THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER HEAD

(By FEM approach)

A Project Report submitted to the JNTU in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By

G.SARAIAH M .VISHAL KUMAR

P.SADANANDAM J.LAXMAN K.RAJENDER REDDY

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

G.HARI BABU
M.Tech
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BALAJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

Maheshwaram, Narsampet, Dist.Warangal
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-Hyderabad)
 BALAJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
Narsampet : Dist.Warangal

CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that Project Work entitled Thermal Analysis of
Cylinder Head (by FEM approach) is the Bonified Work done by

G.Saraiah (02C31A0335)
J.Laxman (02C31A0315)
P.Sadanandam (03C35A0306)
K.Rajender reddy (02C31A0326)
M.Vishal Kumar (02C31A0359)

Under my guidance and submitted in partial fulfillment of

requirement of the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering by JNTU.

Project Guide : V.Vikram Reddy

G.HARI BABU M.Tech
M..Tech Associate professor
Assistant professor Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks and gratitude to Mr. V.Vikram reddy H.O.D Department of
mechanical B.I.T.S for his encouragement and support in the accomplishment of our
project.

We are very much indebted to Mr. G.Hari babu for his valuable guidance through
out the completion of our project, with out his guidance we would not have completed the
project successfully.

We would like to thank our guide Mr. Sham Kumar Associate professor in K.I.T.S
Warangal, whose constant help and encouragement helped us in successful completion of
our project.

We would like to express gratitude to our principal Professor Sharma B.I.T.S whose
constant support had helped us in completing our project.

We would like to express our overwhelming gratitude to our friends who directly or
indirectly helped for the successful completion of the project.

G.Saraiah

J.Laxman

P.Sadanandam

K.Rajender reddy

M.Vishal Kumar
 INDEX

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Statement of Purpose

1.2. Organisation of Thesis

CHAPTER 2: HEAT TRANSFER

2.1 Introduction of heat transfer

2.2 Modes of heat transfer

2.2.1 Conduction

2.2.1.1 Molecular interaction

2.2.1.2 Free Electrons

2.2.2 Fourier’s law of heat conduction

2.2.2.1 Thermal conductivity (k)

2.3 Convection

2.3.1 Types of Convection

2.3.1.1 Natural or free convection

2.3.1.2 Forced convection

2.3.2 Newton’s law of cooling by convection

2.3.3 Convective heat transfer coefficient (h)

2.4 Radiation

CHAPTER 3: HEAT TRANSFER IN CYLINDER AND CYLINDER

HEAD OF I.C ENGINE

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Combustion Chambers

3.2.1 Combustion chambers for S.I Engine

3.2.2 Combustion chambers for C.I Engines

3.2.2.1 Classification of C.I Engine combustion chambers

3.3.1 Air cooling

3.3.1.1 Types of fins

3.4 Parameters affecting the engine heat transfer

3.4.1 Fuel air ratio

3.4.2 Compression ratio

3.4.3 Spark Advance

3.4.4 Pre Ignition and Knocking

3.4.5 Engine output

3.4.6 Cylinder wall temperature

CHAPTER 4: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND ANSYS

4.1 Introduction to Finite Element Method

4.2 Evaluation of Finite Element Method
4.3 Historical Background

4.4 Steps Involved In FEM

4.5 Need and Advantages of FEM

4.5.1 Advantages of FEM
4.6 Types of Elements Used in FEM
4.6.1 One Dimensional Elements
4.6.2 Two Dimensional Elements
4.6.3 Three Dimensional Element

4.6.4 Axisymmetric Elements

4.6.5 Elements with Curved Boundaries

 4.7 Analysing thermal phenomena
4.8. How ANSYS treats thermal modeling
4.8.1 Convection
4.8.2 Radiation
4.9 Types of thermal analysis
4.9.1 Definition of steady state analysis
4.10 Tasks in thermal analysis
4.10.1 Creating model geometry
4.10.2 Solid 87 Element description
4.10.2.1 Solid 87 Input data
4.10.2.2 Solid 87 Input summary
4.10.2.3 Solid 87 output data
4.10.2.4 solid 87 Assumptions and restrictions

CHAPTER 5: THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER HEAD BY

F.E.M
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Geometric modeling of cylinder head
5.3 Thermal analysis of cylinder head using ANSYS
5.3.1 Preferences
5.3.2 Element type
5.3.3 Material properties of cylinder head
5.3.4 Meshing
5.3.5 Application of Boundary conditions
5.3.6 Solution
5.3.7 Review of solution

CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Results and discussions
6.1.1 Temperature distributions
6.1.2 Heat flow in cylinder head
6.1.3 Thermal gradient
6.2 Scope for future work
 ABSTRACT

Cylinder head is a critical part of an I C engines .cylinder head is used to seal

the working ends of the cylinder and accommodates combustion chamber in its cavity,
spark plug and valves. The heat generated in combustion chamber is highly dynamic and
allows very little time (few micro seconds) to transfer the heat if not distributed will lead
to squeezing of piston due to over heating. Hence an effective waste heat distribution
through cylinder head plays a very important role in smooth function of I C engine.

Heat Transfer through cylinder head consists of conduction through walls and convective
heat transfer due to surrounding air flow .As the shape of cylinder head is complex and
temperature with in the combustion chamber is still fairly unknown. Conventional
methods of evaluating heat transfer are very complex.

This project aims at evaluating heat transfer through cylinder head using finite
element analysis. Geometrical models of Cylinder head with and with out fins are
developed in Auto CAD software .Thus developed models are exported to ANSYS
software, and finite element model for thermal analysis done in ANSYS. Effect of fins on
heat transfer through cylinder is evaluated.
 1. INTRODUCTION.

1.1 INTRODUCTION: Cylinder head is the very important part in the automobiles.
The top of cylinder is covered by a separate cast piece known as the cylinder head. The
cylinder head is bolted to the top of cylinder block. It contains combustion chamber,
spark plug, and some times valves are mounted on it. It incorporates passages for flow of
cooling air.
The main purpose of cylinder head is to seal the working ends of the cylinder
and not to permit entry and exit of the gasses on over head valve engines. The inside
cavity of head is called the combustion chamber in to which the mixture is compressed
for firing.
Its shape controls the direction and rate of combustion. So the
performance of an I.C engine depends on the effective utilization of heat liberated during
the combustion. Heat generated during the combustion is converted to mechanical power
on to the crankshaft and part of it is wasted as heat losses through exhaust gases and heat
transfers to the surroundings.
Now a day’s various types of cylinder head shapes are available. The
study of cylinder head is to determine the heat transfer rate through the cylinder head.

This project aims to determine the heat transfer through the cylinder head
for various configurations that is with out fins and with fins.

As the heat transfer from cylinder to atmosphere through cylinder head

involves conduction and convection and geometry involves rectangular and spherical
coordinates. Closed form equations to find heat transfer is complex. Hence this is done
using finite element analysis. This project is done using ANSYS 8.0. A general purpose
finite element analysis software.
1.2 ORGANISATION OF THESIS
Chapter 2 and 3 deals with the aspects of heat transfer in cylinder and cylinder
head.
Chapter 4 deals with fundamentals of finite element analysis.
Chapter 5 deals with modeling and analysis of 2 stroke single cylinder petrol
engine Cylinder head using Auto cad, finite element method and ANSYS.
Chapter 6 deals with results and conclusion.
 CHAPTER 2

2. HEAT TRANSFER

2.1 INTRODUCTION During combustion of an I.C engine the chemical energy of a

fuel is converted in to heat energy. The heat energy is converted in to mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is used to rotate the crankshaft, for getting more power to avoid
the loss of heat transfer through the cylinder head. So the study of heat transfer is very
important to design the combustion chamber (cylinder head).

2.2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Modes of heat transfer are

• conduction
• convection
• radiation

2.2.1 CONDUCTION:

Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of substance to another part of same
substance, or from one substance to another in physical contact with it with out
appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance. (or) when a temperature
gradient exists in a stationary medium which may be a solid or liquid we use the term
conduction.
“Pure conduction is found only in solids.” In solids, the heat is conducted by the
following two mechanisms.
• By molecular interaction.
• By transport of electrons.
2.2.1.1 BY MOLECULAR INTERACTION

Where the energy exchange take place by kinetic motion or direct input of
molecules. Molecules at relatively higher energy level import energy to adjacent
molecules at lower energy level. This type of energy transfer always exists so
long as there is temperature gradient in the system comprising molecules of a
solid, liquid, gas.

2.2.1.2 FREE ELECTRONS

The conduction also occurs by free electrons as in case of metallic solids. The
metallic alloys have a different concentration of free electrons and their ability to
conduct heat is directly proportional to the concentration of free electrons. The
free electron concentration of non metallic solids is very low.

2.2.2 FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

Fourier law of heat conduction is an empirical law based on observation and

states as follows.
“The rate of flow of heat through a simple homogeneous solid is
directly proportional to the area of the section at right angles to the direction of
heat flow and to change of temperature with respect to the length of the path of
the heat flow.” i.e.,
Q α –A ∂T/∂x

The “-ve” sign assigned, so that the second law of thermodynamics will be
satisfied. Where,

A – Cross sectional area

K – Thermal conductivity
 2.2.2.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K)

It is the ability of a material to conduct heat.

• The amount of heat conducted through the plane will is given by

Q = – kA ∂T/∂x

Where
L - Length of the cylinder

K –Thermal conductivity of material

Ti-Inside temperature
To-Outer temperature
Ri-Inner radius
Ro-Outer radius
Amount of heat conducted through the sphere is given by

Q = 2πkL(Ti-To)/ln (ro/ri)
2.3 CONVECTION

Convection is the made of heat transfer when a fluid flows inside a duct or over a solid
body and the temperature of fluid and solid body are different. Heat transfer between
fluid and solid surface will take place. This is due to the motion of fluid relative to the
motion of fluid relative to the surface. This type of heat transfer is called convection

2.3.1 Types of convection

Convection is of two types

• Natural or free convection

• Forced convection

2.3.1.1 Natural or free convection

If the fluid motion is set up by buoyancy effect or from the density variation caused
by temperature difference in the fluid, the heat transfer is said to be natural or free
convection.

2.3.1.2 FORCED CONVECTION

If the fluid motion is created artificially by some external means such as blower or
fan, the heat transfer is termed as forced convection.

2.3.2 NEWTON”S LAW OF COOLING BY CONVECTION

Newton’s law of cooling states as follows:
“The amount of heat convected is proportional to the surface area and also to
temperature difference, the fluid and wall surface temperature”.
From the Newton’s laws of cooling

Q α A (Tw-Tα)
Where,
A –Surface Area mm2
H – Heat Transfer Coefficient in w/m2.k.
Tw Wall Surface Temperature.
Tα – Ambient Temperature.

2.3.3 Convective heat transfer coefficient (h):

The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is

(also known as film heat transfer coefficient) defined as the amount of heat transmitted
for a unit temperature difference between the fluid and unit area of surface in unit time.
• The value of ‘h’ depends on following factors :
o Thermodynamic and transparent properties.(Example :viscosity, density,
specific heat ETC)
o Nature of fluids
o Geometry of the surface
o Prevailing thermal conditions.

2.4 RADIATION:
For radiation to occur, no medium is necessary. If two
bodies at two different temperatures are placed in an evacuated adiabatic
enclosure so that they are not in contact through a solid or fluid medium,
the temperature of two bodies will tend to become equal. This mode of
heat transfer is called radiation.
E.g.: The amount of heat transfer from sun to the earth.

Q = σ.A.(Ti4 - T24)

Where,

σ = stefen Boltzmann constant

A = area
 CHAPTER III

HEAT TRANSFER IN CYLINDER AND CYLINDERHEAD OF I.C.ENGINES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In internal combustion engines, the combustion of fuel takes place and

heat energy will be developed. During the process the total heat will not be
converted in to work, only a part of the heat energy is converted in to useful work at
the crank shaft. The remaining heat will be rejected as follows.
• Heat from the engine boundaries due to radiation ,convection and to small extent
conduction
• Exhaust heat
• Heat rejected to the coolant

Fig 3.1 shows the typical distribution of heat

 The energy supplied to the engine (as fuel) is influenced by the physical
characteristics of the engine such as

• Engine design
• Type of the fuel used
• Coolant system etc.

In general 30%of the energy supplied is converted in to

useful work .About 30% is lost as exhaust and some energy is lost in friction
,compression and direct rejection from the engine .Rest of the energy about 30%
has to be removed by the cooling system.

3.2 COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

3.2.1 Combustion Chambers for S.I ENGINE

The design of combustion chamber for an S.I engine has an important influence
on the engine performance and its knocking tendencies. The design involves the shape of the
combustion chamber, the location of the spark plug and location of inlet and exhaust valves.

The important requirements of the S.I Engine combustion chambers are to be

provided with high power output at minimum octane requirement, high thermal efficiency
and smooth engine operation.

To design combustion chambers the following objectives are to be considered.

• Smooth engine operation
• High power output and thermal efficiency.

Types of S.I Engine combustion chambers.

I. T-Head type
 II. L-Head type
III. I- Head type
IV. F- Head type

Fig 3.2 shows typical combustion chambers for S.I. engines.

3.2.2 COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR C.I ENGINES

The most important function of the C.I Engine combustion chamber is to provide
proper mixing of fuel and air in a short time .In order to achieve this in an organized
air movement called the air swirl is provided to produce high relative velocity
between the fuel droplets and the air.

3.2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF C.I ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

 The C.I Engine combustion chambers are classified as:

• The Non –Turbulent type

o Open combustion chamber

• Turbulent Type

o Turbulent type
o Pre combustion chamber
o Energy

3.3 AIR COOLING

In this method heat is carried away by the air flowing over and around the
engine cylinder. It is used in scooters, motor cycles etc.
Here fins are cast on the cylinder head and cylinder barrel which provides
additional conductive and radiating surfaces.

The fins are arranged in such a way that they are at right angles to the cylinder
axis.
 Fig 3.3 shows the cooling fins of an engine cylinder.

3.3.2 FINS
In air cooling system fins are most suitable for increasing the heat transfer rate
from the cylinder. Fins are extended surfaces. These are placed around the
cylinder or cylinder head.

TYPES OF FINS

1. Longitudinal Fins
The fins are made along the length of the body.
2. Circumferential Fins
Circumferential fins are made in the form of discs around the tubes.
3. Pin or spines fin
If the fins are made in the form of cylindrical rods with small diameter are
called Pin fins.

The heat dissipating capacity of fins depends up on their cross section

and length. At the same time as the heat is gradually dissipated form the fin
surface, the temperature of the fin decreases from it’s root to tip. Hence the
fin surface nearer to the tip dissipates heat at a lower rate and is less
efficient. On the other hand as the quality of the heat flowing towards the tip
gradually decreases, the thickness of the fin can be decreased. The material
of the fin is used most efficiently if the drop in temperature from the root to
tip is constant per unit length.
The rectangular cross section has least temperature drop where as
maximum temperature drop for the fin marked ‘a’.

A comparison of the fins different cross section as shown in figure

Fins are usually given a taper of 3to5 decreasing order to give sufficient
drop to the pattern. The tip is made 0.5to1.25mm thick and a clearance of
2.5to 5mm is allowed at the root. The fins are made 25to50mm long. Too
close spacing of the fins results in small quantity of heat dissipation.

3.4 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ENGINE TRANSFER

 The various parameters affecting the engine heat transfer are

3.4.1 FUEL AIR RATIO

A change in fuel-air ratio will change the temperature of the cylinder
gases and affect the flame speed. The maximum gas temperature will occur
at an equivalence ratio of about 1.12 that is at a fuel-air ratio of about 0.075.
At this fuel air ratio Δt will be a maximum. How ever, from experimental
observation the maximum heat rejection is found to occur for a mixture
slightly leaner than this value.

3.4.2 COMPRESSION RATIO

An increase in compression ratio causes only a slight increase in gas

temperature near the top dead center. But, because of grater expansion of the
gases there will be a considerable reduction in gas temperature near the
bottom dead center where a large cylinder wall is exposed. The exhaust gas
temperature will also be much lower because of greater expansion so that
the heat rejected during blow down will be less. In general as compression
ratio increases these tend to be a marginal reduction in heat rejection.

3.4.3 SPARK ADVANCE

A spark advance more than the optimum as well as less than the
optimum will result in increased heat rejection to the cooling system. This is
mainly due to the fact that the spark timing other than MBT value
(minimum spark advance for best torque) will reduce the power output and
there by more heat is rejected.
 3.4.4 PRE IGNITION AND KNOCKING
Effect of pre ignition is the same as advancing the ignition timing .large
spark advance might lead to erratic running and knocking. Though knocking
causes large changes in local heat transfer conditions.
The overall effect on heat transfer due to knocking appears to be
negligible. However, no quantitative information is available regarding the
effect of pre ignition and knocking on engine heat transfer.

3.4.5 ENGINE OUTPUT

Engines which are designed for high mean effective pressures or high
piston speeds, heat rejection will be less. Less heat will be lost for the same
indicated power in large engines.
3.4.6 CYLINDER WALL TEMPERATURE
The average cylinder gas temperature is much higher in comparison to
the cylinder wall temperature. Hence any marginal change in cylinder gas
temperature will have very little effect on the temperature difference and
thus on heat rejection.

3.5 ADVANTAGES OF AIR COOLING SYSTEM

o The design of the engine becomes simpler as no water jackets are required.
The cylinder can have identical dimensions and be individually detachable and therefore
cheaper to renew in case of accident etc.
o Absence of cooling pipes, radiators etc., makes the cooling system simpler
thereby has minimum maintenance problems.
o No danger of coolant leakage etc.
o The engine is not subjected to freezing troubles etc. Usually encountered in
case of water cooled engines.
o The weight of the air cooled engine is less than that of water cooled engine
i.e., power to weight ratio is improved.
o In this system, the engine is rather a self-contained unit as it requires no
external components like radiator, header tank etc.
o Installation is easy.

3.6 APPLICATION
This method is mainly applicable to engines in motor cycles, small cars,
aero planes and combat tanks where motion of vehicle gives a good
velocity to cool the engine. In bigger units a circulating fan is also used.
In addition to these engines air cooling is also used in some small
stationary engines.
Other areas for air cooled engines are industrial and agricultural
engines where there can be a storing object for using water as coolant.
 4. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction to Finite Element Method

In the analysis and design field the Finite Element Method (FEM) has become a
powerful tool for the solution of complicated engineering problems. As the existing
mathematical tools will not be sufficient to find even an approximate solution for some
practical problem. It necessitates to for alternate method FEM.

The basic idea in the FEM is to find the solution of complicated problem by
replacing it by a simpler one. Then analyzing the simpler one to find an approximate
solution for the required problem.

4.2 Evaluation of Finite Element Method

An analytical solution mathematical expression that gives that gives the values of
the desired unknown quantity at any locations of a body, and as consequence it is valid
for an infinite number of locations in the body. It is not possible to obtain analytical
mathematical solution for many engineering problems. Analytical solutions can be
obtained only for certain simplified situations.

Therefore for problem involving complex material properties and boundary

conditions, the engineer resorts to numerical methods that provides approximate but
acceptable solution. In most of the numerical methods, the solutions yield approximate
values of the unknown quantities only at desecrate number of points in the body. In these
methods, instead of solving the problem for the entire body, the solutions are formulated
for each smaller unit, which are obtained by dividing the entire body. For a large number
of these subdivisions it is formidable task to handle the date manual, and recourse must
be made to automatic electronic computation.

In contrast to the all other numerical techniques, the finite element method
essentially a product of the electronic digital computer ages. This method possesses
certain characteristics that take advantage of the special facilities offered by the high-
speed computers.

In particular, the method can be systematically programmed to accommodate such

complex and difficult problems as non-homogeneous materials, non-linear stress strain
behavior, and complicated boundary conditions. It is difficult to accommodate these
complexities in the other methods. Another favorable aspect of the FEM is the variety of
levels at which may develop and understanding of the technique. One may take a very
physical or intuitive approach to the learning and using of the method. On the other
hand, one may develop a rigorous mathematical interpretation of the method. The FEM
as known today was first suggested in a technical paper published in 1956.

4.3 Historical Background

Ancient mathematicians found the circumference(s) of the circle by

approximating as a polygon inscribed i.e., lower bond S (L) or circumscribed i.e. Upper
bond S (U) as shown in figure. In terms of the present day notation each side of the
polygon can be called a finite element. As the number of sides of the polygon is
increased the approximate value converges to the true values. This also holds well in any
finite element application.

In 1943 an approach similar to the FEM, involving the use of piece use
continuous functions defined over triangular regions was first suggested by COURANT.

In 1956 TURNER, CLOUGH, MARTIN & TOPP today have presented the FEM
as known. This paper presents the applications of simple finite elements for analysis of
aircraft structure and is considered as one of the key contribution in the development of
FEM.
In the early 1960’s engineers used the method for approximate solution of
problems in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer etc. The first book on finite element
by ZIENKIEWICZ and CHUNG was published in 1967. In the early 1970’s finite
element analysis was applied to non-linear problems and large deformation.
S (U)

S (L)

Fig.5.1 Lower and upper boundaries to the circumference of circle.

 Today the developments in mains computers and availability of powerful micro
computers have brought this method within reach of students and engineers working in
small industries.

4.4 Steps Involved In FEM

Step 1: Discretization of the structure:

The first step in the FEM is to divide the structure as solution region into
subdivision or elements. The number, type, size and arrangement of the element have to
decide suitable to the required problem. The different types of elements are shown in
figure.

Step 2: Selection of the proper Interpolation Model:

Since the displacement solution of the complex structure under any specified load
conditions cannot be predicted exactly, we assume some suitable deformation pattern in
the form of an interpolation polynomial within an element to approximate the unknown
solution. The assumed pattern must be simple form computational point of view, but it
should satisfy the convergence requirements. In general, the solution of the interpolation
model is taken in the form of polynomial. Selection of a suitable element implies
identifying active degrees of freedom (displacements), which will significantly effect the
stress evaluation.

Convergence requirements for interpolation model:

1) The function must be continuous.
2) It must be capable of representing rigid body displacements of the element.
3) It must be capable of representing constant strain within the element.

Step 3: Derivation of Elements stiffness matrices and load vectors:

 From the assumed displacement model, the stiffness matrix [Ke] and load vector
Pe of element “e” are to be derived by using either equilibrium conditions or a suitable
variation principle like principle of virtual (displacements) work, principle of minimum
potential energy etc.

Step 4: Assembling of element equations to obtain the overall equilibrium

equations:

Since the structure is composed of several finite elements the individual element
stiffness matrices ad load vectors are to be assembled in a suitable manner by adding the
contribution of different elements joining at a node and the overall equilibrium equation
have to be formulated as:
[K] θ = P

Where
[K] Is the assembled stiffness matrix
[θ ] is the vector of nodal displacements
[P]Is the vector nodal force for complex structure.

Step 5: Solution for the unknown nodal displacements:

[K] Matrix obtained above is singular for unconstrained structural model since it
includes rigid body displacement option indifferent degrees of freedom. The overall
equilibrium equations have to modify to account for the boundary conditions of the
problem. After the incorporation of the boundary conditions the equilibrium equations
can be expressed as:
 [K] = P

For linear problems, the vector can be solved very easily. But for non-linear
problems, the solution has to be obtained in a sequence of steps, each step involving the
modification of the stiffness matrix [K] and / or the load vector P.

From the known nodal displacementsθ , if required the element strains and
stresses can be computed by using the necessary equations of solid or structural
mechanic.

4.5 Need and Advantages of FEM

The procedure for combining the element, solution of equations and revaluation
of strain and stresses are the same for any type of structural system or body. Hence, the
FEM offers scope for developing general-purpose programmes with the advances in
computer technology and CAD systems.
Complex problems can be modeled with relative ease. Several alternative
configurations can be tried out on a computer before first prototype is built. This
suggests that we need to keep pace with these developments by understanding the basic
theory modeling techniques and computational aspects of the FEM.

4.5.1 Advantages of FEM

• Different abstraction that is hard to visualize the finite element structure

closely resembles the actual structure instead of being a quite.
• It’s ability to use elements of various types, sizes, and shapes and to model
a structure of arbitrary geometry.
• Its ability accommodates arbitrary support conditions and arbitrary loading,
including thermal loading.
 • Its ability to model composite structures involving different structural
components, such as stiffening members on a shell and combinations of
plates, solids, bars etc.
• The use of finite elements permit a greater flexibility in considering
continues of complex shape.
• It is possible to interpret the method in physical and mathematical terms.
• It has proven successful in representing various types of complicated
material properties those are difficult to incorporate into other numerical
methods.

4.6 Types of Elements Used in FEM

The predominate interpretation of finite element is a physical visualization of a

body (or) structure as an assemblage of building block-like elements. The various types
of elements used in FEM an as follows:

4.6.1One Dimensional Elements

When it is possible to express the geometry, material properties and such

dependent variables ad displacements in terms of one independent space coordinate of an
element such elements are called one-dimensional elements. This type of elements are
used for structures that can be idealized of one dimensional element is measured along
the axis of the element.

NODE 1 NODE 3 NODE 2

Fig.4.2 One-dimensional element

4.6.2 Two Dimensional Elements

When the configuration and other properties of the problem necessities, two-
dimensional elements are appropriate the simplest elements for two-dimensional
problem’s triangle. The other shapes used of rectangular or quadrilateral type.

4.6.3 Three Dimensional Element

Three-dimensional elements represent the geometry and properties of problem

through three independent spatial coordinates corresponding to the triangle in two-
dimensional tetrahedron in the three dimensional element. In some case hexahedron
element, which can be obtained by assembling tetrahedrons can be used advantageously.

8 7

4
6
5

3
1

4 3
2
TETRAHEDRON

1 2

8 RECTANGULAR PRISM

4
5 7

3
1

2
 HEXAHEDRON

Figures 4.3 a, b, c Three dimensional elements

4.6.4 Axisymmetric Elements

Another type of three-dimensional problem, which can be represented by one or

two independent, is the axisymmetric problem. The elements used for these problems are
circular rings called toroidal elements or axisymmetrical elements. A one dimensional
axisymmetric element is a conical frustum and a two dimensional axisymmetric element
is a ring with a triangular or quadrilateral across section the problems that posses
axisymmetry like pistons, storage tanks, valves, rocket nozzles, heat shields fall into this
category.

1
2

θ
Y
 Fig4.4 Axisymmetric elements

3 4 3

6 4.6.5 Elements with Curved Boundaries

5

Problem involving curved boundaries (geometric) can be represented by finite

4 2
elements with curved 1sides. 2
These can be obtained assembling two triangles but in some cases use of these types
TRIANGLE RECTANGLE
proves to be advantages.

3
4 3

4 2
1

2
1

1 2
QUADRILATERAL
3

4
1

4 5 2

1 2
 Fig 4.5 elements with curved boundaries.

4.7 ANALYSING THERMAL PHENOMENA

 A thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and related thermal
quantities in a system or component. Typical thermal quantities of interest are:

1) The temperature distributions

2) The amount of heat lost or gained

3) Thermal gradients

4) Thermal fluxes.

Thermal simulations play an important role in the design of many engineering

applications, including internal combustion engines, turbines, heat exchangers, piping
systems, and electronic components. In many cases, engineers follow a thermal
analysis with a stress analysis to calculate thermal stresses (that is, stresses caused by
thermal expansions or contractions).

4.8 How ANSYS Treats Thermal Modeling

Only the ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS Professional, and

ANSYS FLOTRAN programs support thermal analyses.

The basis for thermal analysis in ANSYS is a heat balance equation obtained from the
principle of conservation of energy. (For details, consult the ANSYS, Inc. Theory
Reference.) The finite element solution you perform via ANSYS calculates nodal
temperatures, then uses the nodal temperatures to obtain other thermal quantities.

The ANSYS program handles all three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation.
4.8.1. Convection
You specify convection as a surface load on conducting solid elements or shell
elements. You specify the convection film coefficient and the bulk fluid temperature
at a surface; ANSYS then calculates the appropriate heat transfer across that surface.
If the film coefficient depends upon temperature, you specify a table of temperatures
along with the corresponding values of film coefficient at each temperature.

For use in finite element models with conducting bar elements (which do not allow a
convection surface load), or in cases where the bulk fluid temperature is not known in
advance, ANSYS offers a convection element named LINK34. In addition, you can
use the FLOTRAN CFD elements to simulate details of the convection process, such
as fluid velocities, local values of film coefficient and heat flux, and temperature
distributions in both fluid and solid regions.

4.8.2. Radiation
ANSYS can solve radiation problems, which are nonlinear, in four ways:

i. By using the radiation link element, LINK31

ii. By using surface effect elements with the radiation option (SURF151 in
2-D modeling or SURF152 in 3-D modeling)

iii. By generating a radiation matrix in AUX12 and using it as a super

element in a thermal analysis.

iv. By using the Radiosity Solver method.

4.9 Types of Thermal Analysis

ANSYS supports two types of thermal analysis:

i. A steady-state thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution

and other thermal quantities under steady-state loading conditions. A
steady-state loading condition is a situation where heat storage effects
varying over a period of time can be ignored.
 ii. A transient thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and
other thermal quantities under conditions that vary over a period of
time.

4.9.1 Definition of Steady-State Analysis

The ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS FLOTRAN, and ANSYS

Professional products support steady-state thermal analysis. A steady-state thermal
analysis calculates the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or component.
Engineer/analysts often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient
thermal analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can
be the last step of a transient thermal analysis, performed after all transient effects
have diminished.

You can use steady-state thermal analysis to determine temperatures, thermal

gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in an object that are caused by thermal
loads that do not vary over time. Such loads include the following:

i. Convections

ii. Radiation

iii. Heat flow rates

iv. Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)

v. Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)

vi. Constant temperature boundaries

A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material

properties; or nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The
thermal properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis usually
is nonlinear. Including radiation effects also makes the analysis nonlinear.

4.10 Tasks in a Thermal Analysis

The procedure for doing a thermal analysis involves three main tasks:
 i. Build the model.

ii. Apply loads and obtain the solution.

iii. Review the results.

The next few topics discuss what you must do to perform these steps. First, the text
presents a general description of the tasks required to complete each step. An example
follows, based on an actual steady-state thermal analysis of a pipe junction. The
example walks you through doing the analysis by choosing items from ANSYS GUI
menus, and then shows you how to perform the same analysis using ANSYS
commands.

4.10.1 Creating Model Geometry

There is no single procedure for building model geometry; the tasks you must
perform to create it vary greatly, depending on the size and shape of the structure you
wish to model. Therefore, the next few paragraphs provide only a generic overview of
the tasks typically required to build model geometry. For more detailed information
about modeling and meshing procedures and techniques, see the ANSYS Modeling
and Meshing Guide.

The first step in creating geometry is to build a solid model of the item you are
analyzing. You can use either predefined geometric shapes such as circles and
rectangles (known within ANSYS as primitives), or you can manually define nodes
and elements for your model. The 2-D primitives are called areas, and 3-D primitives
are called volumes.

Model dimensions are based on a global coordinate system. By default, the global
coordinate system is Cartesian, with X, Y, and Z axes; however, you can choose a
different coordinate system if you wish. Modeling also uses a working plane - a
movable reference plane used to locate and orient modeling entities. You can turn on
the working plane grid to serve as a "drawing tablet" for your model.

You can tie together, or sculpt, the modeling entities you create via Boolean
operations, For example, you can add two areas together to create a new, single area
that includes all parts of the original areas. Similarly, you can overlay an area with a
 second area, then subtract the second area from the first; doing so creates a new,
single area with the overlapping portion of area 2 removed from area 1.

4.10.2 SOLID87 Element Description

SOLID87 is well suited to model irregular meshes (such as produced from various
CAD/CAM systems). The element has one degree of freedom, temperature, at each
node.

The element is applicable to a 3-D, steady-state or transient thermal analysis. See

SOLID87 in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more details about this element. If
the model containing this element is also to be analyzed structurally, the element
should be replaced by the equivalent structural element (such as SOLID92). A 20-
node thermal solid element, SOLID90, is also available.

4.10.3 SOLID87 Input Data

The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate system for this element are shown
in Figure 87.1: "SOLID87 Geometry".
 Orthotropic material directions correspond to the element coordinate directions. The
element coordinate system orientation is as described in Coordinate Systems. Specific
heat and density are ignored for steady-state solutions. Properties not input default as
described in Linear Material Properties.

Element loads are described in Node and Element Loads. Convection or heat flux (but
not both) and radiation may be input as surface loads at the element faces as shown
by the circled numbers on Figure 87.1: "SOLID87 Geometry". Heat generation rates
may be input as element body loads at the nodes. If the node I heat generation rate
HG(I) is input, and all others are unspecified, they default to HG(I). If all corner node
heat generation rates are specified, each midside node heat generation rate defaults to
the average heat generation rate of its adjacent corner nodes.

A summary of the element input is given in "SOLID87 Input Summary". A general

description of element input is given in Element Input.

4.10.4 SOLID87 Input Summary

Nodes
I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R

Degrees of Freedom
TEMP

Real Constants
None

Material Properties
KXX, KYY, KZZ, DENS, C, ENTH

Surface Loads
Convection or Heat Flux (but not both) and Radiation (using Lab = RDSF) --
face 1 (J-I-K), face 2 (I-J-L), face 3 (J-K-L), face 4 (K-I-L)

Body Loads
 Heat Generations --
HG(I), HG(J), HG(K), HG(L), HG(M), HG(N), HG(O), HG(P), HG(Q), HG(R)

4.10.5 SOLID87 Assumptions and Restrictions

• The element must not have a zero volume.

• Elements may be numbered either as shown in Figure 87.1: "SOLID87

Geometry" or may have node L below the IJK plane.

• An edge with a removed mid side node implies that the temperature varies
linearly, rather than parabolic ally, along that edge.

• See Quadratic Elements (Mid side Nodes) in the ANSYS Modeling and
Meshing Guide for more information about the use of mid side nodes.

• The specific heat and enthalpy are evaluated at each integration point to
allow for abrupt changes (such as melting) within a coarse grid of elements.

• A free surface of the element (i.e., not adjacent to another element and not
subjected to a boundary constraint) is assumed to be adiabatic.

4.11 Heat Flow Fundamentals

Conduction and Convection

The first law of thermodynamics states that thermal energy is conserved. Specializing this
to a differential control volume:

(6–1)

where:

ρ = density (input as DENS on MP command)

c = specific heat (input as C on MP command)
T = temperature (=T(x, y, z, t))
t = time
{q} = heat flux vector (output as TFX, TFY, and TFZ)

= heat generation rate per unit volume (input on BF or BFE commands)

It should be realized that the terms {L}T and {L}T{q} may also be interpreted as T

and {q}, respectively, where represents the grad operator and

represents the divergence operator.

Next, Fourier's law is used to relate the heat flux vector to the thermal gradients:

(6–2)

where:

Kxx, Kyy, Kzz = conductivity in the element x, y, and z directions, respectively (input as
KXX, KYY, KZZ on MP command)

Combining Equation 6–1 and Equation 6–2,

(6–3)

Expanding Equation 6–3 to its more familiar form:

 (6–4)

It will be assumed that all effects are in the global Cartesian system.

Three types of boundary conditions are considered. It is presumed that these cover the
entire element.

1. Specified temperatures acting over surface S1:

(6–5)
2. where T* is the specified temperature (input on D command).
3. Specified heat flows acting over surface S2:

(6–6)
4. where:
{η} = unit outward normal vector
q* = specified heat flow (input on SF or SFE commands)
5. Specified convection surfaces acting over surface S3 (Newton's law of cooling):

(6–7)
6. where:

hf = film coefficient (input on SF or SFE commands) Evaluated at (TB + TS)/2

unless otherwise specified for the element
TB = bulk temperature of the adjacent fluid (input on SF or SFE commands)
TS = temperature at the surface of the model

Note that positive specified heat flow is into the boundary (i.e., in the direction opposite
of {η}), which accounts for the negative signs in Equation 6–6 and Equation 6–7.

Combining Equation 6–2 with Equation 6–6 and Equation 6–7

(6–8)

(6–9)
Premultiplying Equation 6–3 by a virtual change in temperature, integrating over the
volume of the element, and combining with Equation 6–8 and Equation 6–9 with some
manipulation yields:

(6–10)

Where:

vol = volume of the element

δT = an allowable virtual temperature (=δT(x,y,z,t))

Radiation

Radiant energy exchange between neighboring surfaces of a region or between a region

and its surroundings can produce large effects in the overall heat transfer problem.
Though the radiation effects generally enter the heat transfer problem only through the
boundary conditions, the coupling is especially strong due to nonlinear dependence of
radiation on surface temperature.

Extending the Stefan-Boltzmann Law for a system of N enclosures, the energy balance
for each surface in the enclosure for a gray diffuse body is given by Siegal and
Howell(88(Equation 8-19)) , which relates the energy losses to the surface temperatures:

(6–11)

Where,

N = number of radiating surfaces

δij = Kronecker delta
εi = effective emissivity (input on EMIS or MP command) of surface i
Fij = radiation view factors (see below)
Ai = area of surface i
Qi = energy loss of surface i
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant (input on STEF or R command)
Ti = absolute temperature of surface i

For a system of two surfaces radiating to each other, Equation 6–11 can be simplified to
give the heat transfer rate between surfaces i and j as:

(6–12)

Where:

Ti, Tj = absolute temperature at surface i and j, respectively

6.2. Derivation of Heat Flow Matrices

As stated before, the variable T was allowed to vary in both space and time. This
dependency is separated as:

(6–14)

Where,

T = T(x,y,z,t) = temperature
{N} = {N(x, y, z)} = element shape functions
{Te} = {Te(t)} = nodal temperature vector of element

Thus, the time derivatives of Equation 6–14 may be written as:

 (6–15)

δT has the same form as T:

(6–16)

The combination {L} T is written as

(6–17)

Where:

[B] = {L}{N}T

Now, the variation statement of Equation 6–10 can be combined with Equation 6–14 thru
Equation 6–17 to yield:

(6–18)

Terms are defined in Heat Flow Fundamentals. ρ is assumed to remain constant over the

volume of the element. On the other hand, c and may vary over the element. Finally,

{Te}, , and {δTe} are nodal quantities and do not vary over the element, so that they
also may be removed from the integral. Now, since all quantities are seen to be
premultiplied by the arbitrary vector {δTe}, this term may be dropped from the resulting
equation. Thus, Equation 6–18 may be reduced to:
 (6–19)

Equation 6–19 may be rewritten as:

(6–20)

Where:

Comments on and modifications of the above definitions:

1. Is not symmetric.

2. Is calculated as defined above, for SOLID90 only. All other elements use a

diagonal matrix, with the diagonal terms defined by the vector .

3. Is frequently diagonalized, as described in Lumped Matrices.

4. If exists and has been diagonalized and also the analysis is a transient (Key =

ON the TIMINT command), has its terms adjusted so that they are

proportioned to the main diagonal terms of . , the heat generation

rate vector for Joule heating is treated similarly, if present. This adjustment
ensures that elements subjected to uniform heating will have a uniform
temperature rise. However, this adjustment also changes no uniform input of heat
generation to an average value over the element.

5. For phase change problems, is evaluated from the enthalpy curve (Tamma
and Namnuru(42)) if enthalpy is input (input as ENTH on MP command). This
option should be used for phase change problems.

5. THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER HEAD BY F.E.M

 5.1 INTRODUCTION:

Finite element analysis of cylinder head for steady state heat transfer
analysis consists of two broad stages.

1. creation of cylinder head Geometry

2. Finite element modeling

As the shape of the cylinder head is complex, ANSYS software do not have
the capability to model such complexities. Another software, AutoCAD is
used to generate 3D model.

5.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF CYLINDER HEAD

The single-cylinder IC engine cylinder head is modeled in AutoCAD software.

Cylinder head specifications:

Make: Bajaj chetak 150 cc single cylinder petrol engine.

Cylinder head dome inner diameter = 50 mm.

Cylinder head dome outer diameter = 60 mm.

Cylinder head inner disc inner diameter = 60 mm.

Cylinder head inner disc outer diameter = 104 mm

Cylinder head outer disc inner diameter = 104 mm

Cylinder head outer disc outer diameter = 112 mm.

The sequential procedure of modeling is explained below.

STEP 1: Modeling of cylinder head dome.

1. Define a solid sphere of radius 30 mm and center (0, 0) in x-y plane.

 2. Slice it in to two equal parts vertically and take one half of it for
further processing.

3. Take first half of the sliced sphere and insert a solid sphere of radius
25 mm in to it and then subtract form the piece to get a required
dome shape.

4. Take an another sphere of radius 30 mm and slice it in to two equal

parts vertically and then again slice any of the piece in to two equal
parts horizontally to get a required quarter portion of a sphere.

5. Insert the quarter piece of sphere in to the half piece of solid sphere
which is having a dome shape inside of it the get a required cylinder
dome shape as shown in the figure.

Figure 5.1 shows the 3D model after step 1

STEP 2: Modeling of cylinder head inner disc around cylinder head

dome.

1. Define a circle of radius 30 mm and center (0, 0) in x-y plane.

2. Define another circle of radius 36 mm and center (0, 0) in x-y plane and align both
the circles with the help of a union command.
3. Subtract the inner circle from the outer circle and align it with the cylinder head
dome by using union command existing in AutoCAD.

Figure 5.2 shows 3D model after step 2

STEP 3: Modeling of cylinder head outer disc

1. Define a circle of radius of 36 mm and extrude it to a thickness of 4 mm.

2. Define another circle of radius of 52 mm and extrude it to a thickness of 4mm.
3. Align both the circles by using union command and subtract the smaller
circle from the bigger one by using subtracts command.
4. Align it to the cylinder head dome consisting of an inner disc and fillet both
for proper alignment.
Figure 5.3 shows 3D model after step 3
 This is the 3D geometrical model of cylinder head with out fins

STEP 4: MODELING OF CYLINDER HEAD FINS

1. Draw a fin with the base of length 104 mm to a height of 80 mm and extrude it to
a thickness of 3 mm. The angle of taper from bottom to top should be about 3-5
degrees. Then extrude it to a thickness of 3 mm.
2. By using an ARRAY command copy 10 number of fins by linear coordinates
system.
3. Draw a circle of radius 43 and extrude it to a height of 104 mm and inscribe the
fins inside the cylinder by dragging them in to the circle.
4. Now subtract the fins from the extruded circle which is of cylindrical shape so
that the edges of fins get eroded.
5. Draw another circle of radius 52 mm and extrude it to a width of 86 mm and
inscribe the fins inside the extruded cylindrical shell and subtract fins from the
cylinder so that the required shape is obtained which is shown in fig below.
Figure 5.4 shows 3D model after step 4.
 This is the final 3D geometrical model of cylinder head with fins.

5.3 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER HEAD USING ANSYS.

5.3.1 PREFERENCES: The type of analysis assumed is thermal and it is

considered in the analysis.

5.3.2 ELEMENT TYPE: Solid 87 is the element taken since it can handle
conduction, convection and other steady state thermal properties of the
element.
5.3.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CYLINDER HEAD.
MATERIAL ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
COMPOSITION AL- 96% , CU- 4%
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 0.204 N/mm2
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 20 * 10 – 3 N/mm2

5.3.4 MESHING: The element is meshed with a coarse size of 5. Shape testing revealed
that the model is divided into 52270 small elements.
 Figure 5.5 shows finite element model of cylinder head with out fin.

Same procedure is adopted to analyse a Finite element model of cylinder head with out
fins and with fins.
 Figure5.6 shows the finite element model of cylinder head with fins.

5.3.6 Application of Boundary Conditions:

1. Temperature:
a) Temperature generated due to combustion in the
combustion chamber is assumed to act only on surfaces of
combustion chamber. A uniform temperature of 500
degree centigrade is applied on all nodes attached to
surface of combustion chamber ( areas numbered: 4, 10,
11, 12 and 13).
 b) Projected outer surfaces of fins are subjected to ambient
temperature.

2) Insulation: Surface of contact between cylinder and cylinder head is assumed to be

completely insulated that is heat flux on all nodes lying on contact surface is set to zero
(area number 14).
3) Convective heat transfer: All surfaces exposed to atmosphere are needed to transfer
heat by convection. All these surfaces are applied with convective heat transfer
coefficient(h).Those surfaces includes 5, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103,105, 106, 107,
108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130,
131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138 and 140.

5.3.7 Solution:

Solution is done using ‘solution’ option in ANSYS main menu. The results
obtained are plotted.

5.3.7 Review of Results: Results obtained from the solution can be viewed from the
result viewer. We can get the visualization of Temperature distribution, thermal
gradients, heat flow rates and thermal fluxes. We can also list the results of them from the
result viewer.
 6. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Results and Discussion:

Cylinder head with and with out fins have been modeled using AutoCAD software.
Thus developed models are exported to ANSYS as SAT files. General purposing Finite
Element Analysis software ANSYS has been used to make Static analysis of cylinder
head.
Temperature distribution of the cylinder head at steady state conditions, thermal
gradients, thermal fluxes along x, y and z directions can be viewed. Results can also be
plotted so that the temperature distributions, thermal fluxes and gradients at desired
element or area can be viewed.
Following are the results which are obtained from thermal Analysis of cylinder head at
steady state conditions with and with out fins.

Figure 6.1 shows the temperature distribution of cylinder head with out fins. In
figure the flow of temperature varies from 500 degrees centigrade at the combustion
chamber to 70 degrees centigrade on free surface.
 Fig 6.1: temperature distribution of cylinder head with out fins.
Figure 6.2 shows the temperature distribution of cylinder head with fins. Due to fins the
minimum temperature is reduced to 50 degrees centigrade on fins.
 Fig 6.2: Temperature distribution of cylinder head with fins.
Results such obtained can also be plotted in terms of temperature nodal solution per node.
Some of the solutions such obtained are listed below.
Table 6.1 Nodal degree of freedom listing of cylinder head with fins:

NODE NUMBER TEMPERATURE

1 156.41
10 70.004
15 500.00
20 204.63
25 201.94
30 198.94
35 275.40
40 167.71
45 167.71
50 500.00
55 70.098
60 70.108
100 70.033
200 50.000
300 188.88
500 70.109
1000 366.52
6.1.2: Heat flow in cylinder head:
Figure 6.3 shows flow of heat in cylinder head and it varies
from maximum (337.555)w/mm2 to (minimum) zero on insulated surfaces.
 Fig 6.3: Heat flow of diagram cylinder head with fins.

6.1.3: Thermal flux in z- direction of cylinder head with fins:

Fig 6.4 shows the flow of heat per unit area. The flow of heat is
varying in different directions and in different ranges, where the difference in z-direction
exists from maximum (15.952) to minimum (-28.871).
 Fig 6.4: thermal flux in z – direction of cylinder head with fins.

6.1.3 Thermal gradients:

Figure 6.5 shows the thermal gradient of cylinder head in z-
direction which varies from 141.522 (maximum) to -78.196 (minimum).
 Fig 6.5 Thermal gradient of cylinder head in z – Direction.

Scope for Future Work:

Changing the cross section and orientation of fins on the cylinder head
will yield better results such as increase in the heat transfer rate from the cylinder head
and increase thermal efficiency of cylinder head.
Verification of results can be obtained by test set up on an engine can be
taken up as future work.
 REFERENCES
1) Yunus A.Cengal “heat transfer” (a practical approach) 2e,Tata McGraw
Hill,2003.
2) R.C.Sachdeva “Fundamentals of engineering heat & mass transfer” 2e, new age
International publishers.
3) Reddy J.N “An Introduction to the finite element method”, 2e, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2003.
4) Thirupathi R.Chandrupatla, Ashok D. Belegundu “Introduction to finite elements
in engineering”, 3e, Eastern economy edition, 2002.
5) V.Ganesan “Internal combustion engines”,2e,Tata McGraw Hill.
6) M.L.Mathur, R.P.Sharma “Internal combustion engines”,8e,Dhanpat Rai.
7) ANSYS 8.0 Reference library.