Lte Overview (INTEL Corporation)

3GPP R8 LTE Overview
조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

brian.cho@intel.com
Intel Corporation
Books on LTE
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 2
Books on LTE – cont’d
Contents
 LTE Overview
 LTE Radio Interface Architecture
 LTE Downlink Transmission
 LTE Uplink Transmission
 Summary
LTE Overview
Terminology
 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
 Evolution
of 3GPP Radio Access Technology
 E-UTRA
 SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
 Evolution
of 3GPP Core Network Technology
 EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
 EPS (Evolved Packet System)
 Evolutionof the complete 3GPP UMTS Radio Access, Packet
Core and its integration into legacy 3GPP/non-3GPP networks
 E-UTRAN + EPC
3GPP LTE
 LTE focus is on:
 enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
 optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
 With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for
several years
 LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP
technologies for the future (started at Nov. 2004)
 Motivations
 Need for PS optimized system
 Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
 Need for higher data rates
 Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
 Need for high quality of services
 Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services
 Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly)
 Reduce round trip delay
 Need for cheaper infrastructure
 Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements
 Most data users are less mobile
Detailed Requirements*
 Peak data rate
 Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink
spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz)
 Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s within a 20MHz uplink spectrum
allocation(2.5 bps/Hz)
 Control-plane latency
 Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6
Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
 Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6
CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
 Control-plane capacity
 At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum
allocations up to 5 MHz
 User-plane latency
 Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for
small IP packet
* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 8, Version 8.0.0, Dec. 2008
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Detailed Requirements
 Average user throughput
 Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
 Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Cell edge user throughput
 Downlink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA
 Uplink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Spectrum efficiency
 Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4
times Release 6 HSDPA )
 Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Mobility
 E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h
 Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high
performance
 Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350
km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)
 Coverage
 Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met up to 5 km
cells, and with a slight degradation up to 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should
not be precluded.
Detailed Requirements
 Spectrum flexibility
 E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5
MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation
in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported
 Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN)
 Architecture and migration
 Single E-UTRAN architecture
 The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made
to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic
 E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS
 Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized
 Radio Resource Management requirements
 Enhanced support for end to end QoS
 Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access
Technologies
 Complexity
 Minimize the number of options
 No redundant mandatory features
LTE System Performance
 Peak Data Rate
150.8
1)
302.8
51.0
2)
75.4
1) ~14% reference signal overhead (4 Tx antennas in DL)

~10% common channel overhead (1 UE/subframe)
~7% waveform overhead (CP)
~10% guard band
~(1/1) code rate
2) ~14% reference signal overhead (1 Tx antenna in UL)
~0.6% random access overhead
~7% waveform overhead (CP)
~10% guard band
~(1/1) code rate
LTE System Performance – cont’d
 Downlink Spectral Efficiency
 Uplink Spectral Efficiency
LTE Key Features
 Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Making MS cheap as
 Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side much as possible by
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA) moving all the burdens
 Less critical RX complexity in BS side from MS to BS
 Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)
 Single node RAN (eNB)
 Support FDD (frame type 1) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA evolution) <cf> H-FDD MS
 User data rates
 DL (baseline): 150.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO
 UL (baseline): 75.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO
 Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots), Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots), Slot: 0.5 ms
 TTI: 1 ms
 HARQ
 Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining strategy
 Retransmission time: 8 ms
 Modulation
 DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
 Hard handover-based mobility
LTE Key Features – cont’d
 MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity
Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
 DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable, MU-MIMO
 UL: MU-MIMO
 Resource block
 12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz  “180kHz”
 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)
 Subcarrier operation
 Frequency selective by localized subcarrier
 Frequency diversity by distributed subcarrier & frequency hopping
 Frequency hopping
 Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol)
 Inter-TTI: across retransmissions
 Bearer services
 Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported
 Voice must use VoIP or CS-Fallback
 MBSFN
 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
 To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS)
 Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration
 The signal at MS will appear exactly as a signal transmitted from a single cell site and subject to multi-path
 Not only “improve the received signal strength” but also “eliminate inter-cell interference”
Resource & Channel Estimation in OFDM
 Time-frequency grid
 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols
E-UTRAN Architecture*
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

S1
S1
S1
S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB eNB
X2
X2
eNB
Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*
eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.

MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN EPC
Compare with WiMAX ASN-GW
WiMAX
Control Functions
(Similar to 3GPP MME)
ASN GW
PMIP Client Location Register

BS
Service Flow Idle-Mode &
RRC AAA Client
Management Paging Control WiMAX R3
CSN
WiMAX R6
DHCP
Security Key Authentication Authenticator
Proxy/Relay
Receiver Relay
Service Flow Security Key

Handover Authenticator Distributor
Base Station
Function
Data Path Function/FA
WiMAX R4
WiMAX
Data-Path Functions ASN
(Similar to 3GPP S-GW)
EPS is all PS (IP) based
2G initial 2G+3G IMS EPS

architecture architecture Introduction architecture
(GSM) (GPRS/EDGE/UMTS)
(1991) (2000) (2004) (2008)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Qualcomm

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3GPP Architecture Evolution
Towards Flat Architecture
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * NSN

20
Duplexing
 FDD
 TDD
LTE Modulation Schemes
UE-eNB Communication Link
“Single and same link of communication for DL and UL”
 DL serving cell = UL serving cell

 No UL nor DL macro-diversity
 Hard handover-based mobility
- UE assisted (based on measurement reports) and network controlled
(explicit handover command) by default
- During handover, UE uses a RACH-based mobility procedure to access
the target cell
- Handover is initiated by the UE when it detects a Radio Link failure
condition
 Load indicator for inter-cell load control and interference coordination
- Transmitted over X2 interface
OFDMA: Interference Coordination
Cell-A
Power
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4
B5 C5
weak users good users
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-B
B1
good user weak user
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
good users weak users
ICIC* in LTE Standards
 Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
 To aid downlink ICIC
 Relative narrowband transmission-power indicator
 A cell can provide this information to neighboring cells, indicating the part of the
bandwidth where it intends to limit the transmission power. A cell receiving the indication
can schedule its downlink transmissions within this band, reducing the output power or
completely freeing the resources on complementary parts of the spectrum
 To aid uplink ICIC

 High interference indicator
 The high-interference indicator provides information to neighboring cells about the part of
the cell bandwidth upon which the cell intends to schedule its cell-edge users. Because
cell-edge users are susceptible to inter-cell interference, upon receiving the high-
interference indicator, a cell might want to avoid scheduling certain subsets of its own
users on this part of the bandwidth.
 Overload indicator
 The overload indicator provides information on the uplink interference level experienced
in each part of the cell bandwidth. A cell receiving the overload indicator may reduce the
interference generated on some of these resource blocks by adjusting its scheduling
strategy
OFDMA: Frequency Selective Gain
 Loading gain by “frequency selective scheduling”
Localized subcarrier assignment Distributed subcarrier assignment
Multi-cell Broadcast in OFDM System
Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission
Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path propagation
E-UTRA Frequency Band*
 Japan, Korea?
 Korea?
 Europe?
 Korea?
 US?
 China?
 China?
* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 28
LTE Spectrum Fragmentation
E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*
 1RB = 180kHz  6RBs = 1.08MHz, 100RBs = 18MHz
 6RBs (72 subcarriers) with 128 FFT, 100RBs (1200 subcarriers) with 2048 FFT
* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 30
OFDM Parameters
LTE Radio Interface Architecture
LTE Protocol Architecture (DL)
PDCP and RLC
 PDCP
 Header compression and corresponding decompression
 Ciphering and deciphering
 Integrity protection and verification
 RLC
 Transferring PDUs from higher layers, i.e. from RRC or PDCP
 Error correction with ARQ, concatenation/segmentation, in-sequence
delivery and duplicate detection
 Protocol error handling (e.g. signalling error)
EPS Bearer Service Architecture
EPS Bearer Terminology
 Quality of service
 GBR bearer: Guaranteed bit rate
 Non-GBR bearer: No guaranteed bit rate
 Establishment time
 Default bearer
 Established when UE connects to PDN
 Provides always-on connectivity
 Always non-GBR
 Dedicated bearer established later
 Can be GBR or non-GBR
 Every EPS bearer
 QoS class identifier (QCI): This is a number which describes the error rate and
delay that are associated with the service.
 Allocation and retention priority (ARP): This determines whether a bearer can be
dropped if the network gets congested, or whether it can cause other bearers to be
dropped. Emergency calls might be associated with a high ARP, for example.
QCI (QoS Class Identifier)
Logical Channels: “type of information it carries”
 Control Channels
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
used for transmission of system information from the network to all UEs in a cell
 Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
used for paging of UEs whose location on cell level is not known to the network
 Common Control Channel (CCCH)
used for transmission of control information in conjunction with random access, i.e.,
used for UEs having no RRC connection
 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
used for transmission of control information to/from a UE, i.e., used for UEs having
RRC connection (e.g. handover messages)
 Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
used for transmission of control information required for reception of MTCH
 Traffic Channels
 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
used for transmission of user data to/from a UE
 Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
used for transmission of MBMS services
Transport Channels: “how”, “with what characteristics”
 Downlink
 Broadcast Channel (BCH)
 A fixed TF
 Used for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called MIB
 Paging Channel (PCH)
 Used for transmission of paging information from PCCH
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
 Main transport channel used for transmission of downlink data in LTE
 Used also for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called SIB
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
 Multicast Channel (MCH)
 Used to support MBMS
 Uplink
 Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
 Uplink counterpart to the DL-SCH
 Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
 Transport channel which doesn’t carry transport blocks
 Collision risk
DL Physical Channels
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 실제 downlink user data를 전송하기 위한 transport channel인 DL-SCH와 paging 정보를 전송
하기 위한 transport channel인 PCH가 매핑
 동적 방송 정보인 SI (System Information) 값들도 RRC 메시지 형태로 DL-SCH를 통해 전송되
므로 이 역시 PDSCH로 매핑
 이 경우는 전체 셀 영역으로 도달될 수 있는 능력이 요구되기도 함
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 UE가 cell search과정을 마친 후에 최초로 검출하는 채널로서, 다른 물리 계층 채널들을 수신하
기 위하여 반드시 필요한 기본적인 시스템 정보들인 MIB (Master Information Block)를 전송하
기 위한 transport channel인 BCH가 매핑
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
 방송형 데이터를 전송하기 위한 transport channel 인 MCH가 매핑
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 매 subframe마다 전송, only one PCFICH in each cell
 Informs UE about CFI which indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs
transmission
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH
 HARQ information related to DL-SCH
 UL scheduling grant
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
 Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission
UL Physical Channels
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
 Carries UL-SCH
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission
 Carries Scheduling Request (SR)
 Carries channel status reports such as CQI, PMI and RI
 At most one PUCCH per UE
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 Carries the random access preamble
LTE Channel Mapping
Downlink
Uplink
<cf> WCDMA DL Channel Mapping
Control Plane User Plane
Logical Ch BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH CTCH DTCH
Transport Ch BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH

(DL) (DL) (UL) (DL) (DL) (UL) (UL&DL)
SCH,CPICH,AICH,
Physical Ch P- CCPCH S- CCPCH PRACH PDSCH PCPCH DPDCH PICH,DPCCH
BCCH and PCH on PDSCH

44
LTE Downlink Transmission
Frame Structure: Type 1 for FDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds  “the smallest time unit in LTE”

Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
Frame Structure: Type 2 for TDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
Frame Structure: FDD/TDD
DL Slot Structure One downlink slot Tslot
 DL : Downlink bandwidth configuration,

N RB
expressed in units of N scRB DL
N symb OFDM symbols
 RB: Resource block size in the

N sc k  N RB N sc  1
DL RB
frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers Resource block
DL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
 DL : Number of OFDM symbols in an
N symb
downlink slot
 N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
DL
N RB
The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE

scheduling is “1ms (1subframe) x 180kHz
(12subcarriers @ 15kHz spacing)”
k 0
l0 l DL
N symb 1
Definitions
 Resource Grid
DL
 Defined as N RB NscRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
DL
OFDM symbols in time domain
 The quantity N RB
DL
depends on the DL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6  N RB
DL
 110
DL
 The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
 Resource Block (1 RB = 180 kHz)
 Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
DL
“consecutive” OFDM
symbols in time domain
 Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
 Resource Element
 Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l  in a slot where k  0,..., N RB
DL
NscRB  1 and l  0,..., Nsymb
DL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
Normal CP & Extended CP
Resource Blocks Allocation
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Award Solutions

52
Resource-element groups (REG)
n+5
n+6
n+7
 Basic unit for mapping of PCFICH,
PHICH, and PDCCH
 Resource-element groups are used
for defining the mapping of control
n+3
n+4
channels to resource elements.
 Mapping of a symbol-quadruplet
n+0
n+1
n+2
z(i), z(i  1), z(i  2), z(i  3) onto a resource
-element group is defined such that
elements z (i) are mapped to resource
elements (k , l ) of the resource-element
n+5
n+4
n+6
group not used for cell-specific
reference signals in increasing order
of l and k
n+3
n+0
n+1
n+2
DL Physical Channel Processing
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation
 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

physical channel
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
 mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several
transmission layers
 precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for
transmission on the antenna ports
 mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to
resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
Channel Coding
 Turbo code
 PCCC (exactly the same as in WCDMA/HSPA)
 QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver
Modulation
 PDSCH, PMCH: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
 PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH: QPSK
 PHICH: BPSK on I/Q
111
10
101
1
111
11
110
000 001 011 010 110 111 101 111

010
00 01 11 10 0 1
01
011
001
00 0
000
64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK
DL Layer Mapping and Precoding
 Explained in MIMO session
DL OFDM Signal Generation
 OFDM Parameters
0  t  N CP,l  N  Ts
N = 2048 for f=15kHz
N = 4096 for f=7.5kHz
 Check with resource block parameters

 (160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us
(144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us
71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms
 Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us
Normal Cyclic Prefix = 144 Ts = 4.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us
DL Physical Channels & Signals
 Physical channels
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
 Physical signals
 Reference Signals
 Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission
 Aid coherent detection (pilot)
 Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB
 MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission

 UE-specific RS
 Synchronization Signals
 Carries frequency and symbol timing synchronization
 PSS (Primary SS) and SSS (Secondary SS)
Equivalent Channel/Signal Mapping
Across Different Systems
LTE WCDMA/HSPA WiMAX
PDSCH HS-PDSCH, SCCPCH DL Data Burst
PBCH PCCPCH DCD, Preamble
PMCH DL Data Burst
PCFICH FCH
PDCCH HS-SCCH, E-AGCH, DL-MAP, UL-MAP
E-RGCH
PHICH E-HICH DL Data Burst
Cell-specific CPICH Pilot Signal (common)
Reference Signal
UE-specific Reference With secondary Pilot Signal (dedicated)
Signal scrambling code
Sync Signal SCH Preamble
DL Reference Signals
 Cell-specific reference signals
 Are transmitted in every downlink subframe, and span entire cell BW
 Used for coherent demodulation of any downlink transmission “except” when so-
called non-codebook-based beamforming is used
 Used for initial cell search
 Used for downlink signal strength measurements for scheduling and handover
 Using antenna ports {0, 1, 2, 3}
 MBSFN reference signals
 Used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of signals being transmitted
by means of MBSFN
 Using antenna port 4
 UE-specific reference signals
 Is specifically intended for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of DL-SCH
when non-codebook-based beamforming is used.
 Are transmitted only within the RB assigned for DL-SCH to that specific UE
 Using antenna port 5
* Antenna port is different from physical antenna. One designated RS per antenna port.
Cell-Specific Reference Signals
 When estimating the channel for a certain RB, UE may not only use the
reference symbols within that RB but also, in frequency domain, neighbor
RBs, as well as reference symbols of previously received slots/subframes
 Pseudo-random sequence generation
rl ,ns (m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)  j 1
1  2  c(2m  1), m  0,1,...,2 N RB
max,DL
1
2 2
 is the slot number within a radio frame.
 is the OFDM symbol number within the slot.
 The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.
 The complex values of cell-specific reference symbols is based on length-31
Gold pseudo-random sequence. The length-31 Gold psuedo-random
sequence is generated with the seed, based on the slot number, symbol
number, cell identity, and cyclic prefix type.
Cell-Specific Reference Signals – cont’d
 While the sequence itself if 231-1
bits in length, the number of bits
from the sequence selected for
transmission is based on the largest
channel bandwidth, which is
currently 20 MHz.

63
Relationship with Cell Identity
 504 unique Cell ID:
 168(N1) Cell ID groups, 3 (N2) Cell ID within each group
 Cell ID = 3xN1+N2 = 0 ~ 503 index
 504 pseudo-random sequences
 One to one mapping between the Cell ID and Pseudo-random sequences
 Cell-specific Frequency Shift (N1 mod 6)
 1 RE shift from current RS position in case of next Cell ID index
 Each shift corresponds to 84 different cell identities, that is 6 shifts jointly cover all
504 cell identities.
 Effective with RS boosting to enhance reference signal SIR by avoiding the collision
of boosted RSs from neighboring cells (assuming time synchronization)
Cell-Specific RS Mapping
R0 R0 Overhead Normal CP Extended CP
One antenna port
R0 R0
1 Tx ant 4.76% 5.56%
R0 R0
2 Tx ant 9.52% 11.11%
4 Tx ant 14.29% 15.87%
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
LTE/MIMO 표준기술
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
65
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
MBSFN RS Mapping
MBSFN RS Mapping
UE-specific RS on top of Cell-specific RS
 UE-specific RS (antenna port 5)
 12 symbols per RB pair
 DL CQI estimation is always based on cell-specific RS (common RS)
Cell ID with PSS & SSS
 504 unique physical-layer cell identities
 168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167)
 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)
 Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)
0 1 2 3 … 167
• • • • •
SSS (Cell ID Group)
• • • • • • • • •
0 1 2 0 1 2 … 0 1 2
PSS (Cell ID index
within a Group)
• • • • • • • • •
0 1 2 3 4 5 501 502 503 Physical Layer Cell ID
Synchronization Signals
 SS is using single antenna port
However, SS can be with UE-transparent transmit antenna scheme (e.g.
PVS, TSTD, CDD)
 Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)
0.5ms slot
Primary Synchronization Signal
 The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-
domain Zadoff-Chu sequence (Length-62)
  j un( n 1)
 e 63 n  0,1,...,30
d u (n)   u ( n 1)( n  2)
e  j 63 n  31,32,...,61

 For frame structure type 1, PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10
 No need to know CP length
 The sequence is mapped to REs (6 RBs) according to
DL RB
ak ,l  d n ,
N RB N sc
k  n  31  , l  N symb
DL
 1, n  0,...,61
2
 Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses)

 Half-frame timing detection (Repeat the same sequence twice)
Secondary Synchronization Signal
 The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation
of two length-31 binary sequences (X and Y)
 The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by PSS
 The combination of two length-31 sequences defining SSS differs between slot 0 (SSS1)
and slot 10 (SSS2) according to
s0 0 (n)c0 n  in subframe 0
 (m )
d ( 2n)   ( m )
s1 (n)c0 n  in subframe 5
 1
s1 1 (n)c1 n z1 0 n  in subframe 0

 (m ) (m )
d (2n  1)   ( m )
s0 (n)c1 n z1 n  in subframe 5
 0 ( m1 )
where 0  n  30
 Blind detection of CP-length (2 FFT operations are needed)
 The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal
 Mapped to 6 RBs
Synchronization Signals – cont’d
 Cell ID group detection (the set of valid combination of X and Y for SSS are 168)
 Frame boundary detection (the m-sequences X and Y are swapped b/w SSS1 and SSS2)
Structure of SSS
LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
Symbol timing acquisition
Frequency synchronization
Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3
hypotheses)
Half-frame boundary detection
Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)
Map Cell ID to cell-specific RS
BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition (Operation BW, SFN, etc…)
PCFICH  PDCCH reception
SIB acquisition within PDSCH
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Random access with PRACH 75

PCFICH
 The number of OFDM symbols used for control channel can be varying per TTI
 CFI (Control Format Indication)
 Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1~4) used for transmission of PDCCHs in a
subframe
 PCFICH carries CFI
 2 bits  32 bits (block coding)  32 bits (cell specific scrambling)  16 symbols (QPSK)
 Mapping to resource elements: 4 REG (16 RE excluding RS) in the 1st OFDM symbol
 Spread over the whole system bandwidth
 To avoid the collisions in neighboring cells, the location depends on cell identity
 Transmit diversity is applied which is identical to the scheme applied to BCH
PCFICH Processing
PHICH
 HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission
 HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (Walsh spreading) x 3 (repetition)
 3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH)
 BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing
 SF4 x 2 (I/Q) = 8 PHICHs in normal CP
 Cell-specific scrambling
 Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
 Typically, PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only
 For FDD, an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be acknowledged on the
PHICH in subframe n+4
PHICH Processing
symbol
PCFICH/PHICH RE Mapping
 Example for 5 MHz BW LTE
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Subcarrier 80

PDCCH
 PDCCH is used to carry DCI where DCI includes;
 Downlink scheduling assignments, including PDSCH resource indication, transport
format, HARQ-related information, and control information related to SM (if
applicable).
 Uplink scheduling grants, including PUSCH resource indication, transport format, and
HARQ-related information.
 Uplink power control commands
 DL assignment
 Regular unicast data – RB assignment, transport block size, retransmission sequence
number
 Scheduling of paging messages – acts as a “PICH”
 Scheduling of SIBs
 Scheduling of RA responses
 UL power control commands
 UL grant
 Regular unicast data
 Request for aperiodic CQI reports
 Power control command, cyclic shift of DM RS
PDCCH DCI Format
DCI
Usage Details
Formats
0 UL grant For scheduling of PUSCH
1 For scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD)
For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD) and
1A
random access procedure initiated by a PDCCH order
For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding
1B
DL information (CL single-rank)
assign- For very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (paging, RACH
1C
ment response and dynamic BCCH scheduling)
For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding &
1D
power offset information
2 For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in CL SM
2A For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in OL SM
For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with 2-bit
3
Power power adjustment
control For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with single bit
3A
power adjustment
Downlink Assignment
 Major contents of different DCI formats: not exhaustive
 DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
 Distributed transmission flag [1 bit]
 Resource-block allocation [variable]
 For the first (or only) transport block
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
 For the second transport block (present in DCI format 2 only)
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
 HARQ process number [3 bit for FDD]
 Information related to SM (present in DCI format 2 only)
 Pre-coding information [3 bit for 2 antennas, 6 bit for 4 antennas in CL-SM]
 Number of transmission layer
 HARQ swap flag [1 bit]
 Transmit power control (TPC) for PUCCH [2 bit]
 Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
Uplink Grants
 Major contents of DCI format 0 for UL grants: not exhaustive
 DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
 Hopping flag [1 bit]
 Resource-block allocation [variable]
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Phase rotation of UL demodulation reference signal [3 bit]
 Channel-status request flag [1 bit]
 Transmit power control (TPC) for PUSCH [2 bit]
 Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
 The time b/w reception of an UL scheduling grant on a PDCCH and the
corresponding transmission on UL-SCH are fixed
 For FDD, the time relation is the same as for PHICH
 Uplink grant received in downlink subframe n applies to uplink subframe n+4
PDCCH Processing
C-RNTI  DL-SCH
SI-RNTI  BCCH
P-RNTI  PCH
RA-RNTI  RA Response
TPC-RNTI  TPC
System Information
 Master information block (MIB) includes the following information:
 Downlink cell bandwidth [4 bit]
 PHICH duration [1 bit]
 PHICH resource [2 bit]
 System Frame Number (SFN) except two LBSs
 Etc…
 LTE defines different SIBs:
 SIB1 includes info mainly related to whether an UE is allowed to camp on the cell. This includes info about the
operator(s) and about the cell (e.g. PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity, minimum required Rx
level in the cell, etc), DL-UL subframe configuration in TDD case, and the scheduling of the remaining SIBs.
SIB1 is transmitted every 80ms.
 SIB2 includes info that UEs need in order to be able to access the cell. This includes info about the UL cell
BW, random access parameters, and UL power control parameters. SIBs also includes radio resource
configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS).
 SIB3 mainly includes info related to cell-reselection.
 SIB4-8 include neighbor-cell-related info. (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN, cdma2000)
 SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier
 SIB10/11 contains ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) notification
 More to be added
 MIB mapped to PBCH
 Other SIBs mapped to PDSCH
BCH on PBCH
 To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
 BCH transmission
 The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes (slot #1 in subframe #0)
within a 40ms interval
 40ms timing is blindly detected (no explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing)
 Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a
single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions
BCH on PBCH – cont’d
 Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms)
 No HARQ
 Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK with ½ tail-biting Conv. Code, Tx diversity(1,2,4)
 BCH mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within a subframe in time-domain at 6 RBs
(72 subcarriers) excluding DC in freq-domain
 PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at eNB,
irrespective of the actual number of TX antenna
 Different transmit diversity schemes per # of antennas
 # of ant=2: SFBC
 # of ant=4: SFBC + FSTD (Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity)
 No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at eNB
 PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of
configured TX antennas at eNB
 Blind detection of the number of TX antenna using CRC masking by UE
PBCH Processing
LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
hypotheses)
Secondary SS
BCH

LTE Cell Search – cont’d*
PSS/SSS, BCH, (RACH)
1.4
PDSCH Processing
1) RS
2) PSS & SSS

and BCH
3) PCFICH
4) PHICH
5) PDCCH
6) PDSCH
Resource Block Allocations
 Localized allocation
Distributed allocation
 „Simple bitmap‟ whose size is equal to the number of RBs of the system
 Merit: The most flexible signaling of resource block allocation
Demerit: High overhead
 Not used in LTE
 LTE has 3 resource allocation type

 Type0: grouped bitmap
 Type1: grouped bitmap, enable 1 RB allocation
 Type2: VRB/PRB for localized & distributed
Resource Allocation Type0
 Reduce the size of bitmap by grouping (RBG)
 Bitmap points the group, not the individual RB
 Cannot allocate 1RB in wide system BW
 5MHz LTE example
 Reduce the size of bitmap by grouping (RBG)
 Bitmap points the individual RB within a selected subset
 The number of subsets is equal to RBG size in type0
 Can allocate 1RB in wide system BW
 3 fields
 Subset ID: used to indicate the selected RBG subset among P subsets
 Frequency shift bit: one bit to indicate whether to consider a shift of PRB within an RBG
 Bitmap: each bit of the bitmap addresses a single PRB in the selected RBG subset
 Does not rely on a bitmap
 Basically „frequency-contiguous‟ allocation
 Using VRB to PRB mapping, distributed allocation can be enabled
 2 values
 Start: a RIV (resource indication value) defines the index of the starting VRB
 Length: length of virtually contiguously allocated resource blocks
PRB and VRB (LVRB, DVRB)

DL
Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N RB  1 in the frequency domain.
 The relation between the physical resource block number nPRB in the frequency domain
and resource elements (k , l ) in a slot is given by
 k 
nPRB   RB 
 N sc 
 A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block.
Two types of virtual resource blocks are defined: LVRB and DVRB
 Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to PRBs such that virtual
resource block nVRB corresponds to physical resource block nPRB  nVRB .
Virtual resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N VRB
DL
 1 , where N VRB
DL DL .
 N RB
DVRB
 Virtual resource blocks of distributed type are mapped to PRBs as follows
 Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain
 Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain
 The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell BW
Resource Allocation Overhead
DL Frame Structure Type 1

DL constellation & frame summary
* Agilent 표준기술
LTE/MIMO 101
LTE Uplink Transmission
UL Slot Structure One uplink slot Tslot
UL
 N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,
expressed in units of N scRB UL
N symb SC-FDMA symbols
 RB : Resource block size in the

N sc k  N RB N sc  1
UL RB
frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers Resource block
UL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
UL
 N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in
an uplink slot
 N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
UL
N RB
k 0
l0 l UL
N symb 1
Definitions
 Resource Grid
UL UL
 Defined as N RB NscRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL
 The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6  N RB
UL
 110
 The set of allowed values for N RB

UL
is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
 Resource Block
 Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
UL
“consecutive” SC-
FDMA symbols in time domain
 Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
 Resource Element
 Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l  in a slot where k  0,...,N RB Nsc  1 and
UL RB
l  0,...,N symb
UL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

UL Physical Channels & Signals
 UL physical channels
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 UL physical signals
 An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not
carry information originating from higher layers
 Two types of reference signals
 UL demodulation reference signal (DRS) for PUSCH, PUCCH
 UL sounding reference signal (SRS) not associated with PUSCH,
PUCCH transmission

Equivalent Channel/Signal Mapping
Across Different Systems
LTE WCDMA/HSPA WiMAX

PUSCH (E-DPDCH) UL Data Burst
PUCCH HS-DPCCH CQICH, ACKCH,
BW Request
Ranging
PRACH PRACH Initial Ranging
Demodulation RS (E-DPCCH) Pilot Signal
Sounding RS Sounding Signal

UL Reference Signals
 UL RS should preferably have the following properties:
 Favorable auto- and cross-correlation properties
 Limited power variation in freq-domain to allow for similar channel-estimation quality for all
frequencies
 Limited power variation in time-domain (low cubic metric) for high PA efficiency
 Sufficiently many RS sequences of the same length to avoid an unreasonable planning effort
 Zadoff-Chu Sequence
 Appeared in IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory in 1972
 Poly-phase sequence
 Constant amplitude zero auto correlation (CAZAC) sequence의 일종
 Cyclic autocorrelations are zero for all non-zero lags, Non-zero cross-correlations
 Constant power in both the frequency and the time domain
 No restriction on code length N
  j 2N pn2
 e , when N is even
g p ( n)   2
 e  j N pn( n 1) , when N is odd

- Sequence number p is relatively prime to N
- Sequence length: N
- Number of sequences: N-1

DRS
 DRS is made from Z-C sequence*, and the DRS sequence length is the same
with the number of subcarriers in an assigned RBs
 DRS is defined with the following parameters
 Sequence group (30 options): cell specific parameter
 Sequence (2 options for sequence lengths of 6PRBs or longer): cell specific
parameter
 Cyclic shift (12 options): both terminal and cell specific components
 Sequence length: given by the UL allocation
 Typically,
Cyclic shifts are used to multiplex RSs from different UEs within a cell.
Different sequence groups are used in neighboring cells.

DRS Location within a Subframe
 DRS for PUSCH
 Normal CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 중앙의 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치
Extended CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 3번째 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치
 DRS for PUCCH

 Format 1x
 Format 2x

SRS
 기지국이 각 단말의 상향링크 채널 정보를 추정할 수 있도록 단말이 전송하는 RS
 Reference for channel quality information
 CQ measurement for frequency/time aware scheduling
 CQ measurement for link adaptation
 CQ measurement for power control
 CQ measurement for MIMO
 Timing measurement
 Reference signal sequence is defined by a cyclic shift of a base sequence (ZC)
r SRS n  ru(,v ) n ru(,v) (n)  e jn ru,v (n), 0  n  M sc
RS
 SRS 전송주기/대역폭은 각 단말마다 고유하게 할당

 From as often as once in every 2ms to as infrequently as once in every 160ms (320ms)
 At least 4 RBs
 SRS는 서브프레임의 마지막 SC-FDMA 심볼로 전송
 SRS multiplexing by
 Time, Frequency, Cyclic shifts, and transmission comb (2 combs  distributed SC-FDMA)
 To avoid the collision b/w SRS and PUSCH transmission from other UEs, SRS
transmissions should not extend into the frequency band reserved for PUCCH.

SRS – cont’d
 Non-frequency-hopping (wideband) SRS and frequency-hopping SRS
 Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different UEs

Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling
 Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of:
 HARQ acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks
 UE reports downlink channel conditions including CQI, PMI, and RI
 Scheduling requests
 Channel feedback report
 CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
 RI (Rank Indicator)
 PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator)

CQI
 CQI Table
 MCS where transport block could be received with transport block error rate  0.1
CQI index Modulation Coding rate x 1024 Bits per RE
0 Out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
*Note that there are many more
12 64QAM 666 3.9023 possibilities for MCS and TBS size
13 64QAM 772 4.5234 values than 15 indicated by CQI
14 64QAM 873 5.1151 feedback.
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
 Reported CQI is calculated assuming the particular RI value

 CQI is a function of frequency, time, and space

UL L1/L2 Control Signaling Transmission
 Two different methods for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
 No simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE doesn’t have a valid scheduling grant, that is, no resources have been
assigned for UL-SCH in the current subframe
 PUCCH is used for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
 Simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE has a valid scheduling grant, that is, resources have been assigned for UL-
SCH in the current subframe
 UL L1/L2 control signaling is time multiplexed with the coded UL-SCH onto
PUSCH prior to SC-FDMA modulation
 Only HARQ acknowledgement and channel-status reports are transmitted
No need to request a SR. Instead, in-band buffer status reports are sent in
MAC headers
 The basis for channel-status reports on PUSCH is aperiodic reports
If a periodic report is configured to be transmitted on PUCCH in a frame when
US is scheduled to transmit PUSCH, then the periodic report is rerouted to
PUSCH resources

UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH
 The reasons for locating PUCCH resources at the edges of the spectrum
 To maximize frequency diversity
 To retain single-carrier property
 Multiple UEs can share the same PUCCH resource block
 Format 1: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence + length-4 orthogonal cover
 Format 2: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence
 PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the same UE
2 consecutive PUCCH slots in

Time-Frequency Hopping at the slot
boundary

PUCCH Formats
Multiplexing
PUCCH Modulation Number of bits
Usage capacity
format scheme per subframe
(UE/RB)
1 N/A N/A SR 36, 18*, 12
1a BPSK 1 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
1b QPSK 2 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
2 QPSK 20 CQI 12, 6*, 4
2a QPSK+BPSK 21 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4
2b QPSK+QPSK 22 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4
* Typical value with 6 different rotations (choosing every second cyclic shift)
 PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b is located at the outermost RBs of system BW

 ACK/NACK for persistently scheduled PDSCH and SRI are located next
 ACK/NACK for dynamically scheduled PDSCH are located innermost RBs

PUCCH Resource Mapping
 Format 1
 4 symbols are modulated by BPSK/QPSK

 BPSK/QPSK symbol is multiplied by a length-4 orthogonal cover sequence (a length-3
orthogonal cover when there is SRS), and then it modulates the rotated length-12
sequence.
 Reference signals also employ one orthogonal cover sequence
 PUCCH capacity: up to 3 x 12 = 36 different UEs per each cell-specific sequence
(assuming all 12 rotations being available  Practically, only 6 rotations.)
 Format 2
 5 symbols are modulated by QPSK after being multiplied by a phase rotated length-12
cell specific sequence.
 Resource consumption of one channel-status report is 3x of HARQ acknowledgement

PUCCH Format1 Processing

PUCCH Format2 Processing

PUSCH Processing

PUSCH Frequency Hopping
 PUSCH transmission
 Localized transmission w/o frequency hopping
 Frequency Selective Scheduling Gain
 Localized transmission with “frequency hopping”
 Frequency Diversity Gain, Inter-cell Interference Randomization
 Two types of PUSCH frequency hopping
 Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns
 Hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant

Hopping based on cell-specific patterns
 Subbands are defined
 In 10 MHz BW case, the overall UL BW corresponds to 50 RBs and there are a total of 4 subbands, each consisting
of 11 RBs. The remaining 6 RBs are used for PUCCH transmission.
 The resource defined by a scheduling grant (VRBs) is not the actual set of RBs for transmission.
The resource to use for transmission (PRBs) is the resource provided in the scheduling grant “shifted” a
number of subbands according to a cell-specific hopping pattern.

More on hopping w/ cell-specific patterns
 Example for predefined hopping for PUSCH with 20 RBs and M=4
(subband hopping + mirroring)

Hopping based on explicit information
 Explicit hopping information provided in the scheduling grant is about the “offset” of the
resource in the second slot, relative to the resource in the first slot
 Selection b/w hopping based on cell-specific hopping patterns or hopping based on explicit
information can be done dynamically.
 Cell BW less than 50 RBs
 1 bit in scheduling grant indicating to specify which scheme is to be used
 When hopping based on explicit information is selected, the offset is always half of BW
 Cell BS equal or larger than 50 RBs
 2 bits in scheduling grant
 One of the combinations indicate that hopping should be based on cell-specific hopping patterns
 Three remaining combinations indicate hopping of 1/2, +1/4, and -1/4 of BW

UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation
 This section applies to all uplink physical signals and physical channels
except the physical random access channel
 SC-FDMA parameters
0  t  N CP,l  N  Ts where N = 2048
 Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

 {(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms
 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms

PRACH
 PRACH는 RA 과정에서 단말이 기지국으로 전송하는 preamble이다
 6RB를 차지하며 부반송파 간격은 1.25kHz (format #4는 7.5kHz)
 64 preamble sequences for each cell  64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource
 Sequence부분은 길이 839의 Z-C sequence로 구성 (format #4는 길이 139)
 Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple
random access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence.
 Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios
 Higher layers control the preamble format
 일반적 환경 (~15km)
 넓은 반경의 셀 환경과 같이 시간 지연이 긴 경우 (~100km)
 SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition (~30km)
 SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition (~100km)
 TDD 모드용

Different Preamble Formats

PRACH Location
 One PRACH resource of 6 RBs per subframe (for FDD)
 Multiple UEs can access same PRACH resource by using different preambles
 PRACH may or may not present in every subframe and every frame
PRACH-Configuration-Index parameter indicates frame number and subframe numbers
where the PRACH resource is available.
 Starting frequency is specified by the network ( )
 No frequency hopping for PRACH

LTE Cell Search & Random Access
Primary SS
hypotheses)
Secondary SS
BCH

UL Frame Structure Type 1*
1 RB

UL 16QAM SC-FDMA
* Agilent 표준기술
LTE/MIMO 131
Summary
E-UTRA UE Capabilities*

Final Message* * Signals Ahead

Lte Overview (INTEL Corporation)

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Lte Overview (INTEL Corporation)

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3GPP R8 LTE Overview

조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

 LTE Downlink Transmission

 LTE Uplink Transmission

* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved

1) ~14% reference signal overhead (4 Tx antennas in DL)

 Uplink Spectral Efficiency

 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

Inter Cell RRM

Connection Mobility Cont.

PMIP Client Location Register

Service Flow Security Key

Data Path Function/FA

2G initial 2G+3G IMS EPS

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Qualcomm

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * NSN

 DL serving cell = UL serving cell

weak users good users

good user weak user

good users weak users

 To aid uplink ICIC

Localized subcarrier assignment Distributed subcarrier assignment

Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission

Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path propagation

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

 Integrity protection and verification

Control Plane User Plane

Logical Ch BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH CTCH DTCH

Transport Ch BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Qualcomm

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds  “the smallest time unit in LTE”

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

 DL : Downlink bandwidth configuration,

 RB: Resource block size in the

frequency domain, expressed as a

The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Award Solutions

Modulation Resource OFDM signal

 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

000 001 011 010 110 111 101 111

64-QAM 16-QAM QPSK

 Check with resource block parameters

 Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB

 MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Qualcomm

Resource element (k,l)

 Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses)

s1 1 (n)c1 n z1 0 n  in subframe 0

Map Cell ID to cell-specific RS

PCFICH  PDCCH reception

SIB acquisition within PDSCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Random access with PRACH 75

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Subcarrier 80

Map Cell ID to cell-specific RS

PCFICH  PDCCH reception

SIB acquisition within PDSCH