330-0644.
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 1 ACC_MSG_SEQ = 20
CLASS_0_DONE = 1
CLASS_1_DONE = 1 RESERVED = 0 PAGE RESPONSE MESSAGE
BROADCAST_DONE = 1 RESERVED = 0
ADD_LENGTH = 0 bits ADD_PFIELD = Field Omitted 98/05/24 23:14:46.425 [ACH] Page Response Message
PAGE_CLASS = 0 PAGE_SUBCLASS = 0 MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits
MSG_SEQ = 1 MSG_TYPE = Page Response Message
IMSI_S = 6153300644 ACK_SEQ = 1 MSG_SEQ = 2 ACK_REQ = 1
SPECIAL_SERVICE = 1 VALID_ACK = 1 ACK_TYPE = 2
SERVICE_OPTION = 32768 MSID_TYPE = IMSI and ESN MSID_LEN = 9 octets
RESERVED = Field Omitted ESN = 0xD30E415C IMSI_CLASS = 0
IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 0 RESERVED = 0
IMSI_S = 6153300644
AUTH_MODE = 1
The mobile responds to the page. AUTHR = 0x307B5 RANDC = 0xC6 COUNT = 0
MOB_TERM = 1 SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX = 0
MOB_P_REV = 3 SCM = 106
BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT REQUEST_MODE = Either Wide Analog or CDMA Only
SERVICE_OPTION = 32768 PM = 0
98/05/24 23:14:46.768 [PCH] Order Message NAR_AN_CAP = 0 RESERVED = 0
MSG_LENGTH = 112 bits
MSG_TYPE = Order Message
ACK_SEQ = 2 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 0
VALID_ACK = 1
ADDR_TYPE = IMSI ADDR_LEN = 40 bits
IMSI_CLASS = 0 IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 0 RESERVED = 0 The base station confirms that the mobile’s
IMSI_S = 6153300644
ORDER = Base Station Acknowledgement Order
page response was received. Now the
ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits mobile is waiting for channel assignment,
Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0
expecting a response within 12 seconds.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 91
Channel Assignment and
Traffic Channel Confirmation
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE
18:14:47.027 Paging Channel: Channel Assignment Only about 400 ms. after the base station
ACK_SEQ: 2 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1
MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) acknowledgment order, the mobile receives
[0x 01 f8 39 6a 15] 615-330-0644
ASSIGN_MODE: Traffic Channel Assignment the channel assignment message.
ADD_RECORD_LEN: 5 FREQ_INCL: 1 GRANTED_MODE: 2
CODE_CHAN: 43 FRAME_OFFSET: 2
ENCRYPT_MODE: Encryption disabled
BAND_CLASS: 800 MHz cellular band
CDMA_FREQ: 283
The mobile sees at least two
The base station is already good blank frames in a row on
sending blank frames on the forward channel, and
the forward channel,using concludes this is the right traffic
the assigned Walsh code. channel. It sends a preamble
of two blank frames of its own
on the reverse traffic channel.
BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:14:47.581 Forward Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 18:14:47.598 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order
ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0
Base Station Acknowledgement Order ENCRYPTION: 0
Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order
The base station acknowledges The mobile station acknowledges the
receiving the mobile’s preamble. base station’s acknowledgment.
Everybody is ready!
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 92
Service Negotiation and Mobile Alert
SERVICE CONNECT MESSAGE
18:14:47.760 Forward Traffic Channel: Service Connect Now that both sides have arrived on the
ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0 traffic channel, the base station
Service Configuration: supported Transmission:
Forward Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
proposes that the requested call
Reverse Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps actually begin.
Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000)
Forward Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic
Reverse Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic
SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
18:14:47.835 Reverse Traffic Channel:
Service Connect Completion
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 3 ACK_REQ: 1
ENCRYPTION: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0
ALERT WITH INFORMATION MESSAGE
18:14:47.961 Forward Traffic Channel:
The mobile agrees and
Alert With Information says its ready to play.
ACK_SEQ: 3 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0
SIGNAL_TYPE = IS-54B Alerting
ALERT_PITCH = Medium Pitch (Standard Alert)
SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE is a
SIGNAL = Long RESERVED = 0 major milestone in call processing. Up
RECORD_TYPE = Calling Party Number until now, this was an access attempt.
RECORD_LEN = 96 bits
NUMBER_TYPE = National Number Now it is officially a call.
NUMBER_PLAN = ISDN/Telephony Numbering Plan
PI = Presentation Allowed SI = Network Provided
18:14:48.018 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order
CHARi = 6153000124 RESERVED = 0 RESERVED = 0
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 4 ACK_REQ: 0
ENCRYPTION: 0
The base station orders the mobile to ring, and Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order

gives it the calling party’s number to display. The mobile says it’s ringing.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 93


The Human Answers! Connect Order

The mobile has been ringing for several


seconds. The human user finally
comes over and presses the send
button to answer the call.
CONNECT ORDER
18:14:54.758 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1
ENCRYPTION: 0
Connect Order

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT


18:14:54.920 Forward Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0
ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0
Base Station Acknowledgement Order

Now the switch completes the audio circuit and


the two callers can talk!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 94


Example 5

Let’s
Let’s make
make an
an Outgoing
Outgoing Call!
Call!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 95


Placing an Outgoing Call

■ The mobile user dials the desired digits, and presses SEND.
■ Mobile transmits an Origination Message on the access channel.
■ The system acknowledges receiving the origination by sending a
base station acknowledgement on the paging channel.
■ The system arranges the resources for the call and starts
transmitting on the traffic channel.
■ The system notifies the mobile in a Channel Assignment Message
on the paging channel.
■ The mobile arrives on the traffic channel.
■ The mobile and the base station notice each other’s traffic channel
signals and confirm their presence by exchanging
acknowledgment messages.
■ The base station and the mobile negotiate what type of call this will
be -- I.e., 13k voice, etc.
■ The audio circuit is completed and the mobile caller hears ringing.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 96


Origination
ORIGINATION MESSAGE
The mobile sends an 17:48:53.144 Access Channel: Origination
origination message ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 6 ACK_REQ: 1
VALID_ACK: 0 ACK_TYPE: 0 MSID_TYPE: 3
on the access ESN: [0x 00 06 98 24] MFR 0 Reserved 1
Serial Number 170020
channel. IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0)
[0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073
AUTH_MODE: 0 MOB_TERM: 1
SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 MOB_P_REV: 1 EXT_SCM: 1
DualMode: 0 SLOTTED_MODE: 1 PowerClass: 0
BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT REQUEST_MODE: CDMA only SPECIAL_SERVICE: 1
Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000) PM: 0
17:48:53.487 Paging Channel: Order
DIGIT_MODE: 0 MORE_FIELDS: 0 NUM_FIELDS: 11
ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1
Chari: 18008900829
MSID_TYPE: 2
NAR_AN_CAP: 0
IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0)
[0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073
Base Station Acknowledgment Order
The base station confirms
that the origination message
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE was received.
17:48:54.367 Paging Channel: Channel Assignment
ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1
MSID_TYPE: 2
IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0)
[0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073
ASSIGN_MODE: Traffic Channel Assignment, The base station sends a
ADD_RECORD_LEN: 5 FREQ_INCL: 1 GRANTED_MODE: 2
CODE_CHAN: 12 FRAME_OFFSET: 0 Channel Assignment
ENCRYPT_MODE: Encryption disabled
BAND_CLASS: 1.8 to 2.0 GHz PCS band
Message and the mobile
CDMA_FREQ: 425 goes to the traffic channel.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 97


Traffic Channel Confirmation

The mobile sees at least two


The base station is already good blank frames in a row on
sending blank frames on the forward channel, and
the forward channel,using concludes this is the right traffic
the assigned Walsh code. channel. It sends a preamble
of two blank frames of its own
on the reverse traffic channel.
BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
17:48:54.757 Forward Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 17:48:54.835 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0
Base Station Acknowledgment Order ENCRYPTION: 0
Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order
The base station acknowledges The mobile station acknowledges the
receiving the mobile’s preamble. base station’s acknowledgment.
Everybody is ready!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 98


Service Negotiation and Connect Complete

SERVICE CONNECT MESSAGE


17:48:55.098 Forward Traffic Channel: Service Connect Now that the traffic channel is working
ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0 in both directions, the base station
Service Configuration Supported Transmission:
Forward Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
proposes that the requested call
Reverse Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps actually begin.
Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000)
Forward Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic
Reverse Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic
SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
17:48:55.137 Reverse Traffic Channel: Service Connect
Completion ACK_SEQ: 1, MSG_SEQ: 0, ACK_REQ: 1,
ENCRYPTION: 0, SERV_CON_SEQ: 0

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT


17:48:55.779 Forward Traffic Channel: Order
The mobile agrees and
ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 says its ready to play.
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0
Base Station Acknowledgment Order

The base station agrees. SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE is a


major milestone in call processing. Up
until now, this was an access attempt.
Now it is officially a call.

Now the switch completes the audio circuit and


the two callers can talk!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 99


Example 6

Let’s
Let’s End
End aa Call!
Call!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 100
Ending A Call

■ A normal call continues until one of the parties hangs up. That
action sends a Release Order, “normal release”.
■ The other side of the call sends a Release Order, “no reason given”.
• If a normal release is visible, the call ended normally.
■ At the conclusion of the call, the mobile reacquires the system.
• Searches for the best pilot on the present CDMA frequency
• Reads the Sync Channel Message
• Monitors the Paging Channel steadily
■ Several different conditions can cause a call to end abnormally:
• the forward link is lost at the mobile, and a fade timer acts
• the reverse link is lost at the base station, and a fade timer acts
• a number of forward link messages aren’t acknowledged, and the
base station acts to tear down the link
• a number of reverse link messages aren’t acknowledged, and the
mobile station acts to tear down the link

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 101
A Beautiful End to a Normal Call
MOBILE RELEASE ORDER
17:49:21.715 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1
ENCRYPTION: 0
Release Order (normal release)

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT At the end of a normal call, this


17:49:21.936 Forward Traffic Channel: Order mobile user pressed end.
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 2 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0,
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0
Base Station Acknowledgement Order
The base station acknowledged
BASE STATION RELEASE ORDER
receiving the message, then sent
17:49:21.997 Forward Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 3 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0
a release message of its own.
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0
Release Order (no reason given)

SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE The mobile left the traffic channel,


17:49:22.517 Sync Channel scanned to find the best pilot, and read
MSG_TYPE: 1 Sync Channel Message the Sync Channel Message.
P_REV: 1 MIN_P_REV: 1
SID: 4112 NID: 2 Pilot_PN: 183
LC_STATE: 0x318fe5d84a5
SYS_TIME: 0x1ae9683dc
LP_SEC: 9 LTM_OFF: -10 DAYLT: 1
Paging Channel Data Rate: 9600
CDMA_FREQ: 425

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 102
Example 7

Let’s
Let’s receive
receive Notification
Notification
of
of aa Voice
Voice Message!
Message!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 103
Feature Notification
FEATURE NOTIFICATION MESSAGE
98/06/30 21:16:44.368 [PCH] Feature Notification Message
MSG_LENGTH = 144 bits The Feature Notification Message on
MSG_TYPE = Feature Notification Message
ACK_SEQ = 0 the Paging Channel tells a specific
MSG_SEQ = 0 mobile it has voice messages waiting.
ACK_REQ = 1
VALID_ACK = 0
ADDR_TYPE = IMSI
ADDR_LEN = 56 bits
There are other record types to notify
IMSI_CLASS = 0 the mobile of other features.
IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 3
RESERVED = 0
MCC = 302
IMSI_11_12 = 00
IMSI_S = 9055170325
RELEASE = 0
RECORD_TYPE = Message Waiting
RECORD_LEN = 8 bits
MSG_COUNT = 1
RESERVED = 0

MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT


The mobile confirms it has received the
notification by sending a Mobile Station
Acknowledgment Order on the access
channel.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 104
Example 8

Let’s
Let’s do
do aa Handoff!
Handoff!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 105
The Call is Already Established. What Next?
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32002 32K
PN 0 168 220 500 512
Mobile Rake RX Active Pilot
F1 PN168 W61 Rake Fingers ! The call is already in progress.
F2 PN168 W61 " PN 168 is the only active signal,
F3 PN168 W61 # and also is our timing reference.
Srch PN??? W0
Continue checking the neighbors.
Reference PN
Neighbor Set
T_ADD
! !
If we ever notice a neighbor with Ec/Io above T_ADD,
ask to use it! Send a Pilot Strength Measurement Message!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 106
Mobile Requests the Handoff!

PILOT STRENGTH MEASUREMENT MESSAGE


98/05/24 23:14:02.205 [RTC]
Pilot Strength Measurement Message
MSG_LENGTH = 128 bits
Just prior to this message, this particular MSG_TYPE = Pilot Strength Measurement Message
ACK_SEQ = 5 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 1
mobile already was in handoff with PN 168 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
and 220. REF_PN = 168 Offset Index (the Reference PN)
PILOT_STRENGTH = -6.0 dB
This pilot strength measurement message KEEP = 1
PILOT_PN_PHASE = 14080 chips (PN220+0chips)
reports PN 500 has increased above PILOT_STRENGTH = -12.5 dB
T_Add, and the mobile wants to use it too. KEEP = 1
PILOT_PN_PHASE = 32002 chips (PN500 + 2 chips)
PILOT_STRENGTH = -11.0 dB
KEEP = 1
RESERVED = 0

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT


98/05/24 23:14:02.386 [FTC] Order Message
MSG_LENGTH = 64 bits
MSG_TYPE = Order Message
The base station acknowledges receiving
ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 0 the Pilot Strength Measurement Message.
ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
USE_TIME = 0 ACTION_TIME = 0
ORDER = Base Station Acknowledgment Order
ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits
Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted
RESERVED = 0

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 107
System Authorizes the Handoff!
HANDOFF DIRECTION MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:02.926 [FTC] Extended Handoff Direction Message The base station sends a Handof
MSG_LENGTH = 136 bits
MSG_TYPE = Extended Handoff Direction Message Direction Message authorizing the
ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 6 ACK_REQ = 1 mobile to begin soft handoff with all
ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
USE_TIME = 0 ACTION_TIME = 0 HDM_SEQ = 0 three requested PNs. The pre-existing
SEARCH_INCLUDED = 1
SRCH_WIN_A = 40 PN chips
link on PN 168 will continue to use
T_ADD = -13.0 dB T_DROP = -15.0 dB T_COMP = 2.5 dB Walsh code 61, the new link on PN220
T_TDROP = 4 sec
HARD_INCLUDED = 0 FRAME_OFFSET = Field Omitted will use Walsh Code 20, and the new
PRIVATE_LCM = Field Omitted RESET_L2 = Field Omitted link on PN500 will use Walsh code 50.
RESET_FPC = Field Omitted RESERVED = Field Omitted
ENCRYPT_MODE = Field Omitted RESERVED = Field Omitted
NOM_PWR = Field Omitted NUM_PREAMBLE = Field Omitted
BAND_CLASS = Field Omitted CDMA_FREQ = Field Omitted
ADD_LENGTH = 0
PILOT_PN = 168 PWR_COMB_IND = 0 CODE_CHAN = 61
PILOT_PN = 220 PWR_COMB_IND = 1 CODE_CHAN = 20
PILOT_PN = 500 PWR_COMB_IND = 0 CODE_CHAN = 50
RESERVED = 0
MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
98/05/24 23:14:02.945 [RTC] Order Message
MSG_LENGTH = 56 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message
ACK_SEQ = 6 MSG_SEQ = 6 ACK_REQ = 0
The mobile acknowledges it has received ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
ORDER = Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order
the Handoff Direction Message. ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits
Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 108
Mobile Implements the Handoff!
HANDOFF COMPLETION MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:02.985 [RTC] Handoff Completion Message
The mobile searcher quickly re-checks MSG_LENGTH = 72 bits
MSG_TYPE = Handoff Completion Message
all three PNs. It still hears their pilots! ACK_SEQ = 6 MSG_SEQ = 1 ACK_REQ = 1
ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
The mobile sends a Handoff Completion LAST_HDM_SEQ = 0
Message, confirming it still wants to go PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index
PILOT_PN = 220 Offset Index
ahead with the handoff. PILOT_PN = 500 Offset Index
RESERVED = 0

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT


The base station confirms it has
98/05/24 23:14:03.085 [FTC] Forward Traffic Channel: Order
ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 received the mobile’s Handoff
USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Completion message, and will
Base Station Acknowledgement Order
continue with all of the links
active.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 109
Neighbor List Updated, Handoff is Complete!
NEIGHBOR LIST UPDATE MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:03.166 [FTC] Neighbor List Update Message
MSG_LENGTH = 192 bits
MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List Update Message
ACK_SEQ = 1 MSG_SEQ = 7 ACK_REQ = 1
ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
In response to the mobile’s Handoff
PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index Completion Message, the base station
NGHBR_PN = 164 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index assembles a new composite neighbor
NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index list including all the neighbors of each of
NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index the three active pilots.
NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index
This is necessary since the mobile
NGHBR_PN = 372 Offset Index could be traveling toward any one of
NGHBR_PN = 36 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index these pilots and may need to request
NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index soft handoff with any of them soon.
NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 332 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 400 Offset Index
NGHBR_PN = 96 Offset Index
RESERVED = 0
MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
98/05/24 23:14:03.245 [RTC] Order Message
The mobile confirms receiving the MSG_LENGTH = 56 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message
Neighbor List Update Message. It is ACK_SEQ = 7 MSG_SEQ = 7 ACK_REQ = 0
ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled
already checking the neighbor list and ORDER = Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order
will do so continuously from now on. ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits
Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted
The handoff is fully established. RESERVED = 0

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 110
Handoff Now In Effect, but still check Pilots!
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32002 32K
PN 0 168 220 500 512
Mobile Rake RX Active Set
F1 PN168 W61 ! # Rake Fingers "
F2 PN500 W50
T_DROP
F3 PN220 W20
Srch PN??? W0

Reference PN
Neighbor Set
T_ADD

Continue checking each ACTIVE pilot. If any are less than T_DROP and remain
so for T_TDROP time, send Pilot Strength Measurement Message, DROP IT!!
Continue looking at each NEIGHBOR pilot. If any ever rises above T_ADD, send
Pilot Strength Measurement Message, ADD IT!
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 111
The Complete Picture of Handoff & Pilot Sets
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io

-20

Chips 0 SRCH_WIN_A 32K


Rake Fingers ! " #
PN 0 Active Set 512
Pilots of sectors
SRCH_WIN_A
T_DROP now used for Mobile Rake RX
communication
F1 PN168 W61
Reference PN F2 PN500 W50

T_DROP
Candidate Set SRCH_WIN_N F3 PN220 W20
Pilots requested Srch PN??? W0
by mobile but not
set up by system Neighbor Set
Pilots suggested
T_ADD by system for
more checking

All other pilots divisible by PILOT_INC but not


Remaining Set presently in Active, Candidate, or Neighbor sets
T_ADD
SRCH_WIN_R

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 112
Deeper
Deeper Handoff
Handoff Details:
Details:
Search
Search Windows
Windows && Timing
Timing

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 113
The Pilot Searcher’s Measurement Process
CURRENT PILOT SET CONTENTS R
3 A A A The searcher checks pilots in nested
1 C loops, much like meshed gears. R
12 N N N N N N N N N N N N Actives and candidates N
occupy the fastest- N NR
112 R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R spinning wheel. N
R R R R R R R R R R R R Neighbors are A R
R R R R R R R R R R R R next, advancing A AN
R R R R R R R R R R R R
one pilot for each R
R R R R R R R R R R R R
Act+Cand. revolution. N
R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Remaining is slowest, N
R R R R R R R R R R R R
N N
advancing one pilot each
R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R
time the Neighbors revolve.

PILOT SEARCHER VIEWED IN SEQUENCE: Typical Elapsed Time = 4 seconds


A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N
A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N R A A A C N A A A C
N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C
N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N R A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A
C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A C N A A A
C N A A A C N R
Only 3 of 112 remaining set pilots have been checked thus far!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 114
A Quick Primer on Pilot Search Windows
■ The phone chooses one strong sector and PROPAGATION DELAY
“locks” to it, accepting its offset at “face value” SKEWS APPARENT PN OFFSETS
and interpreting all other offsets by 33 4
comparison to it Chips Chips
A BTS
■ In messages, system gives to handset a BTS
B
neighbor list of nearby sectors’ PNs
■ Propagation delay “skews” the apparent PN
If the phone is locked to BTS A, the
offsets of all other sectors, making them
seem earlier or later than expected signal from BTS B will seem 29 chips
earlier than expected.
■ To overcome skew, when the phone
If the phone is locked to BTS B, the
searches for a particular pilot, it scans an
extra wide “delta” of chips centered on the signal from BTS A will seem 29 chips
expected offset (called a “search window”) later than expected.
■ Search window values can be datafilled
individually for each Pilot set: One chip is 801 feet or 244.14 m
■ There are pitfalls if the window sizes are 1 mile=6.6 chips; 1 km.= 4.1 chips
improperly set
• too large: search time increases
Factoid: A BTS on PN offset 100
• too small: overlook pilots from far away received 10 miles away will
• too large: might misinterpret identity of a seem to be on PN99.
distant BTS’ signal 10 miles equals a ~1 PN downshift.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 115
Setting Pilot Search Window Sizes
■ When the handset first powers up, it does an
exhaustive search for the best pilot. No windows
are used in this process.
■ On the paging channel, the handset learns the SEARCH WINDOW SETTINGS
window sizes SRCH_WIN_A, N, R and uses AND PROPAGATION DISTANCES
them when looking for neighbors both in idle Window Datafill N,R Delta Distance
mode and during calls. Size (Chips) Value Miles KM.

■ When a strong neighbor is requested in a PSMM, 14 (±7) 4 1.06 1.71


the former neighbor pilot is now a candidate. Its 20 (±10) 5 1.52 2.44
offset is precisely remembered and frequently 28 (±14) 6 2.12 3.42
rechecked and tracked by the phone. 40 (±20) 7 3.03 4.88
60 (±30) 8 4.55 7.32
■ Window size for actives and candidates can be
80 (±40) 9 6.07 9.77
small, since their exact position is known. Only
100 (±50) 10 7.59 12.2
search wide enough to include multipath energy!
130 (±65) 11 9.86 15.9
• This greatly speeds up overall searching! 160 (±80) 12 12.1 19.5
■ Most post-processing tools deliver statistics on 226 (±113) 13 17.1 27.6
the spread (in chips) between fingers locked to 320 (±160) 14 24.3 39.1
the same pilot. These statistics literally show us 452 (±226) 15 34.3 55.2
how wide the SRCH_WIN_A should be set.
■ Neighbor and Remaining search windows should
be set to accommodate the maximum intercell
distances which a mobile might experience

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 116
Handoff Problems: “Window” Dropped Calls
SITUATION 1 Locked to distant
■ Calls often drop when strong
site, can’t see
neighbors suddenly appear A 12 mo
80 mile un one nearby
outside the neighbor search BTS
Ch s tai
ns
ips B
window and cannot be used to
establish soft handoff. SRCH_WIN_N = 130 BTS

BTS A is reference. 1 mi.


■ Neighbor Search Window BTS B appears (7-80) chips 7 Chips
SRCH_WIN_N should be set early due to its closer distance. vel
This is outside the 65-chip window.Tra
to a width at least twice the Mobile can’t see BTS B’s pilot, but its
propagation delay between strong signal blinds us and the call drops.
any site and its most distant SITUATION 2
neighbor site Locked to nearby
A mo site, can’t see
■ Remaining Search Window 12 un distant one
80 mile tai
BTS
SRCH_WIN_R should be set Ch s ns
B
ips
to a width at least twice the SRCH_WIN_N = 130 BTS

propagation delay between BTS B is reference. 1 mi.


BTS A appears (80-7) chips 7 Chips
any site and another site late due to its farther distance. l
which might deliver occasional This is outside the 65-chip window. Trave
RF into the service area Mobile can’t see BTS A’s pilot.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 117
Overall Handoff Perspective

■ Soft & Softer Handoffs are preferred, but not always possible
• a handset can receive BTS/sectors simultaneously only on one
frequency
• all involved BTS/sectors must connect to a networked BSCs.
Some manufacturers do not presently support this, and so are
unable to do soft-handoff at boundaries between BSCs.
• frame timing must be same on all BTS/sectors
■ If any of the above are not possible, handoff still can occur but can
only be “hard” break-make protocol like AMPS/TDMA/GSM
• intersystem handoff: hard
• change-of-frequency handoff: hard
• CDMA-to-AMPS handoff: hard, no handback
– auxiliary trigger mechanisms available (RTD)

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 118
Introduction
Introduction to
to Optimization
Optimization

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 119
Introduction to Optimization

■ Course RF200 provides detailed information on CDMA system


performance optimization, and is intended for all personnel who
are responsible for improving system performance. RF200
presents:
• Performance Indicators and Problem Signatures analysis
• Review of tools and stats available on the system
• Review of mobile tools and how to interpret test drive data
• How to analyze drive-test data with post-processing tools
• Real-life examples of problems for “hands-on” analysis
■ Optimization is important enough that everyone should understand
what it is and how it is usually performed. The following slides
provide a general perspective on optimization and are intended for
everyone with technical responsibilities, even if not directly
involved in performance optimization

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 120
System Performance Optimization

■ The term “System Performance Optimization” really includes three


distinct types of activities:
• Optimization of a New System or New Cells
– examining parameters, neighbor lists, and cell
configuration to ensure that blatant errors are eliminated
and normal operation is achieved as verified in drive tests
• Minimization of Operating Problems on Existing Systems
– identifying problems from system statistics, drive tests, and
customer complaints
– reducing dropped calls, access failures, trouble spots
• Capacity Enhancement
– watching system capacity indicators and optimizing
adjustable parameters to achieve the best possible
capacity, consistent with acceptable levels of dropped calls
and access failures

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 121
Department Store Analogy: Tops-Down, Bottoms-Up
Dis ce

TaLosses
Management tr ibu ur
a n
e r vice Test Shopper
tion s S io n

s
In e c t
S el

xe
Profits Capital
Lea

ts
Complex!!! ses Simpler

s
Co
is ing Purchasing S Con
ven
ver t R e lati ons
up
pl i Price ienc
Ad Labor ers e

System e nce Phone


w are Administration r fe r
S o f t In te a ll s
d C
Provisioning Trans- ppe
mission D ro

Switch CBSC Complex!!! Simpler


Data C Cov
PSTN TrunkingData apture erag
Analys Acces e
is s Failur
Neighbor Lis ts BTS es Field Tools
Configuration

Some things are easier to measure from the customer side!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 122
Aeronautical Analogy: Tools for Problem Investigation
Control & Parameters Messaging
114.50
118.25
11500 11500
125.75
Aeronautical
Investigations

Flight Data Recorder Cockpit Voice Recorder

CDMA
Investigations

BTS

Temporal Analyzer Data Layer 3 Message Files

To study the cause of an aeronautical accident, we try to recover the Flight Data
Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder.
To study the cause of a CDMA call processing accident, we review data from the
Temporal Analyzer and the Layer 3 Message Files -- for the same reasons.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 123
Starting Optimization on a New System
■ RF Coverage Control
• try to contain each sector’s coverage, avoiding gross spillover
into other sectors
• tools: PN Plots, Handoff State Plots, Mobile TX plots
■ Search Window Settings
• find best settings for SRCH_WIN_A, _N, _R
• especially optimize SRCH_WIN_A per sector using collected
finger separation data; has major impact on pilot search speed
■ Neighbor List Tuning
• try to groom each sector’s neighbors to only those necessary
but be alert to special needs due to topography and traffic
• tools: diagnostic data, system logs
■ Access Failures, Dropped Call Analysis
• finally, iterative corrections until within numerical goals
Getting these items into shape provides a solid baseline and foundation from
which future performance issues can be addressed.
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 124
Solving Problems on Existing Systems

■ CDMA optimization is very different from optimization in analog


technologies such as AMPS

■ AMPS: a skilled engineer with a handset or simple equipment can


hear, diagnose, and correct many common problems
• co-channel, adjacent channel, external interferences
• dragged handoffs, frequency plan problems

■ CDMA impairments have one audible symptom: Dropped Call


• voice quality remains excellent with perhaps just a hint of garbling
even as the call approaches dropping in a hostile RF environment

■ Successful CDMA Optimization requires:


• recognition and understanding of common reasons for call failure
• capture of RF and digital parameters of the call prior to drop
• analysis of call flow, checking messages on both forward and reverse
links to establish “what happened”, where, and why

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 125
CDMA Problems Attacked in Optimization
■ Excessive Access Failures
• typical objectives: <2% (IS-95B will bring improvements)
■ Excessive Dropped Calls
• typical objective: ~1%, <2%
■ Forward Link Interference
• typical objective: eliminate situations which prevent handoff!
■ Slow Handoff
• typical objective: eliminate situations which delay handoff!
■ Handoff Pilot Search Window Issues
• avoid handoff drops!
■ Excessive Soft Handoff
• control coverage, not T_Add/T_Drop, to manage soft handoff levels (~<50%)
■ Grooming Neighbor Lists
• “if you need it, use it!”
■ Software Bugs, Protocol Violations
• Neither system software, nor mobile software, nor the CDMA standard is
perfect. Don’t humbly accept problems -- dig in and find out what’s happening!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 126
Sources of CDMA Data and Tools for Processing
CDMA NETWORK EQUIPMENT HANDSET
Switch CBSC BTS
SLM CM GPSR IS-95/J-STD-8
GPSR Messages
BSM CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU1
TFU1
Switch Data
DMS-BUS
DISCO 1
CDSU
Ch. Card ACC
CDSU CDSU
pegs,
LPP ENETlogs
LPP
CDSU System
DISCO 2 Σα Txcvr A
Internal Messages
CDSU RFFE A

DTCs
CDSU Σβ
Txcvr B RFFE B
Handset
SBS CDSU Σχ Txcvr C RFFE C
Vocoders Messages PC-based
IOC Selectors
Mobile Data
Capture Tools
IS-95/J-STD-008 Messages
Unix-based,
Various PC-based PC-based
External Data Analysis Mobile Data
Analysis Post-Processing Post-Processing
Tools Tools Tools

■ CDMA optimization data flows from three places:


• Switch
• CDMA peripherals (CBSC & BTS)
• Handset
■ Each stream of data has a family of software and hardware tools
for collection and analysis
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 127
CDMA Field Test Tools
Field Collection Tools using Handset Data PN Scanners
Motorola Qualcomm
Hewlett- Berkeley
Packard Varitronics
Grayson Hewlett- SAFCO
Packard Grayson

Comarco LCC Qualcomm

■ There are many commercial CDMA field test tools


■ Characteristics of many test tools:
• capture data from data ports on commercial handsets
• log data onto PCs using proprietary software
• can display call parameters, messaging, graphs, and maps
• store data in formats readable for post-processing analysis
• small and portable, easy to use in vehicles or even on foot
■ A few considerations when selecting test tools:
• does it allow integration of network and mobile data?
• Cost, features, convenience, availability, and support
• new tools are introduced every few months - investigate!

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 128
Qualcomm’s MDM: Mobile Diagnostic Monitor

■ Qualcomm’s Mobile Diagnostic Monitor


• CDMA handset (customer provided)
• Proprietary connecting cable
• PC software for collection and field pre-
analysis
– Temporal analyzer display mode
– Messaging

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 129
Grayson Electronics Mobile Collection Tools

■ Wireless Measurement Instrument


• Grayson's original hardware platform,
can contain up to 4 receivers, handsets,
scanners, and other devices
■ Inspector32 PC collection software
• numerous output formats & exporting -
ASCII messages, database, temporal
data
• simultaneous display of parameters,
map location, messaging, PN scanner
■ InterpreterTM post-processing software
• call event statistics, parameters,
performance indicators as map icons,
graphs, and spreadsheet tables
• message display window synched with
maps and graphs
• can search for events, messages
• can study multiple drive files at once
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 130
Grayson’s new Invex3G Tool
■ In 1Q2001 Grayson introduced
its new Invex3G tool, with new
features
• 100 MB ethernet connection
to PC
• the eight card slots can hold
receivers or dual-phone
cards
• there’s also room for two
internal PN scanners
• Multiple Invex units can be
cascaded for multi-phone
load-test applications
• Cards are field-swappable -
Users can reconfigure the
unit in the field for different
tasks without factory
assistance

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 131
Agilent Drive-Test Tools

■ Agilent offers Drive-Test tools


• Serial interfaces for up to four CDMA
phones
• A very flexible digital receiver with several
modes
■ PN Scanner
• Fast, GPS-locked, can scan two carrier
frequencies
■ Spectrum Analyzer
• Can scan entire 800 or 1900 mHz. Bands
■ Base-Station Over-Air Tester (BOAT)
• Can display all walsh channel activity on a
specific sector
• Useful for identifying hardware problems,
monitoring instantaneous traffic levels, etc.
■ Post-Processing tool: OPAS32

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 132
Comarco Mobile Tools

■ X-Series Units for more data-


intensive collection activities
• Multiple handsets can be
collected
• Data is displayed and
collected on PC
■ LT-Series provides integrated
display and logging
■ "Workbench" Post-Processing
tool analyzes drive-test files

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 133
PN Scanners
■ PN Scanners are faster than phones and
more reliable finding rogue pilots
■ Berkeley Varitronics (GPS-referenced)
• full-PN scan speed 26-2/3 ms.
• 2048 parallel processors for very fast
detection of transient interferors
■ Hewlett-Packard (GPS-referenced)
• full-PN scan speed 1.2 sec.
• Integrated with spectrum analyzer and
phone call-processing tool
■ Qualcomm (BTS-referenced)
• lowest-cost solution
• also acts as test phone with user-set
T_Add, T_Drop, etc.
■ Grayson Wireless (GPS+BTS-referenced)
• GPS-based internal units, 2-sec scans
• Qualcom retriever BTS-referenced units
also supported

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 134
Post-Processing Tools
Post-Processing tools display drive-test files
for detailed analysis - Faster, more
effective than studying data playback
with collection tools alone
■ Actix Analyzer
• Imports/analyzes data from almost
every brand of drive-test collection
tool
■ Grayson Interpreter
• Imports/analyzes data from Grayson
Wireless Inspector, Illuminator, and
Invex3G
■ Agilent OPAS32
• Imports/analyzes a variety of data
OPAS32
■ Nortel RF Optimizer
• Can merge/analyze drive-test and
Nortel CDMA system data
■ Wavelink
■ Comarco "Workbench" Tool
■ Verizon/Airtouch internal tool COMARCO

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 135
CDMA
CDMA Information
Information Resources
Resources
Bibliography
Bibliography -- Web
Web Links
Links

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 136
Bibliography - General CDMA
“IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000: Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation” by Vijay K. Garg. 422 pp.
2000 Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-087112-5, $90. IS-95 and CDMA2000 Access technologies,
DSSS, IS-95 air interface, channels, call processing, power control, signaling, soft handoff,
netw. planning, capacity, data. CDMA2000 layers, channels, coding, comparison w/ WCDMA.

“CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook” by Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E. Miller, 1998 Artech
House, ISBN 0-89006-990-5. Excellent treatment of CDMA basics and deeper theory, cell and
system design principles, system performance optimization, capacity issues. Recommended.

“CDMA RF System Engineering” by Samuel C. Yang, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-991-3.
Good general treatment of CDMA capacity considerations from mathematical viewpoint.

“CDMA Internetworking: Deploying the Open A-Interface” by Low and Schneider. 616 pp. 2000
Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-088922-9, $75. A tour-de-force exposition of the networking between
the CDMA BSC, BTS, and mobile, including messaging and protocols of IS-634. Chapters on
SS7, Call Processing, Mobility Management, Supplementary Services, Authentication,
Resource Management (both radio and terrestrial), 3G A-Interface details. One-of-a-kind work!

"CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication" by Andrew J. Viterbi. 245 p. Addison-


Wesley 1995. ISBN 0-201-63374-4, $65. Very deep CDMA Theory. Prestige collector’s item.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 137
Bibliography - General Wireless

“Mobile and Personal Communication Services and Systems” by Raj Pandya, 334 pp.
2000 IEEE Press, $60. IEEE order #PC5395, ISBN 0-7803-4708-0. Good technical
overview of AMPS, TACS< NMT, NTT, GSM, IS-136, PDC, IS-95, CT2, DECT,
PACS, PHS, mobile data, wireless LANs, mobile IP, WATM, IMT2000 initiatives by
region, global mobile satellite systems, UPT, numbers and identities, performance
benchmarks.

“Wireless Telecom FAQs” by Clint Smith, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-134102-1.
Succint, lucid explanations of telecom terms in both wireless and landline
technologies. Includes cellular architecture, AMPS, GSM, TDMA, iDEN, CDMA.
Very thorough coverage; an excellent reference for new technical people or anyone
wishing for clear explanations of wireless terms.

"Mobile Communications Engineering" 2nd. Edition by William C. Y. Lee. 689 pp.


McGraw Hill 1998 $65. ISBN 0-07-037103-2 Lee’s latest/greatest reference work
on all of wireless; well done.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 138
Bibliography, 3G Air Interface Technologies
“3G Wireless Demystified” by Lawrence Harte, Richard Levine, and Roman Kitka
488pp. Paperback, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISSBN 0-07-136301-7 $50. An excellent starting point for
understanding all the major technologies and the whole 3G movement. Comfortable plain-
language explanations of all the 2G and 3G air interfaces, yet including very succinct, complete,
and rigorously correct technical details. You will still want to read books at a deeper technical
level in your chosen technology, and may sometimes turn to the applicable standards for finer
details, but this book will give you what you won’t find elsewhere -- how everything relates in the
big picture, and probably everything you care to know about technologies other than your own.

“WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet” by Tero Ojanpera and Ramjee Prasad. 476pp.
2001 Artech House, ISSBN 1-58053-180-6. $100. The most complete and definitive work on
UMTS (excellent CDMA2000, too!). CDMA principles, Mobile Internet, RF Environment &
Design, Air Interface, WCDMA FDD standard, WCDMA TDD, CDMA2000, Performance,
Heirarchical Cell Structures, Implementation, Network Planning, Basic IP Principles, Network
Architectures, Standardization, Future Directions. This is a MUST HAVE for a one-book library!

“The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology” by Dr. Jonathan P. Castro, 354 pp. 2001 John
Wiley, ISBN 0 471 81375 3, $120. An excellent, well-organized, and understandable exploration
of UMTS. Includes radio interface, channel explanations, link budgets, network architecture,
service types, ip network considerations, a masterful tour de force through the entire subject
area. Very readable, too!

“WCDMA for UMTS” by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, 322 pp. 2000 Wiley, ISBN 0 471 72051 8,
$60. Very good overall treatment of UMTS. Excellent introduction to 3G and summary of
standardization activities, every level of UMTS/UTRA. Good overview of CDMA-2000, too!

“The GSM Network - GPRS Evolution: One Step Towards UMTS” 2nd Edition by Joachim Tisal,
227pp. paperback, 2001 Wiley, ISBN 0 471 49816 5, $60. Readable but not overwhelming
introduction to GSM in all its aspects (140pp), DECT (11pp), GPRS (6pp), UMTS (7pp), WAP
(25pp), EDGE (10pp).
January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 139
Bibliography, The IP Aspect of 3G
“Mobile IP: Design, Principles and Practices” by Charles E. Perkins, 275 pp., 200, 1998 Addison-
Wesley, ISBN 0-201-63469-4. $60. Comprehensive view of Mobile IP including home and
foreign agents, advertisement, discovery, registration, datagrams, tunneling, encapsulation,
route optimization, handoffs, firewalls, IPv6, DHCP. Tour-de-force of mobile IP techniques.

“Mobile IP Technology for M-Business” by Mark Norris, 291 pp., 2001 Artech House, ISSBN 1-
58053-301-9. $67. GPRS overview and background, Mobile IP, Addressing, Routing, M-
business, future prospects, IPv4, IPv6, Bluetooth & IrDA summaries.

“TCP/IP Explained” by Phillip Miller, 1997 Digital Press, ISBN 1-55558-166-8, 518pp. $50. In-depth
understanding of the Internet protocol suite, network access and link layers, addressing,
subnetting, name/address resolution, routing, error reporting/recovery, network management. IF
you’re not already strong in TCP/IP, you’ll need this to fully master Mobile IP.

“Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide” edited by Vito Amato, 1999
Cisco Press, ISBN 1-57870-126-0, 438pp. Textbook supporting a year-long course on
networking technologies for aspiring LAN/WAN (and 3G) technicians and engineers. It covers
every popular networking technology (including all its elements and devices) in deep and
practical detail. Excellent real-world understanding of TCP/IP, as well as the nuts-and-bolts of
everything from physical components to protocols to actual devices such as routers, switches,
etc. You might even want to take the evening courses at a local community college near you.

“Cisco Networking Academy Program: Engineering Journal and Workbook, Volume I” edited by
Vito Amato, 1999 Cisco Press, ISBN 1-57870-126-x, 291pp. The workbook for the First Year
Companion Guide above. If you want some external structure in your self-study, this workbook
will hold your hand as you climb every step of the ladder, and will lead you step by step through
the sister textbook, ensuring you absorb everything you need to know.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 140
Web Links and Downloadable Resources
Scott Baxter: http://www.howcdmaworks.com
Latest versions of all courses are downloadable.
Category - Username - Password
Intro - (none required) - (none required)
RF/CDMA/Performance - shannon - hertz
3G - generation - third
Grayson - telecom - allen
Agilent - nitro - viper

Dr. Ernest Simo’s Space2000: http://www.cdmaonline.com/ and http://www.3Gonline.com/

CDG: http://www.cdg.org (check out the digivents multimedia viewable sessions)


The IS-95 and IS-2000 CDMA trade marketing webside, CDMA cheerleaders.

3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org/ (all CDMA2000 standards, 120 MB, for download!!)


The operators’ harmonization group concerned mainly with IS-95-derived CDMA standards

3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/ (more than 7 GB of WCDMA UMTS standards to download!!!)


The operators’ harmonization group concerned mainly with ETSI-related standards

RCR News: http://www.rcrnews.com


Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news.
Subscribers can access text archives of past articles; very handy in researching events.

Wireless Week: http://www.wirelessweek.com


Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news.

January, 2002 Course 136 v1.20 (c) 2001 Scott Baxter 141

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