Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Noted template organises the tabulated annotations presented in the first two of
three parts of the incumbent report designated as Report # 1. However, unlike
the first two, the third and concluding part of said Report is strictly designed as a
quinquennial directory & statistical serial data-base drawn from (753) penal
cases transacted by the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands between 1900-
1935. Annotations of supplementary secondary contemporary accounts and a
few official publications in Part 2 further shore up this study’s two major
empirical serial sources which undergird Parts 1 & 3: The Philippine
Commission Reports (PCR) later to be labeled the Report of the Governor
General (RGG) and the Philippine Reports. Altogether the three parts should be
read as logistical/technical reports on which empirical grounds the forthcoming
main chapters of the current dissertation will rest.
2
BACKGROUND
The current stock of sources has been the product of two major visits to three
significant archives in Manila, Philippines, viz. Philippine National Archives
(PNA), Lopez Memorial Museum Library (LMML), and the American
Historical Collections (AHC) at the Rizal Library, Ateneo de Manila University.
The first major if exploratory visit took place in 1998 in two consecutive sub-
phases (phase 1: February-April; phase 2: September 1998), during which two
main primary serial sources were retireved, reproduced and filed: Philippine
Commission Reports (PCR) later to be labeled the Report of the Governor
General (RGG) and the Census of the Philippine Islands (1903/1918). Still, a
host of other important statistical and anecdotal sources relevant to the thematic
concerns had then also been acquired. During the second major and recent visit,
(September-October 2003) a continuous quinquennial data sampling survey (for
the period 1900-1935, amounting to several hundreds of penal cases) based on
the serial material, Philippine Reports (PR), the bounded muti-volume chro-
nological reports on cases determined by the Supreme Court of the Philippines,
was conducted. Contemporaneous secondary accounts, monographs, and
periodical articles were added to the current stock.
2
3
Besides widely contrasting procedures at noted archives, the fact that certain
serial materials (e.g. PCR-RGG) were unavailable in complete sets in any one
place made retrieval and reproduction work on some of the main sources more
arduous and time-consuming than expected. In the bracketed case, filling the
“cavities” in the serial source meant i.a. a lot of time lost on the road,
negotiating traffic while shuttling between two archives (Philippine National
Archives & Lopez Memorial Museum Library) located at opposite ends of
Manila.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Census of the Philippine Islands (CPI), 1903/1918
Census of the Philippines (CPI) 1903 Bulletin 1-3
Penal Code of the Philippine Islands (PCI), 1904/1911/1932
Civil Code (CC) 1932/1948
Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) 1921
Report of the Philippine Commission (RPC)-Report of the Governor General (RGG), 1900-1935
Philippine Reports (PR), 1900-1935
Statistical Bulletin (SB), 1918-1928 # 1-11
3
4
1909/Appropriation Estimates
1909/Bandholtz, H H/Annual Report of the Director of Constabulary
1910/Villamor, Ignacio/Penologia Estadistica Criminal
1911/Araneta, Gregorio et al/ Yearly Review #12th yr #278, “Law & Order” section (introduction), “Organisation of
the Judiciary,” “Jurisprudence,” “The Constabulary,” “Social Life of the Filipino,” etc.
1911/Lewis, WH/ Mla Times 2nd Annual edition, “Bilibid. The most remarkable penal institution in the world”
1912/Blount, James H/The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898-1912
1912/Philippine Law Review/
1912/Journal of Race Development
1912/Finegan, Philip Rev/Philippine Bulletin (July) #1, “How our government manages the prison in Mla”
1913/Jones, William A/Misgovernment in the Philippines and Cost to the United States of American Occupation
1914/Worcester, Dean Conant/The Philippines Past and Present Vols 1-2
1915/The Independent
1915/Freeman, Lewis/Sunset (March) Vol.34 #3, “Shall we keep the Philippines? A Promise that was never made
and a performance that means much to possessor and possessed.”pp.439-448
1915/Kelly, Amzy B
1917/Elliot, Charles/The Philippines, to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy
1917/Craig, Austin/The Former Philippines Thru Foreign Eyes
1918/Rules of Court
1918/Koren, John ed./The History of Statistics, their development and progress in many countries
1919/de los Angeles, Sixto/Aspecto General de la Criminalidad en Filipinas
1919/Cunningham, Charles Henry/ The Audencia in the Spanish Colonies-As illustrated by the Audencia of
Manila
1919/Kalaw, Teodoro M/Philippine Review (June/July 1916/19), “The Memoirs of Felipe Calderon”
1924/Villamor, Ignacio/Crime and Moral Education
1925/Albert, Mariano/The Law on Crimes
1926/Alzate, Manuel A/Convict Labor in Philippine Islands
1926 (28, 30, 39, 55, 69)/Gamboa, Melquiades J/ An Introduction to Philippine Law
1927/Villamor, Ignacio/A Brief Study on the Correctional Code, Vol 3 #7 Philippine Prisons Review
1927/Philippine Law Journal
1928/Philippine Law Journal/ Vol 7 #6 (Jan 1928)Ylagan, Pedro, “A Practical Program of Procedural Development
or Reform for the PI”/ Vol 7 #9 (April 1928)Villamor, Ignacio, Associate Justice of Supreme Court, “The
Development of the Justice of the Peace Courts in the Philippines”
1929/Philippine Law Journal/ Vol 9 #2 (Aug 1929)Villamor, Ignacio, Associate Justice, Supreme Court of PI,
“Habitual Delinquency”/ Vol 9 #6 (Nov 1929)Ramos, Aurelio, “The Roman Law in the Phil”
1930/ Philippine Law Journal/ Vol 9 #7 (Jan 1930) Nieva, Antonio, ”A Study of the Parole Law of the Philippines”
1930/Villamor, Ignacio/Guide to Philippine Law
1932/Dayang, Eugenio/Philippine Free Press (May 7) “Ten Years a Prisoner”
1932/Philippine Law Journal/ Vol 11 #6 (February)Prof Capistrano, Francisco, College of Law, UP, “The Revised
Penal Code. A Brief Review, General Features”/ Vol 12 #5 (Nov 1932), Jarencio, Hilarion, “The Effects of Appeals
from the Court of First Instance to the Supreme Court in Civil and Criminal Cases”
1933/Rules of Court/
1933/Baja, Emmanuel/Philippine Police System and its Problems
1938/Hurley, Vic/Jungle Patrol: The Story of the Philippine Constabulary
1939/Rodriguez, Eulogio/Ignacio Villamor – The Savant and the Man
1939/Anderson, William H/The Philippine Problem
1945/Forbes, Cameron W/The Philippine Islands, Revised edition (1928 copyright)
NOTES ON SOURCES
The primary serial source Report of the Philippine Commission (RPC) was
retitled Report of the Governor General (RGG) in 1916 onwards, at which time
US Congress ratified a new organic law granting political autonomy with a
promise of future independence to the Filipinos. While the once appointive
Philippine Commission had now been replaced by a popularly elected Senate,
the office of the governor general continued to receive its mandate from the
White House, and was officially under the umbrella of the Bureau of Insular
4
5
The Censuses (CPI) of 1903 and 1918 are complete insular-wide censuses,
taken at the outset (1903) under the direction of the Philippine Commission,
then colonial caretaker government, pursuant to a congressional Act (# 467) in
1902. Section 7 of said Act made census-taking a formal precondition to the
eventual holding of general elections for the s-c Philippine Assembly, the
envisioned all-native legislature. The 1903 CPI was published in four volumes,
under the respective headings of (I) Geography, History and Population; (II)
Population; (III) Mortality, Defective Classes, Education, Families and
Dwellings; and (IV) Agriculture, Social and Industrial Statistics. Initial and
limited statistical data on deviance and penology can be found in Chapter VIII
on “Criminals and Prisons” in Volume IV. Tabular data on the other main
categories and sub-categories (e.g. population, climate etc) also came out in the
form of bulletin reports. Finally, for CPI 1903 (including the first three
consecutive bulletin reports), complete copies are in custody. For CPI 1918
however, only selected extracts from Volume I on “Geography, History and
Climatology” were reproduced. On the other hand, original complete copies of
Volumes II-IV (II.“Population and Mortality;” III.”Agriculture, Medicinal
Plants, Forests, Lands, and Proper Diet;” IV.”Social and Judicial Statistics,
Manufactures and Household Industries.”) are in our provisional care through
the courtesy of the archives of the Swedish Central Statistical Bureau.
Comparatively, the 1918 tabular data on judicial and penal statistics are far more
extensive than those in the preceding census, and appear in Volume IV Part II
under the rubric “Judicial Statistics.”
The ensuing gap in serial judicial, criminal and penal statistics for the
intervening post-1918 period has besides the annual commission and governor
general’s reports, partially been bridged in this study by other official statistical
sources available to the author, like the Statistical Bulletin (SB), at least for the
succeeding 10 years (1918-1928, #1-11). SB was first published by the Dept. of
Commerce and Communications, which at the time was in the process of
reorganisation into the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. To qualify however,
5
6
The Philippine Reports (PR) compiles and publishes cases determined in the
Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands. The first volume came out in 1904,
covering cases transacted between August 8 1901 and February 20 1903. The
insular Supreme Court then was headed by a native Chief Justice and 6 associate
justices (2 natives and 4 Americans), under which served an American attorney-
general, a native solicitor-general, and one American reporter. In the first
volume and subsequent ones, the table of contents usually includes: an
alphabetical list of cases reported as well as those cited in the reports.
6
7
Part III of this report, provides a complete case directory and statistical data base
with corresponding serial data sheets in Excel-format, including a summary of
data-base parameters, design, key or legend over column headers, and additional
critical notes on source, data collection & processing.
Appearing as a rule at the left-most column of the table of annotations, are the
following abbreviations pertaining to “reproductive status.” This term refers to
the corresponding completeness and mode of reproduction of listed sources, the
designated abbreviations of which are usually bracketed and appear in
combination.
cc = complete copy
7
8
ic = incomplete copy
jpeg = digital copy in jpeg format
o = original copy
ps = photostatic copy
trans = transcription or transcribed copy
8
9
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
(ic: ps)
1901/Part 1 Administration of justice, reorg of
Taft, William Howard courts, comments upon judicial
system, new code of civil procedure,
(ic: ps) criminal code, civil code; historical
chronological notes on PI
1901/Part 2 Inaugural address of civil governor;
Taft population by provinces; public
laws (Act … org of courts)
(ic: ps)
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
1905/Part 4 Report of Secretary of Finance & Data on net earnings of ice plant,
Wright Justice (administration of justice, interal revenue collections
justice of peace system, court of
custom appeals, court of land
(ic: ps) registration, criminal code and code
of civil procedure, changes in court
personnel, atty general’s office,
insular cold storage, Dingley Tariff
and Shipping Bill, Japanese &
Chinese immigration, opium
importations, internal revenue law
and corresponding amendments,
org. of BIR, collections under law.
14
15
15
16
-Domestic relations.
-Changes relative to crimes.
-Nativity (place of origin) of
prisoners.
-Changes relative to sentencing
court.
-Occupations prior to crime.
-Age
-Signaletic records
-Financial statistics (appropriation
account, miscellaneous receipts,
amounts due for prisoner
maintenance, q & cost of native &
Asiatic prisoners’ subsistence +
average cost/day, q & cost of
American & European prisoners’
subssistence, q & cost for sick
prisoners of all nationalities +
average cost per ration, q & cost of
native prisoners at Albay, Camp
Overton Mindanao, Fort Mckinley
Rizal, Mariveles, Inhuit Settlement,
Paragua; q & costs of American
prisoners at Inhuit, Paragua,
Summary: Total cost and q rations
furnished under separate divisions
of prisoners to settlements and
convict camps, q & cost of
subsistence stores by depot
commissary for native military
prisoners at Malahi Island, for
American military prisoners,
condition of prisoners’ deposit
funds: on hand, received, expended
and balance.
-Health statistics: Hospital A:
according to nationality, gender,
rates of recovery and mortality;
Hospital B: according to prisoner’s
number and class, weight &
microscopic examination of sputum
both on admission and date of
discharge, death or remaining,
disposition and time in hospital;
cases of tuberculosis, medical report
from road camps at Albay, Inhuit
Settlement, Palawan, monthly report
of sick and wounded at Inhuit,
Palawan; general summary of cases
treated in 12 months, no. of
prisoners and disease suffered by
those returned to Bilibid prison for
treatment.
1906/Part 1 Annual Report of Phil. Commission
outgoing: Wright to Sec of War: summary of political
incoming: Ide, Henry Clay conditions, law and order, Moro
province, elections, executive
clemency, industrial conditions, Financial data (surplus/deficit of
(ic: ps) currency, financial state, Mla treasury)
harbor, administration of justice,
16
17
17
18
-Palawan: ibid
-Rizal: ibid. + reorganisation of
municipal police, urgent necessities
(for provincial building to house
jail)
-Samar: ibid. + municipal
governments, Pulahanism, jail &
prisoners, police & volunteers,
constabulary, army.
-Tayabas: ibid. Data on agricultural production, q
cattle branded, natural resources
1906/Part 2 Report of Sec of Commerce & Data on imports/exports, gross
outgoing: Wright Police: commerce, changes in dept., earnings
incoming: Ide, Henry Clay Bureau of Constabulary (org, cost,
force, scouts, districts 1-5,
(ic: ps) municipal police, absence of chief..
18
19
19
20
20
21
abd equipment.
-District 4: ibid. + constabulary, -District 4: company strenght
conditions in provinces, conclusion
(cattle stealing
-District 5: peace conditions, -District 5: occupied bldgs & value
situation in provinces, summary of
special events, uprisings,
engagements (monthly log),
municipal police, transport and
logistics, medical organisation,
scouts
21
22
22
23
-municipal police
-provision for diability cases among
officers
-supply dept.
-officers and enlisted men
Report of other supply officer:
-duties
-medical division -cost of maintenance of medical div.
Exclusive of salaries, total number
-pay division of admission to hospitals for all
-property accounting division causes (q days lost in hispital, in
quarters, deaths of officers &
soldiers), cost of maintenance
-pay division’s financial statement
-property accounting div:
expenditures
-chief of supply office, -financial statements/division
quartermasters, ordnance,
commissary divisions
23
24
24
25
Philippines
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
-provincial prisons
-Iwahig Penal Colony
1913 Annual Report of Phil. Commission
outgoing: Forbes to Sec of War:
incoming: Harrison, Francis B -legislation, trade, commerce and -Trade statistics (with US and
business foreign countries); business (in
(ic: ps) pesos) upon which internal revenue
Report of Governor Gen.: percentage tax is levied.
-third Phil. Legislature, finances
(revenues, receipts, internal
revenue, gold standard fund surplus,
expenditures, guaranteed railroad
bonds, public improvements) -financial statement
-allotment of current expenses of
govenment
-public order
-labor conditions, health and
sanitation, railroads
-justice
-Phil library
-executive bureau
-provincial and municipal govs -chief sources of provincial income
-bureau of civil service
30
31
work
-provincial fiscals
-banks and insurance companies -total amount of insurance (1911-
12) based on taxes paid.
-opium
-franchise taxes, San Lazaro estate
rentals, publicity fund.
Report of Sec of Public Instruction:
-Bureau of Prisons Penal statistics:
-cost of maintenance -total average per capita at Bilibid
Prison and other prisons by
nationality
-Bilibid Prison (industrial division,
education, religious services, health
and sanitation)
-provincial prisons
Iwahig Penal Colony
-habitual criminals
-Bureau of Printing
1914 Annual Report of Phil. Commission
Harrison to Sec of War:
-legislation (by commission, as
(ic: ps) chamber in legislature, bills failing
of passage originated in comm. &
assembly)
-recommendations
31
32
32
33
33
34
constabulary
-Peace and order log districtwise
(Northern , Central, Southern
Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao)
-work for other bureaus
-municipal police -arms in hands of military police,
arms by province, constabulary
arms used by municipalities
Report of Sec of Finance and
Justice: Judicial statistics:
-Judiciary (SC-CFI Mla & -comparative statement of cases at
provinces, general land registration SC, summary of business in CFI
office, justice of peace courts) Mla
-Bureau of Justice -summary of legal work
-Administration of estates
-Bureau of Treasury -Financial statement and balance
-offices of cooperative org, sheet of treasury
publications, statistics
-Bureau of Printing
-Fiscal operation
-Appropriation Act 2431
-Bureau of Prisons (prison Penal statistics:
population and status of crime, -colonist population at Iwahig Penal
prisoners’ court, maintenance, Colony
religious services, industrial
division, schools, improvements and
repairs, health and sanitation,
Iwahig Penal Colony, San Ramon
Penal Farm)
-Bureau of Supply -Bureau of Supply, operational
summary (local purchases,
importation from US and other
countries, comparative % with
previous year)
-Division of Supplies -Civil service changes (Americans
-Public Order and Filipinos)
34
35
navy.
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
-city of Baguio
-various boards of examiners
-pensionados, naturalisation
50
51
51
52
52
53
(ibid)
-tax collections (ibid),
apportionment of taxes
-printing and binding for gov
agencies (cost, agency)
Penal statistics:
-Bureau of Prisons (personnel, -prison pop and distribution among
prison pop, crimes committed, various prisons in PI 1922-27
discipline, health and sanitation, -statement of changes in prison pop
provincial jails, discipline, -principal crimes by prisoners in
education, religious services, Bilibid and San Ramon (1922-27) +
amusements, expenses and incomes, other important crimes
pardons, visitors) -comparative total cost of
maintenance in 3 prisons
-comparative amount of subsistence
supplies purchased and produced in
3 prisons
-comparative statement of daily cost
of subsistence of prisoners per
capita in 3 prisons 1922-27
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
attorneys)
-Bureau of Justice (personnel,
business transacted, collection,
administration of estates, provincial
fiscals, office of fiscal, Mla land
registration office, registrers of -land registration: cases transacted
deeds) by courts (1903-27), cadastral cases,
register of deeds work
accomplished, income,
expenditures, profit
57
58
(Boshevistic activities,
administrative cases)
-Bureau of Non-Christian tribes
(administrative cases)
-constabulary
-City of Mla, Baguio
-Dept of Commerce and
Communication; Agriculture &
Natural Resources (cattle
importation, public land titles)
-Dept of Justice
-Bureau of Prisons
58
59
59
60
60
61
Judicial statistics:
61
62
Penal statistics:
-prison pop and distribution among
-Bureau of Prisons (personnel, various insular and provincial
prison pop, discipline and order prisons in PI (1925-30)
(Bilibid, Iwahig, San -principal crimes by prisoners in
Ramon),executions, health and, Bilibid and San Ramon (1925-30)
improvement and repairs (Bilibid, -total expenditures, revenues,
Iwahig, San Ramon, Fort Mills bureau of prisons 1924-31
Stockade, Corregidor) provincial -comparative statement of daily cost
jails, education, religious services, of subsistence of prisoners per
recreation, expenses and incomes, capita in 5 prisons 1926-31
pardons, visitors), maintenance, -comparative average cost of
subsistence maintenance in 5 prisons
-industrial division, Bilibid
-correctional institutions for women
62
63
Appendices:
-list of bills passed by legislature
and approved by gov gen
Penal statistics:
-Bureau of Prisons (personnel, -prison population in various
prison pop, discipline and order, prisons; comparative statement of q
escapes and attempts at prisoners in confinement (1928-32)
escape, operating costs, income, -q prisoners and crimes commited in
maintenance, subsistence, health Bilibid, San Ramon prison and
and, prison school, inspections trips, penal farm 1928-32
legislation, 5-yr economic program, -q habitual delinquents with
63
64
64
65
-SC
-Bureau of Prisons (subsistence + Penal statistics
ibid) -prison population, q prisoners in
confinement 1929-33
-crimes commited 1929/33 (Bilibid,
San Ramon)
-comparative average daily cost of
subsistence per capita 1929-33
-general land registration office -q decrees 1903-33
65
66
66