Professional Documents
Culture Documents
62/8&,21$5,2
35$&7,&$&$/,),&$'$1
(),1752'8&&,Ï1$/$0,&52(&2120,$
6HFFLyQ0\0
,QVWUXFFLRQHV
• (VWiSHUPLWLGRHOXVRGHFDOFXODGRUD
• 1RVHSHUPLWHHOXVRGHDSXQWHVGHFODVH
• 1RVHSHUPLWHHOSUpVWDPRGHPDWHULDOHV
• 1RVHSHUPLWHHOXVRGHKRMDVDGLFLRQDOHV
• 5HVSRQGDODVSUHJXQWDVFODUD\RUGHQDGDPHQWH
3DUWH,0DUTXHODVUHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWD
/DLVRFXDQWDGHXQDHPSUHVDPXHVWUDSXQWRV
F /DVGLVWLQWDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHFDSLWDO\WUDEDMRTXHSURGXFHQXQFLHUWRQLYHOGH
SURGXFFLyQ
3DUWH,,5HVSRQGDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV
*UDILTXH \ HVFULED OD HFXDFLyQ GH SURGXFWR WRWDO \ SURGXFWR PHGLR D FRUWR SOD]R SDUD
FDGD XQD GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV IXQFLRQHV GH SURGXFFLyQ FXDQGR . HVWi ILMR HQ .
$GHPiVGHWHUPLQHVLHVTXHODVIXQFLRQHVREHGHFHQODOH\GHUHQGLPLHQWRVPDUJLQDOHV
GHFUHFLHQWHVH[SOLFDQGRFODUDPHQWHWXUHVSXHVWDSXQWRV
D 4 )./ ./
3URGXFWR7RWDO 4 /
3URGXFWR3URPHGLR 4/ /
3URGXFWR0DUJLQDO G4G/
3URGXFWR 7RWDO 3URGXFWR 0HGLR
4
37!4 / 30H
30J
30H/ /
30J/
30H/
30J/
/ /
E 4 )./ . Â/
30H
37!4 /A 30J/ /
30J
30H/ /
/ /
1LQJXQDGHODVIXQFLRQHVREHGHFHVODOH\GHUHWRUQRVPDUJLQDOHVGHFUHFLHQWHV
/DIXQFLyQGHOSXQWRDWLHQHUHQGLPLHQWRVPDUJLQDOHVFRQVWDQWHVPLHQWUDVTXH
ODGHOSXQWREWLHQHUHQGLPLHQWRVPDUJLQDOHVFUHFLHQWHV
6XSRQJDTXHODSURGXFFLyQGHUROORVGHSDSHOWRDOODSRUKRUDHQXQDHPSUHVDSDSHOHUD
TPHGLGDHQUROORVHVWiFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRU
T .Â/ò
GRQGH.HVHOQ~PHURGHPiTXLQDVSURFHVDGRUDVGHSDSHO\/HVHOQ~PHURGHRSHUDULRV
HPSOHDGRV
D .Â/ò .Â/òSXQWR
. /
D / W Z
<
>
E 6L/ HQWRQFHVSDUDTXHT
. SXQWR
'DGR TXH OD 767 GH WUDEDMR SRU FDSLWDO HV OD FDQWLGDG GHO IDFWRU FDSLWDO TXH
SXHGHVHUUHGXFLGDPDQWHQLHQGRFRQVWDQWHODSURGXFFLyQFXDQGRVHHPSOHDXQD
XQLGDGPiVGHOIDFWRUWUDEDMRHQHOSXQWR. / HOYDORUDSUR[LPDGR
GHOD767HVLJXDODPHQRV SXQWR
F /D QXHYD IXQFLyQ GH SURGXFFLyQ GDGR HO SURJUHVR WHFQROyJLFR HV DKRUD T
.Â/ò /R TXH TXLHUH GHFLU TXH WRGDV ODV FRPELQDFLRQHV GH IDFWRUHV
LGHQWLILFDGRVFRQODLVRFXDQWDT DQWHVDKRUDSURGXFHQT UROORV
3HURHQVtODFXUYDGHODLVRFXDQWDT HVH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDODODFXUYDGH
ODLVRFXDQWDT SRUORTXHODSHQGLHQWHGHODWDQJHQWHHQFXDOTXLHUSXQWR
VLJXHVLHQGRLJXDOTXHDQWHV(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHOFiOFXORGHOD767HQXQ
SXQWR SDUWLFXODU GH OD FXUYD PHGLGR GHVSXpV GHO SURJUHVR WHFQROyJLFR VHUtD
H[DFWDPHQWHLJXDODOD767DQWHVGHOSURJUHVRWHFQROyJLFR3RUHVRHQHVWHFDVR
SRGHPRV GHFLU TXH HO YDORU TXH FDOFXOR SDUD OD 767 QR FDPELDUtD GHELGR DO
SURJUHVRWHFQROyJLFRPLGLHQGROD767DORODUJRGHODLVRFXDQWDT
SXQWRV
'HILQD HO FRQFHSWR \ GLEXMH ODV FXUYDV GH FRVWH PHGLR \ FRVWH PDUJLQDO TXH UHIOHMDQ
SUHFLRVGHORVIDFWRUHVGHSURGXFFLyQFRQVWDQWHV\XQDIXQFLyQGHSURGXFFLyQFRQ
D 5HQGLPLHQWRVGHFUHFLHQWHVDHVFDODSXQWRV
E 5HQGLPLHQWRVFUHFLHQWHVDHVFDODSXQWRV
5HQGLPLHQWRV 'HFUHFLHQWHV D (VFDOD 8Q LQFUHPHQWR HQ ORV IDFWRUHV GH
SURGXFFLyQRFDVLRQDXQLQFUHPHQWRSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHPHQRUHQODSURGXFFLyQ
WRWDO 3RU HQGH FDGD XQLGDG H[WUD GH SURGXFWR XWLOL]D PiV UHFXUVRV TXH OD
DQWHULRUJUDFLDVDHVWRODSHQGLHQWHGHODFXUYDGHFRVWRPDUJLQDOHVSRVLWLYD
5HQGLPLHQWRV &UHFLHQWHV D (VFDOD 8Q LQFUHPHQWR HQ ORV IDFWRUHV GH
SURGXFFLyQRFDVLRQDXQLQFUHPHQWRSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHPD\RUHQODSURGXFFLyQ
WRWDO 3RU HQGH FDGD XQLGDG H[WUD GH SURGXFWR XWLOL]D PHQRV UHFXUVRV TXH OD
DQWHULRUJUDFLDVDHVWRODSHQGLHQWHGHODFXUYDGHFRVWRPDUJLQDOHVQHJDWLYD
D 5HQGLPLHQWRV 'HFHFLHQWHVD(VFDOD E 5HQGLPLHQWRV &UHFLHQWHVD(VFDOD
&RVWR &RVWR
7RWDO 7RWDO
&7
&7
&DQWLGDG &DQWLGDG
&0H &0H
&0J &0J
&0J
&0H
&0H
&0J
&DQWLGDG &DQWLGDG
8QDFRPSDxtDWLHQHGRVSURFHVRVGHSURGXFFLyQSDUDSURGXFLUWRUWDVFRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
FXUYDV GH FRVWH PDUJLQDO 0& 4 \ 0& 4 ¢'H TXp PDQHUD GHEHUtD
GLVWULEXLU VX SURGXFFLyQ GH WRUWDV HQWUH HVWRV GRV SURFHVRV GH SURGXFFLyQ VL GHVHD
SURGXFLUWRUWDV"
Y D Y D
3DUD SURGXFLU WRUWDV OD FRPSDxtD GHEHUtD SURGXFLU WRUWDV FRQ HO SURFHVR GH
SURGXFFLyQ 33\ WRUWDV FRQ HO SURFHVR GH SURGXFFLyQ 33 'HELGR D TXH HO
FRVWRPDUJLQDOHVHOFRVWRDGLFLRQDOGHSURGXFLUXQDWRUWDPiVVLHPSUHOHFRQYLHQHDOD
FRPSDxtDXVDUHOSURFHVRGHSURGXFFLyQFRQHOPHQRUFRVWHPDUJLQDOSDUDLQFUHPHQWDU
VXSURGXFFLyQ\PLQLPL]DUFRVWRVSRUHMHPSORHOFRVWRDGLFLRQDOGHSURGXFLUXQLGDG
PiV GH D WRUWD FRQ HO SURFHVR FXHVWD VROHV y WDPELpQ HO FRVWR DGLFLRQDO GH
SURGXFLUXQLGDGPiVGHDWRUWDVHVVROHV/RVFRVWRVPDUJLQDOHVGHO33VRQPiV
EDMRV TXH HO GHO 33 KDVWD OD WRUWD Q~PHUR SURGXFLGD XVDQGR HO 33 (QWRQFHV ODV
SULPHUDVWRUWDVGHEHQGHVHUSURGXFLGDVFRQHO33ODVH[WDWRUWDHVPHMRUSURGXFLUOD
FRQ HO 33 \D TXH SURGXFLU XQD WRUWD DGLFLRQDO FRQ HO 33 GH D WRUWDV FXHVWD
VROHV TXHHVPiVFDURTXHSURGXFLUXQDWRUWDDGLFLRQDOFRQHO33GHD WRUWDVTXH
FXHVWD VROHV /D VpSWLPD WRUWD SXHGH VHU SURGXFLGD FRQ FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV GRV
SURFHVRV\DTXHSURGXFLUXQDWRUWDDGLFLRQDOSURGXFLHQGRWRUWDVFRQOD33\WRUWD
FRQ OD 33 FXHVWD ORV PLVPR EDMR FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV GRV SURFHVRV VROHV
VXSRQJDPRVTXHSURGXFLPRVODVpSWLPDWRUWDFRQHO33+DELHQGRSURGXFLGRWRUWDV
FRQHO33\WRUWDFRQHO33ODRFWDYDWRUWDFRQYLHQHSURGXFLUODFRQHO333URGXFLU
ODRFWDYDWRUWDFRQHO33SDVDUGHDWRUWDVFXHVWDVROHVPLHQWUDVTXHSURGXFLU
OD RFWDYD WRUWD FRQ HO 33 SDVDU GH D WRUWDV FXHVWD VROHV 3RU HQGH SDUD
SURGXFLUWRUWDVODFRPSDxtDPLQLPL]DVXVFRVWRVSURGXFLHQGRWRUWDVFRQHO33\
WRUWDVFRQHO33SXQWRV
8QDHPSUHVDFRPSUDORVIDFWRUHVGHFDSLWDO\WUDEDMRHQXQPHUFDGRFRPSHWLWLYRDORV
VLJXLHQWHV SUHFLRV U \ Z UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &RQ OD DFWXDO FRPELQDFLyQ GH
IDFWRUHV GH SURGXFFLyQ HO SURGXFWR PDUJLQDO GHO FDSLWDO HV \HO SURGXFWR PDUJLQDO
GHOWUDEDMRHV¢(VWiODHPSUHVDPLQLPL]DQGRVXVFRVWRV"'HVHUDVtH[SOLTXHSRUTXp
\GHQRVHUORH[SOLTXpTXHGHEHUtDKDFHUSDUDPLQLPL]DUVXVFRVWRV\SRUTXpSXQWRV
8QDHPSUHVDPLQLPL]DORVFRVWRVGHSURGXFLUXQDFDQWLGDGSUHGHWHUPLQDGDTFXDQGR
ODOtQHDGHFRVWRVWRWDOHVHVWDQJHQWHDODLVRFXDQWDTXHPXHVWUDHOQLYHOGHSURGXFFLyQT
T(VWRVXFHGHFXDQGRODSHQGLHQWHGHODLVRFXDQWDHVLJXDODODSHQGLHQWHGHODOtQHD
GHFRVWRVWRWDOHVHVGHFLUFXDQGR
30 / Z 30 / 30 .
767/ . = = =
30 . U Z U
6XSRQLHQGRXQDLVRFXDQWDFRQYH[DDORULJHQWHQHPRVTXHHVWDFRQGLFLyQQRVHFXPSOH
\WHQHPRVODVLJXLHQWHVLWXDFLyQ
30 / Z
767/. = = = > = =
30 . U
3RU OR WDQWR OD HPSUHVD QR HVWi PLQLPL]DQGR VXV FRVWRV \ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ XQ SXQWR
FRPRHO$HQHOJUiILFRPRVWUDGRDEDMR(QHVWDVLWXDFLyQXQGyODUDGLFLRQDOJDVWDGRHQ
WUDEDMR RIUHFH XQD PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH SURGXFWR TXH XQ GyODU DGLFLRQDO JDVWDGR HQ
FDSLWDO\SRUHQGHODHPSUHVDGHEHJDVWDUPHQRVHQFDSLWDO\PiVHQWUDEDMR'HHVWH
PRGR SXHGH PDQWHQHU VX QLYHO GH SURGXFFLyQ \ UHGXFLU VXV FRVWRV WRWDOHV \ GHEH
FRQWLQXDU KDFLHQGR HVWR KDVWD TXH VH HQFXHQWUH HQ XQ SXQWR RSWLPR FRPR 2
HQ HO
JUiILFRGRQGHODFRQGLFLyQTXHPLQLPL]DORVFRVWRVVLVHPDQWLHQH
.
. 2
T T
&7
&7
/
/
(QFRQFOXVLyQODHPSUHVDDFWXDOPHQWHQRHVWiPLQLPL]DQGRVXVFRVWRV\SDUDKDFHUOR
GHEHUtDHPSOHDUPHQRVFDSLWDO\PiVWUDEDMR
0RQWHUULFRGH-XQLRGH