PDD Caribbean Savannah Project

UNFCCC/CCNUCC
CDM – Executive Board

PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM
FOR AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-AR
(CDM AR-PDD) - Version 04
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR AFFORESTATION AND D REFORESTATION
PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-AR-PDD) Version 04
CONTENTS
A. General description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity
B. Duration of the project activity / crediting period
C. Application of an approved baseline and monitoring methodology
D. Estimation of ex ante net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks and estimated amount of
net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks over the chosen crediting period
E. Monitoring plan
F. Environmental impacts of the proposed A/R CDM project activity
G. Socio-economic
economic impacts of the proposed A/R CDM project activity
H. Stakeholders’ comments
Annexes
Annex 1: Contact information on participants in the proposed A/R CDM project activity
Annex 2: Information regarding public funding
Annex 3: Baseline information
Annex 4: Monitoring plan

UNFCCC/CCNUCC

SECTION A. General description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
A.1. Title of the proposed A/R CDM project activity

activity:
>>
“Reforestation of degraded/degrading land in the Caribbean Savannah of Colombia”
Version number: 2
Date of the document: August 19, 2010
A.2. Description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

>>
The proposed project will be located in the “Caribbean Savannah” of Colombia. The Caribbean Savannah
is located in the northern part of Colombia, in the Department of Cordoba.
The savannah landscape is characterized by soils that are under a severe degradation process due to
exhaustive livestock systems. The land containing the project plots is currently under cattle pasture with
extensive grazing. Some
ome areas are used intermittently to grow cash crops, such as maize. The purpose of
the project is to reforest / afforest 2200 hectares (5436 acres) of land distributed in six municipalities. The
latter are: Valencia, San Andres de Sotavento, Montelíbano
Montelíbano, Puerto Libertador,, Chinu and Chima,
The project will be undertaken through the following kind of A/R activities:
1. Establishment of 500 ha of trees assisted with shrubs on moderately degraded lands that otherwise
would become severely degraded. This project activity is carried out by indigenous people (see
further down).
2. Reforestation of 1500 ha with Hevea brasiliensis by local small scale farmers.
3. Reforestation of 200 ha with Tabebuia rosea, Cariniana pyriformis, and Tectona grandis by local
medium farmers
None of the species listed above is considered as Invasive Alien Species (IAS) nor are the species planted
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). Solely Tectona grandis is considered to be ‘non ‘non-native’ in the
region but given the fact that reforestation
reforestation with this species accounts for only a small fraction of all
plantings, its overall impact on the ecological composition of species in the region is considered to be
negligible. Also, Hevea brasiliensis has been planted in the region for many years and is thus well
adapted to the environmental conditions.
Activity 1 is located in the indigenous community of San Andres de Sotavento and farms of the
municipality of Chinu and Chima.
Chima. This component will recuperate areas of pastures that are in process of
severe degradation. The component will include the planting of some forage shrubs (Gliricidia
( sepium,
Crescentia cujete, and Leucaena leucocephala),
leucocephala trees (Albizia saman, Guazuma ulmifolia and Cassia
grandis) for fruit production to feed the animals as well as timber species ((Swietenia
Swietenia macrophylla
macrophylla,
Bombacopsis quinata and Tabebuia rosea).
rosea In areas where the status of the pasture is extremely poor,
special seeds for improved pastures (Brachiaria
( hybrids) will be used.
Activity 2 is located in Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador and consists of the reforestation of low
productivity land with Hevea brasiliensis.
brasiliensis This land was traditionally used for cropping by small farmers.
Since the baseline revenue stream for some farmers will be decreasing during the first three years of the
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establishment of the tree plantations, 34.5 ha of hot pepper crop (Capsicum chinensis) and 75 ha of
Capsicum chinensis
castor-oil plants (Ricinus communis), will be planted in association with the rubber trees as an alternative
Ricinus communis
source of income until the production of latex from the rubber trees can start.
Activity 3 is located in the municipality of Valencia and consists of 200 ha to be reforested with three
different timber species: Tabebuia ro
rosea, Cariniana pyriformis and Tectona grandis. Owners of this land
are medium size farmers.
All the activities outlined above will contribute to stop the ongoing soil degradation process by increasing
the storage of carbon both, above-
above and below-ground. The project area will be gradually reforested during
the first 3 years and is expected to reduce about 1 million tCO2e in 200 years with continuously increasing
removals per year.
Project activities will result in the restoration of the soil productive capacity and therefore in the
improvement of land productivity. Ultimately, the project is expected to generate important
socioeconomic benefits for the project participants that are mostly marginal rural and indigenous
communities. Those benefits will derive from a general employment generation, rubber production, and
improved dairy productivity. In addition, the farmers’ income situation is going to be diversified by
receiving benefits
ts from rubber and dairy production, as well as timber and seed sales. Thus, the local
population has an important stake in the success of the project and is strongly behind its implementation.
About 200 families from the Zenu indigenous community, 250 families living of subsistence agriculture
and 3 medium size farmers, will be the direct project beneficiaries. Besides this,
this a larger group of the
local population will benefit from the additional employment generated and from the general increments
in income
ncome that will contribute to stimulate the sustainable development of the region.
The implementation of project activities without the purchase of the carbon credits is not feasible. The
high initial investment that is required prevents the farmers to change their land use. However, the
revenues from carbon credits attract the participation of an external investor that considers the purchase of
Carbon Emission Removals as an instrument to safeguard its investment. The carbon revenues facilitate
the participation
icipation of CIAT, CVS and Corpoica who provide up up-front
front investment costs ensures permanence
of plantations in local
ocal communities by achieving long term commitments and strict follow up measures
and procedures, while the income, sustainability
sustainability and employment problems typical to the region are
ameliorated
ed with the project activities.
A.3. Project participants:

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Table 1. Project participants

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Indicate if the Party

Private and/or public entity(ies)
Name of Party involved (*) involved wishes to be
project participants (*)
((host) indicates a host Party) considered as a project
(as applicable)
participant (Yes/No)
• Corporación Autónoma
Regional de los Valles del
Sinú y del San Jorge (CVS)
• International Center
Republic of Colombia (host) for Tropical Agriculture No
(CIAT)
• Corporación
Colombiana de Investigación
Agropecuaria (CORPOICA)
International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Canada Development (“IBRD”) Yes
acting as the trustee of the
BioCarbon Fund (BioCF)
(*) In accordance with the CDM A/R modalities and procedures, at the time of making the CDM-AR-
CDM
PDD public at the stage of validation, a Party involved may or may not have provided its approval. At the
time of requesting registration, the approval by the Party(ies) involved is required.
Note: When the CDM-AR-PDD PDD is prepared to support a proposed new baseline and monitoring
methodology (form CDM-AR-NM), NM), at least the host Party(ies) and any known project participant (e.g.
those proposing a new methodology) shall be identified.
A.4. Description
ription of location and boundaries of the A/R CDM project activity:
A.4.1. Location of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):

Party
>>
Republic of Colombia
A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province etc.:

>>
Department of Cordoba
A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc:

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Municipalities of Valencia, San Andres de Sotavento, Chinu, Chima, San Pelayo, Montelibano and Puerto
Libertador (Figure 1). Project areas are shown in section A.4.2.
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Figure 1. Municipalities where the proposed A/R CDM activity are located
A.4.2 Detailed geographic delineation of the project boundary,, including information

allowing the unique identification(s) of the proposed A/R CDM project activity::
>>
The discrete parcels of land on which the proposed

proposed A/R CDM project activity will be implemented are
shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. In addition, the polygons are superimposed to land coverage in 1987 to
demonstrate the eligibility of these lands (section C.1). The polygons intersecting with areas fore
forested in
1987 were excluded from the list of candidate areas of this A/R CDM project activity. The land cover
map of 1987 was used because there were not appropriate images of 1989 to derive this map. The
available imagery of 1989 was covered by clouds.
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Figure 2. Discrete parcels of the proposed A/R CDM project activities. Stratum 1,2
,2 and 3 (see section C.4)
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Figure 3.. Discrete parcels of the proposed A/R CDM project activities. Stratum 4 (see section C.4)
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Figure 4. Discrete parcels of the proposed A/R CDM project activities. Stratum 5 and 6
A database
atabase with GPS coordinates for each polygon will be available to the DOE at the time the PDD is
validated, as required by the selected methodology.
A.5. Technical description of the A/R CDM project activity:
A.5.1. Description of the present environmental conditions of the area planned for the
proposed A/R CDM project activity
activity,, including a concise description of climate, hydrology, soils,
ecosystems
ms (including land use):
use)
>>
The project areas are located in the watershed of Río Sinu (Sinu
( River) in the northwest
northwestern part of
hectares. 1
Colombia, close to the Atlantic Coast. Overall, the watershed has an extension of 1.395.244 hectares
1
CVS. 2004. Diagnóstico Ambiental de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Río Sinú Versión 01.
01 Delimitación, Extensión,
Localización y Situación Ambiental. Montería. Colombia
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The watershed has been geographically divided into three subparts according to its environmental and
spatial characteristics, namely, the high, intermediate and low Sinu valley. Valencia, Montelibano and
Puerto Libertador are located in the higher part of the Sinu valley, while San Andres de Sotavento
Sotavento, San
Pelayo, Chinu and Chima is located in the low part of the Sinu valley.
Climate
In general, the project areas have a tropical climate and the variations are explained by changes in altitude
and the proximity to the Paramillo Mountains.
M Precipitation
recipitation within the watershed is higher in areas close
to these mountains, located in the southern part of the watershed. Valencia has a mean annual
precipitation between 1400 and 1600 mm, Montelibano and Puerto Libertador between 1800 and 22500
mm, while in San Andres de Sotavento,
Sotavento Chinu, San Pelayo and Chima has 1300 mm of precipitation. The
precipitation distribution is unimodal with one dry and one rainy season per year. 80% of the annual
rainfall occurs during the rainy season which lasts from May until early November, then the dry season
starts lasting until beginning of April. The wettest month is June and the driest are January and February.
The mean annual temperature is 27°C and the mean relative humidity is 83%. The solar brightnes
brightness values
are high due to the latitudinal position and relief of this area. The annual amount of sunlight hours is
between 1400 and 2300 h/a. The incidence of tropical storms or cyclones is rare.
Hydrology
The Sinu River is the main drainage of the watershed

watershed supplying the surrounding urban towns with water.
This watershed is one of the most important areas in Colombia from a hydropower production standpoint.
The Urra reservoir is located in the Sinu watershed. It retains water of the Sinu River tributaries
tributarie (Manso,
Verde, Esmeralda and Cruz Verde rivers) that are originating in the upper part of the Paramillo and
Murrucucú mountains. There are other minor tributaries downstream the Urra reservoir like the Pirú,
Betancí, El Vidrial, El Tigre and Aguas Prietas
Prietas Rivers. The upstream water supply is considerabl
considerably high
and the water flows are regulated by the reservoir to benefit the communities settled along the river. The
rest of the area (about 75% of the watershed’s area, not affected by the Urra reservoir) pro
produces only 25%
of the total water supply of the entire Sinu watershed. Thus, water is a scarce resource and that is even
more threatened by the deforestation and erosion processes of the downstream lands.
In Montelibano and Puerto Libertador, where the project’s

project’s rubber plantations are located, the hydrological
system consists of the Ure River, and its tributaries La Mucura, El Cerro, La Barrigona, Batatal, El
Blanco, San Antonio y San Pedrito. In Valencia, there are also other secondary rivers such as th the
Jaraguay, El Tigue and Los Pescados that flow into the Montecarlos swamp. The La Balsa River is the
boundary between Monteria, the Cordoba capital, and Valencia. The Jaraguay River often floods
agricultural areas causing economic losses to local producers.
producers. The need to reforest is recognized by the
Regional Environmental Authority, CVS, as a measure to buffer the negative effects of these flooding
events.
Soils and Landforms
The soils in the Sinu River watershed are located on three main landforms: flat plains, hills and terraces.
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The flat plains constitute a considerable area of the watershed and include fluvial
fluvial-lacustrine, fluvial-
marine and marine plains, with slopes betwee
between 0% and 2% inclination.. The hills and mountains are
characterized by an undulated and steep relief. The terraces are located in the transition between the hills
and mountains and the flat plains. The project areas are located on flat plains and terraces.
In Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador, the predominant geographic

geo forms are mountains, hills, alluvial
plains, terraces and meanders. Regarding erosion processes, this area contains zones with severe erosion
caused by the loss of vegetative cover, the construction
construction of roads and poor soil water infiltration capacity.
Valencia is located in an alluvial plain with a flat topography. Slopes only range between 0% to 1%
inclination.. The fertility of soils is medium to high and soils are poorly drained. This con
condition is
aggravated by the soil compaction caused by overgrazing and the concentration of annual rainfall in a
single rain season. The soils are formed from recent material that has been transported and deposited by
the Sinu and Jaraguay Rivers.
Land Use and Cover
In general, the major current land use in the project area is extensive grazing with inappropriate
management practices and overgrazing that have led to soil degradation. In addition, there is agriculture
using traditional practices such as slash and burn, and with low levels of agrochemical inputs. About 52%
of the Sinu watershed is under pastures, 20% is covered with undisturbed forest (in the mountainous part),
10% correspond to cash and permanent crops, and the remainder to eroded lands, water bodies,
commercial
ommercial forest and urban infrastructure. Thus, it is evident that most of the area is used for extensive
cattle raising. The remaining native forest is currently protected due to the fact that it is part of the
Paramillo National Park. However, in some partsparts the park’s status and rules have not been enough to stop
the deforestation process. Native forests have been mainly converted to livestock systems or depleted by
the exploitation of wood resources. This has threatened the capacity of the ecosystem to regulate water
flows as well as to maintain its biodiversity. 1374 hectares of the watershed are commercial forests.
The clearing of forest to implement extensive livestock systems has led to a rural development pattern
based on an extractive rural economy
economy (it only generates 2.3% of the Gross Domestic Product). This
development pattern has a low capacity to generate co-benefits on the long term and bases on an
inadequate natural resource management, especially in the area of natural forests and soils.
The extensive grazing is associated with a land property scheme of large land holdings (“latifundios”),
characterized by tremendous areas under one livestock-keeping
keeping system, but only very little labor
occupied. This model of land use and property causescause a concentration of income with very few
landholders and intermediaries, and intensifies the poverty situation in the area. Within Colombia, the
department of Cordoba is the third poorest department.
The aforementioned model of land use was promoted with the the Spanish conquest of this territory. This is
evidenced with the deforestation process in the post-hispanic
post hispanic period where 1.500.000 hectares of native
forests of the department of Cordoba were cleared.
Ecosystems
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According to the Holdridge Life Zone Classification2 the project areas located in San Andres de
Sotanvento,Chinu and Chima correspond to the Dry Forest life zone (Temperature >24°C, precipitation
between 1000 and 2000 mm, and potential evapotranspiration rate between 1.0 and 2.0 mm while the
otherss located in Valencia, Montelibano and Puerto Libertador correspond to Moist Forest
(Temperature>24oC, precipitation between 2000 and 4000 mm and potential evapotranspiration rate
between 0.5 and 1.0 mm.
A.5.2. Description of the presence, if any, of rare or endangered species and their habitats:
>>
During 2006, Conservation International conducted an environmental diagnosis3 for the Department of
Cordoba which included the identification of rare or endangered species. This identification was based on
the species classification established by IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Union). According to this
analysis, three main threat categories exist for Cordoba: CR (critically threatened specie species), EN
(endangered species) and VU (vulnerable species).
For the fauna,

na, it was found that from the 75 critically threatened species in Colombia, 10 are located in
Cordoba. From the 124 endangered species identified in Colombia 13 have been found in Cordoba, and
from the 190 vulnerable species of Colombia, 18 are present in Cordoba.
These species are:
Table 2. Critically threatened fauna species in the department of Cordoba

GROUP SPECIES COMMON NAME
Reptiles Caretta caretta Gogo, Caguama
Eretmochelys imbricata Carey
Dermochelys coriacea Tortuga canal
Crocodylus acutus Caiman aguja
Batrachemys dahli Carranchina
Geochelone carbonaria Morroco
Birds Crax alberti Paujil pico azul
Mammals Tapirus bairdii Danta
Tapirus terrestris Danta
Fish Prochilodus magdalenae Bocachico
2
Holdridge, L.R., Life Zone Ecology,
Ecology 206 pp., Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1967.
3
Conservación Internacional, 2006. Elaboración De 7 Políticas Corporativas De Acuerdo A Las Políticas
Nacionales Vigentes. Colombia. (on
on review)
review
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Table 3. Endangered fauna species in the Department of Cordoba

GROUP SPECIE COMMON NAME
Reptiles Lepidochelys olivacea Tortuga amarilla

Chelonia mydas Tortuga verde
Podocnemys lewyana Tortuga de río
Birds Crypturellus colombianus Tinamú
Anas cyanoptera Pato colorado
Clytoctantes alixii Hormiguero
Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Chamón, Chango
Mammals Ateles geoffroyi Marimonda
Trichechus manatus Manatí
Fish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum Bagre rayado
Ageneiosus caucanus Doncella, Barbul

Ichthyoelephas longirostris Pataló
Sorubim cuspicaudus Blanquillo
Table 4. Vulnerable fauna species in the department of Cordoba

GROUP SPECIE COMMON NAME
Fish Abramites eques Bonito
Plagioscion magdalenae Pacora
Cochliodon hondae Coroncoro, corroncho
Curimata mivartii Viscaina
Salminus affinis Picuda
Birds Ara ambigua Guacamaya verde
Ara militaris Guacamaya verde
Pionopsitta pyrila Cotorra cariamarilla
Oreothraupis arremonops Gorrión tangarino
Mammals Myrmecophaga trydactyla Oso palmero
Tremarctos ornatus Oso congo, UI, HUI
Aotus lemurinus griseimembra Marteja
Saguinus oedipus Titi cabeciblanco
Alouatta palliata Cotudo negro
Leopardus tigrinus Tigrillo gallinero
Panthera onca Tigre, Jaguar
Lontra longicaudis Nutria
Dinomys bracnicki Piro, Guagua loba
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For the flora, the following threatened, vulnerable and endangered plant species have been identified in
the department of Cordoba:
Table 5.. Critically threatened,

threatened vulnerable and endangered plant species in the department
of Cordoba
SPECIE COMMON NAME CATEGORY
Chigua bernalii Chigua CR (endemic)
Chigua restrepoi Corocita CR (endemic)
Parinari parvifolia Unknown CR
Cariniana pyriformis Abarco CR
Parinari pachyphylla Parehuétano EN
Astrocaryum malybo Chingalé,anchambe,enchamba EN

Elaeis oleifera nolí, ñolí EN
Gusiavia dubia Mula muerta, alma negra VU
Lecythis tuyrana Olla de mono, olleto VU

Bactris gasipaes var. Chinamato, corozo,cachipay VU
Chichagui
Cryosophila kalbreyeri Palma escoba VU
Wettinia hirsuta Gualte, chuppi (embera,sinu) VU
A.5.3. Species and varieties selected for the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
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Activity 1: Reforestation assisted with shrubs on mainly indigenous land of San Andres de
Sotavento, Chinu, San Pelayo and Chima:
Chima
This component will recuperate areas of pastures that are in process of severe degradation. The
component will include the planting of forage shrubs (Guazuma
( cujete and
ulmifolia, Crescentia cujete,
Leucaena leucocephala), ), trees ((Albizia saman, Guazuma ulmifolia and Cassia grandis)
grandis for fruit
production to feed animals as well as timber species (Swietenia macrophylla, Bombacopsis quinata and
Tabebuia rosea). In areas where the status of the pasture is extremely poor, special seeds for improved
pastures (Brachiaria hybrids) will be used.
Activity 2: Reforestation in Montelibano and Puerto Libertador:
This component consists of the reforestation of low productivity land with Hevea brasiliensis for rubber
production. Interplanting with hot pepper ((Capsicum chinensis) and castor-oil
oil plants ((Ricinus communis),
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will take place in association with Hevea brasiliensis until the production of latex from the rubber trees
can start.
Activity 3: Reforestation for commercial forestry with timber species in Valencia

Valencia:
This component consists of the plantation of native tree species (Tabebuia

(Tabebuia rosea and Cariniana
pyriformis) and one exotic tree species (Tectona
( grandis).
Description of tree species to be used in the project
Cariniana pyriformis: The Colombian Mahogany or Abarco (common name) is a species of woody plant
in the Lecythidaceae family. It is threatened by habitat loss4 and is naturally distributed in Panama and
Colombia. Its timber is highly valued in Colombia because of its good finish and multiple uses. T The
timber is very durable and resistant to fungi and insects. It is used for construction, furniture, pencils and
boards. The abarco reaches up to 30-40
30 m in height. Cuttings taken from the middle part of the crown are
used for vegetative propagation, rooting to about 75%. When propagated by seeds, a germination of about
50% is easily achieved. It is a semiheliophyte growing in primary and late secondary forests5.
Hevea brasiliensis:, or rubber tree,

tree is a species belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae. It is of major
economic importance because its latex can be collected and is the primary source of natural rubber.
Although there is synthetic rubber, natural rubber is irreplaceable in some industrial processes and due to
the increment of oil prices, it iss gaining more importance for its economic value. In the wilderness, the
tree can reach a height of up to 44 m. The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the bark, mostly
outside the phloem.. In plantations, the trees are kept smaller, up to 24 m tall.. The wood from this tree is
used in the manufacture of furniture. It is valued for its dense grain, minimal shrinkage, attractive color
and acceptance of different finishes. It is also prized as an "environmentally friendly" wood, as it makes
latex-producing cycle.6,7
use of trees that have been cut at the end of their latex
Tabebuia rosea: Common deciduous sub-canopy

sub or canopy tree (20-30
30 m) found preferentially on well
to excessively drained soils. Roble de Sabana (common name) is an especially notable tree thanks to the
often spectacular displays of pink blossoms that it produces during the
the height of the dry season. Its
cylindrical trunk may reach 70 cm or more in diameter. This species grow in tropical regions with short
but pronounced dry seasons. Its wood is hard, yellowish and easy to work. It is prized in the construction
of furniture and veneer. Apparently, the common name "Roble" (meaning "Oak") derives from a
similarity between the woods of these two species.8
4
World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Cariniana pyriformis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
5
Sacandé, M.; D.Joker; M.E. Dulloo and K.A. Thomsen. 2004. Comparative Storage Biology of Tropical Tree
Seeds. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
6
“Elastomer-The rubber tree", Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Britannica 2008
7
Coelho, J.R. 1994. Importancia da adubacao na cultura da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). In: De Sa.
E. And Buzzeti, S. Importancia da adubacao na qualidade dos produtos agricolas. Sao Paulo: Icon, 1994.
8
http://www.cds.ed.cr/teachers/harmon/page17.html
armon/page17.html
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Tectona grandis: Teak (common name) is a tropical tree of high commercial and ecological value
because of its rapid growth and wood quality. This species belongs to the family Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae, native to the
south and southeast of Asia,, and also cultivated in Africa and Latin America. They are large trees,
growing to 30-40 m tall, deciduous in the dry season. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture,
boat decks,, and other articles where weather resistance is desired. It is also used for indoor flooring and as
a veneer for indoor furnishings. Teak is propagated mainly from seeds. Germination of the see seeds involves
pretreatment to remove dormancy arising from the thick pericarp. For its growth, demands high amounts
of light, well drained soils and precipitations between 1000-3000
1000 mm yr-1.9
Swietenia macrophylla: Commonly known as Caoba, Caoba is a large tree, often growing to more than 30 m in
height and 1.5 in trunk diameter. It is one of the easiest woods to work and takes an excellent finish. It is
native to Central America and South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia).
Because of its well-established
established market value and ability to adapt to a variety of site conditions, this tree
has been planted throughout the world, both within and outside its native range. It has been planted in
“close plantations” or open-field
field plantations, on deforested
deforested areas and abandoned farm land, and in
enrichment or line plantings below a degraded forest canopy. This species grows best and attains its
largest size under the climatic conditions found in the tropical dry forest life zone, with a mean annual
temperature of 24 C or higher,, and a mean annual precipitation of between 2000 and 4000 mm. It has
adapted to a wide range of soil conditions, for, alluvial soils of mixed origin to eroded, phosphorus-
phosphorus
deficient soils10.
Bombacopsis quinata: Or ceiba (common name), is a native tree species of the Neotropics that belongs to
the family Bombacaceae. It has a natural distribution in Central America and northern South America. It
is known for its valuable native timber that is produce at short rotation periods
iods of 30 years or less. It
occurs mostly in dry zones with well
well-defined dry season of 2 to 6 months. This species can reach over 30
m in height and more than 100 cm diameter at breast height. The wood is known for its durability and
workability. It is used
sed for furniture, doors, window and ceiling frames, roof construction, interior
paneling, etc.11
Albizia saman is known under a wide range of common names, such as Saman, Rain Tree or Monkey
Pod.. It is often placed in the genus Samanea, which by yet other authors is subsumed in Albizia entirely.
This legume tree is native to the mainland neotropics, from Mexico south to Peru and Brazil, but has been
widely introduced to South and Southeast Asia, as well as the Pacific islands, including Hawaii. Saman is
a wide-canopied
canopied tree with a large symmetrical crown. It usually reaches a height of 25 metres (82 ft) and
a diameter
iameter of 40 metres (130 ft).ft). The leaves fold in rainy weather and in the evening, hence the name
9
“Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Lamiales". Missouri Botanical Garden.
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales. "GRIN Taxonomy for Plants -
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales
Tectona". United States Department of Agriculture
Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11908
bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11908.;
Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew.
10
Bauer, G. P.; F. John. 1998. Swietenia macrophylla King. Honduras mahogany, caoba. SOSO-ITF-SM-81. New
Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.
11
Perez, D. 2004. Heartwood, sapwood and bark contents of Bombacopsis quinata in Costa Rica. Journal of
Tropical Forest Science, 16:318:327.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Rain Tree and 5 o'clock Tree (Pukul Lima) in Malay. Several lineages of this tree are available e.g. with
flowers 12
reddish pink and creamish golden colored flowers.
Guazuma ulmifolia also known as guácima, guácimo (Spanish); tablote, majagua de toro (Mexico);
tapaculo (Guatemala, El Salvador); cualote (Guatemala,
(Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia); among
others. Is a small to medium-sized
sized tree, widely distributed throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central
and South America. The wood is used for posts, general carpentry, light construction and charcoal. It is an
important source of livestock fodder in many areas, particularly during the dry season when pasture
grasses are unavailable. It grows
rows to 30 m in height and 30-40 30 40 cm in diameter with a round
round-shaped
crown.13
Cassia grandis or Coral Shower Tree is native native to tropical regions of America. It is a deciduous or
semideciduous tree that grows up to 18 m in height and 50 cm d.b.h. The trunk is straight and the
spreading crown is high, irregular, and made up of dangling branches. The leaves are paripinnate and
madede up of 10 to 20 pairs of oblong leaflets that are 3 to 6 cm long and rounded or obtuse at the apex and
base. Cassia grandis is used as an ornamental to beautify streets, avenues, parks, and gardens. The sweet
tasting and bad smelling pulp of the fruit is edible and is used as a laxative. The wood is hard and heavy;
it is used in rural areas for home construction, sheds, and structures for roofs and in cabinet
cabinet- making. The
pink to purple flowers turn salmon-color
salmon with time and are arranged in racemes.14
A.5.4. Technology to be employed by the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

>>
The project activity which includes site preparation,, production, distribution and commercialization of
vegetative material will accomplish all the requirement established in the ICA (Colombia Agricultural
Institute) resolution No. 001478 of June 7, 2008 All reforestation activities will be guided by specific
forest management plans that required
require the approval of the local environmental authority (CVS) and are
available to validators. Nursery
ursery technologies
technologies, nursery management, planting, and silvicultural operations
are in line with environmentally safe management practices.
practices The
he technologies and practices implemented
under the project are as follows:
Activity 1
- Surviving will bee monitored by direct counting in all planted sites at 3 months of age.
age Every
death seedling will be replaced.
replaced Later every year, surviving will be monitored in permanent
sampling plots during the first 3 years.
- Site burning will not be employed during soil preparation.
- In sites with high soil compaction, a chisel (at a distance of 30 cm from each other) and a
subsoiler (at 5 m from each other) will be passed once and not deeper than 35 and 45 cm of depth
respectively.
- Seedlings will be grown in nurseries of 7.2 x 1.2 cm of size, to be installed on the project areas
areas.
862 individuals will be planted per nursery.
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia_saman
13
http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/gulmifol.htm
14
http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Coral%20Shower%20Tree.html
p://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Coral%20Shower%20Tree.html
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

- Grasses
rasses will be established on soils most devoid of vegetation, to favor rapid land cover and
minimize erosion while accelerating the rebuild
reb of soil organic matter.
- 100 trees per hectare will be planted
planted,, including timber and fruit trees, at a 5 x 5 cm of distance.
Also, forage shrubs will be planted but are not considered here for carbon accounting.
- Fertilization with nitrogen, phosphoru
phosphorus, potassium and micorrizes will be practiced for trees,
shrubs and improved pastures.
pastures It is worth noting, that emissions from fertilization are considered
insignificant by the CDM EB and as such has been excluded from the methodology and therefore
do not require monitoring.
Activity 2:: The detailed description of the technology to be used for planting and managing the species of
15
this activity is available in an approved plan for its establishment and management. The technology can
be summarized as follows:
- production: Seedlings will come from a rubber clone bank managed by

Seedlings/cuttings production
ASOCUR (Asociación de Campesinos de Ure, in Spanish), who is beneficiary of this project project.
Intensive research conducted by FEDECAUCHO (Federación Nacional de Caucheros Caucheros, in
Spanish)) identified at least 4 different clones with appropriate performance under the regional
environmental conditions from which 3 were selected by the farmers according to their past
experience with this species: IAN-873, IAN-710 and FX-386416. Seedlings from the nursery
are grafted with rootstocks produced in the clone bank. In the nurseries, 90 90,000 seedlings per
hectare are planted out initially.
initially Out of these 36.000 “stumps” are then selected and transpl
transplanted
on the selected farms pertaining to the project.
project
- Establishment: Direct seedling (no-tillage)
(no will be practiced for planting in order to reduce carbon
losses and site burning will not be employed for site preparation. The planting density will be 550
trees per hectare, planted at a distance of 3m x 2.8m from each other and in double rows. Each
block of rows will be separated from the other by 11m. Since existing trees will be not removed,
some parcels may not accomplish this density. In these cases, the the spare seedlings will be planted
in the adjacent area. During planting, most of the original vegetation in place to reduce carbon
losses. The plantation parcels will be delineated in the field, leaving space to adequate access
trials between them. Thehe plantation
pl rows will be delineated in the field in an EE-W orientation to
maximize the tree exposition to sunlight and transplanting of stumps will occur during the rainy
season in holes of an approximated diameter of 40 cm and a depth of 60 cm. In order to prevent p
diseases and pests, control measures will be taken at the moment of stumps production and
plantation taking. All dead trees will be replaced during the following 2 months after planted.
This will guarantee the homogeneity of the plantation.
- Maintenance:: Due to the environmental conditions of the region, the weeds present an
accelerated growth throughout the year. For this reason it is plan
planned to clean manually the parcels
twice per year and at least during the first 3 years. Especially this will be done 1 m apart from
each row in order to permit the penetration of light to the seedlings. Also, during early stages, the
15
Consorcio Bosque Tropical. 2008. Plan de Establecimiento y Manejo Forestal para
ara 1.500 Ha de plantación
Protectora-productora de Caucho (Hevea Brasiliensis en el Municipio de Ure, Departamento
Hevea Brasiliensis) rtamento de
d Córdoba.
Colombia.
16
Protectora-productora de Caucho (Hevea Brasiliensis en el Municipio de Ure, Departamento de
Hevea Brasiliensis) d Córdoba.
Colombia.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

surrounding area of the seedling will be completely cleaned. When trees have grown over 1 meter
height, mechanical cleaning of weeds will w be done once or twice per year. Once the seedling is
transplanted, the new shoots different to leaf buds will be cut every week during the initial two
months and afterwards, monthly and bimonthly in the first and the second and third year
respectively. If branches have not grown naturally when the tree is 2-2.5
2 2.5 m height, its grow will
be induced as it is important to avoid tall crowns that make more vulnerable the trees to the wind
as well as a short trunk gets thicker faster obtaining precocity in the
the rubber production. Rubber
extraction will initiate when at least 200 trees per hectare have reach 45 cm of DBH (between
year 5 and 6).The
The initiation of the rubber extraction should be done during the dry season
avoiding the rains and the defoliation season.
season. The rubber will be extracted for at least 30 years
and approximately every 2 days. Fertilization with P, N, K will be practiced in doses specified in
the management plan and according to the results of previous soil analysis. It is worth noting, that
emissions from fertilization are considered insignificant by the CDM EB and as such has been
excluded from the methodology and therefore do not require monitoring.
- Growth monitoring: Permanent parcels will be located into the plantation to follow up the growth
of them and therefore, adjust accordingly the thinning and harvesting schedule. Measures of
DBH, height and observation of morphological characteristics will be conducted periodically in
these parcels. Surviving will be checked at the 3 months after the establishment of the plantation
in 100% of the project area
area. Later, every year, surviving will be monitored in permanent sampling
plots during the first 3 years.
Activity 3:: The detailed description of the technology to be used for planting and managing the species of
management 17 The technology can
this activity is available in an approved plan for its establishment and management.
be summarized as follows:
- production Seeds will be collected from existing forests/plantations in the

Seedlings/cuttings production:
region
on and from CVS seed banks. Seedlings will be grown in nearby nurseries
nurseries. For this purpose,
the seeds will be treated to facilitate its germination. The seeds will be planted in an adequate
substratum properly disinfected and with good capacity to retain water.
water. Between 800 and 1200
seeds/m2 will be planted. Once the individuals have reached 3-8 3 8 cm of longitude, they will be
transplanted on humid and fertile soil contained in plastic bags. The seedlings will be transplanted
in the field when has reached 15
15-20 cm long.
- Establishment: For the establishment of the plantation, seedling will be used in the case of
Tectona grandis and Cariniana pyriformis
pyriformis. For Tabebuia rosea,, cuttings will be used. This
material will be transported to the project areas using animals. Direct seedling (no
(no-tillage) will be
practiced for planting in order to reduce carbon losses and site burning will not be employed for
site preparation. The planting density will be 1111 trees/cuttings per hectare, plan
planted at a distance
of 3m x 3m from each other and in blocks of 10 ha maximum to facilitate its managements and
fire prevention and control. Since existing trees will be not removed, some parcels may not
accomplish this density. In these cases, the spare seedlings
seedlings will be planted in the adjacent area.
During planting, most of the original vegetation in place to reduce carbon losses. The plantation
parcels will be delineated in the field, leaving space to adequate access trials between them. The
plantation rows will be delineated in the field in an E-W W orientation to maximize the tree
17
Consorcio Bosque Tropical. 2008. Planlan de establecimiento y manejo forestal para: 200 ha de plantación
protectora-productora
productora así: 50 ha de teca (Tectona
( grandis), 50 ha de abarco (Cariniana pyriformis) y 100 ha de roble
Cariniana pyriformis
(Tabebuia rosea) en el predioo Santa clara y Campo Alegre, Municipio de Valencia, Departamento de C Cordoba.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

exposition to sunlight. H Holes of an approximated diameter of 25 cm and a depth of 25-30 cm will

be dug. In order to prevent diseases and pests, control measures will be taken at tthe moment of
plantation taking into account the most probable ones that may occur on this region (see chart 7
of the management plan). All dead trees will be replaced during the following 2 months after
planted. This will guarantee the homogeneity of the plantation.
p
- Maintenance: Due to the environmental conditions of the region, the weeds present an
accelerated growth throughout the year. For this reason it is plan to clean up the parcels twice per
year and at least during the first 3 years. Pruning will be practiced in order to maximize the tree
volume to be commercialized at the end of the rotation. Pruning will be carried out during early
growth stages (8-1818 months of age) in order to eliminate branches and bifurcations in the lower
parts of the trunk andd for maintenance during the following stages and at the 66-8 m of height. The
latter will permit to eliminate unproductive branches that can leave marks on the trunk. The
pruning schedule may be adjusted according to the development of the trees under the
environmental conditions of the sites. Thinning will be practiced at an early stage (between the
year 6 and 8) to eliminate defective trees and later at year 15 to extract 50% of the remaining
trees which wood can be commercialize. At year 25 harvesting of the rest of trees will be
conducted. Fertilization with P, N and K will be practiced in doses specified in the management
plan and according g to the results of previous soil analysis. It is worth noting, that emissions from
fertilization are considered insignificant by the CDM EB and as such has been excluded from the
methodology and therefore do not require monitoring.
- Growth monitoring: Permanent
rmanent parcels will be located into the plantation to follow up the growth
of them and therefore, adjust accordingly the thinning and harvesting schedule. Mesaures of
DBH, height and observation of morphological characteristics will be conducted periodically
periodica in
these parcels. Surviving will be checked at the 3 months after the establishment of the plantation
in 100% of the project area. Later, every year, surviving will be monitored in permanent sampling
plots during the first 3 years.
A.5.5. Transfer of technology/know-how,

technology/know if applicable:
>>
Transfer of technology will specially be required in San Andres de Sotavento,, Chinu and Chima Chimawhere
plantations will be implemented jointly with indigenous people and farmers who are not familiar with
these systems... In this process, CORPOICA who leads this component because of its experience in this
kind of plantations for cattle rising (i.e., silvopastoral systems) will involve the indigenous people in all
phases of project implementation (production of seedlings, plantation and maintenance) and will provide
guidance and training.
In the rubber component farmers are already familiar with the technology, especially with the production
of seedlings. Complementarily a third party with experience
experience on reforestation activities was contracted
(Consorcio Bosque Tropical) to guide the plantation of trees in Valencia, Montelibano and Puerto
Libertador. They will provide guidance and will guarantee that the selected project areas will be planted
according to the applicability conditions of the selected methodology (AR-AM0009).
(AR AM0009).
Both, Consorcio Bosque Tropical and CORPOICA have organized training workshops oriented to the
farmers where production, establishment and maintenance technical aspects have been covered.
Consorcio Bosque Tropical has been in charge of carrying out these training activities for the farmers
planting rubber and timber species (Ure and Valencia municipalities). These activities have been giving to
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

various small groups of farmers and directly to single farmers in their lands (photo 4). CORPOICA has
held training events for silvopastoral systems beneficiaries.
beneficiaries. This has been focused on technical aspects
related to nurseries establishment, maintenance and transplanting. Registration formats
forma and photos of
these activities are available to validators
validators.
Photo 4. Trainning for farmers of Ure municipality (rubber producers).
A.5.6. Proposed measures to be implemented to minimize potential leakage:

>>
Not applicable (according to the selected methodology)
A.6. Description of legal title to the land, current land tenure and rights to tCERs / lCERs issued
for the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
activity
>>
Land Tenure:
The project takes place on privately held land without land tenure issues. No area under natural parks or
nationally protected reserves will be included as part of this project. Details about land titles are given
below.
Valencia: The reforestation with timber species in this area will be located on two farms, named
Florisanto and Santa Clara, owned by Rodolfo Flores León and Juan Carlos Flores, respectively, who
have the legal tenure of their land. These rights are supported legally
legally by the resolution No. 0803 issued by
INCORA (Instituto Colombiano de Reforma Agraria, Agraria in Spanish)) in 1986 and the title deed No. 1468
issued by the Notary’s office No. 2 of Monteria in 1986.
Libertador About 250 farmers will plant

Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador: lant rubber trees. All of them have title
deeds that were obtained through a process of agrarian reform conducted by the Colombian government
through INCODER (Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural). The respective number of resolution by
which this land was given to each of the participating farmers is available for validation, if required.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

San Andres de Sotavento: The land owned by the Zenu indigenous communities was given to the
indigenous population by the Colombian government. The Zenu possess the legal
legal title. Its legal status is
recognized by INCODER (Instituto Colombiano de Reforma Agraria).
Chima: Land is owned by small and medium farmers. Their land titles will be
Chinu, San Pelayo and Chima:
available to validators.
Rights to tCERs:
San Andres de Sotavento:: The revenues from the sale of the tCERs resulting out of the implementation
of tree and shrubs plantations in San Andres de Sotavento will be granted to the land owners, in this case
the Zenu indigenous community.
Valencia, Montelíbano,, Chinu, Chima, San Pelayo and Puerto Libertador:: The tCERs will be
granted to the landowners who have agreed to transfer them to CVS in order to reimburse part of the up-
front investment made by this institution. The tCERs
CERs value will represent only a fraction of tthe total
investment made by CVS that is valuated as US$4.3 million (NPV).
In addition, all farmers involved in either of the project components own the timber and other woody and
non-wood forest products (i.e. rubber production), and have the legal right to harvest and commercialize
such products.
A.7. Assessment of the eligibility of the land:

land
>>
To assess the eligibility of lands involved in the proposed AR CDM project activity, the “Procedures to
demonstrate the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation project activities” (Version 1) from
EB35-Annex
Annex 18 are applied. The following are the steps that provide evidence of eligible status of the project
lands.
(a) Demonstrate that the land at the moment the project starts is not forest by providing transparent and
complete information
i. Forest thresholds: The vegetation present on the elected lands for the implementation of the
project is below the thresholds of the definition of forest by the host country (1.0 hectare with
tree crown of more than 30% with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 5 m at
maturity in situ)18.
Current lands are under a degradation process and are dominated by sparse native grasses and
weeds with predominance of bare soils in the most severely degraded areas. Introduced grasses
are not highly productive, e.g., Angleton grass ((Dichanthium
Dichanthium aristatum) and Colosuana
(Bothriocloa
Bothriocloa pertusa) and smaller areas with Panicum maximum and Brachiaria ssp. in the
moderately degraded areas. Unsustainable agricultural practices and past cattle ranching in
excess of carrying capacity further ag
aggravated
gravated the issue of land degradation. Tree components
18
See Colombia’s minimum values for forest (A/R projects): http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/ARDNA.html?CID=49
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

are very low in the area with only occasional presence of Crescentia cujete and Guazima
ulmifolia. Photographs
hotographs will be available to the DOE at the time of validation.
ii. The land is not covered by young natural stands or plantations which have the potential to
reach — without direct human intervention — the thresholds adopted for definition of forest by
the host country.
Although originally most of the area was covered by forest, the land was cleared in the last
century to open crop and pastureland. Since then and as explained in section A.4.1.5., cattle
grazing has been the main use in this region. This explains the inexistence of young stands or
plantations on the project lands, which was demonstrated through a recent field inspection made
by the implementing institutions where current land cover was verified. The GIS coordinates
and data bases are in Annex 8.
iii. The land is not temporarily unstocked, for a period consistent with common forest practices in
the host country, as a result of either direct human intervention such as harvesting or indirect
natural causes such as fire or insect damage.
The GIS coordinates and the data base created by a recent field survey demonstrate that the
project land is unstocked due to its occupation with permanent pastures and some annual crops
and there has been not any forest at least since 1987 (see numeral b).
(b) Demonstrate that the activity is a reforestation or afforestation project activity
i. For reforestation project activities, demonstrate that on 31 December 1989, the land was
below the forest national thresholds (crown cover, tree height and minimum land area) for
forest definition under decision 11/CP.7 as communicated by the respective DNA.
To demonstrate that land was not forest in 1989 the land cover in the State of Córdoba was classified
through the use of LandSat ETM+ satellite images dating of 1987 and the areas of interest located in the
municipalities of San Andrés de Sotavento,
Sotavento Chinu, Chima,, Valencia, Montelibano and Puerto Libertador
were superimposed. Through this procedure it was concluded that there was no forest cover on the land
selected by the project in 1987.
The work was carried out by CIAT applying a simplified methodology ology to reduce time and costs without
affecting the accuracy of results of the classification. In order to characterize land coverage, two
classification types were integrated: automatic and visual classification.. The former was generated with
ERDAS digital image processing software.
software Automatic
utomatic classifications were made as supervised,
unsupervised, and mixed. The visual classification used ArcView GIS and the eCognition software.
Before that, it was necessary to carry out a study of available satellite

satellite images for the area of interest,
taking the following parameters into account:
• Date of acquisition. The images must have an acquisition date equal to or less than the year 1989.
• Spatial resolution. This resolution must allow the determination of land land coverage according to the
working scale established in the project, which varies from 1:75,000
1:75 to 1:250,000.
000.
• Cloud cover. Selected images must have minimal cloud cover for the study area.
• Cost. Free images available on the internet and/or in the dat
database
abase of CIAT were sought.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

To cover the total area of the Department of Córdoba with satellite images, four images were downloaded
and processed. The characteristics of images selected for project development are summarized in the
following table:
Table 6. Summary of characteristics

haracteristics of images used in the project
CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION
Satellite Images LandSat, Sensor ETM+
Acquisition Date
Path 10 Row 54 March 21, 1987

Path 10 Row 55 March 21, 1987
Path 9 Row 54 January 31, 1987
Path 9 Row 55 January 30, 1987
Seven (7):
3 visible bands (1 red, 1 green, 1 blue)
Number of Bands
3 visible in infrared (1 near, 1 in the middle, and1 in the thermal wavelength)
1 panchromatic band
28.5 meters on visible band and near and middle infrared
Spatial Resolution 57 meters on thermal band
15 meters for panchromatic band
Corrections Radiometric and Geometric
UTM projection UTM, Ellipsoid reference WGS84, Reference datum WGS84,

Coordinate System
zone 18 North
Once the images were processed and defined, a mosaic was created with the four satellite images of the
State of Córdoba. The intention of the mosaic creation was to obtain one single image of the entire
department, for purposes of subsequent classification. The image generated was of high quality with no
serious geometric deformities. It is in agreement with the zone’s vector information, and the color
throughout the image is homogenous. To avoid jagged effects,
effect , the cutting lines of each image were
adequately selected ensuring that each pair of images could be joined in a uniform manner and that, to the
extent possible, the change was not noticeable, thereby reducing deformities along the edges (Figure 5).
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Figure 5.. Mosaic generated from four satellite images, combination of bands 55-4-3.
To improve the spatial resolution of the images, the panchromatic image was combined with the
multispectral image. The principal components and the nearest neighbor method were used modifying the
digital values of the pixels. As a result, 15-meter
15 meter resolution images were obtained (Figure 6).
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Figure 6. LandSat ETM+ Image. Bands 5-4-3,

5 projected as R-G-B,
B, respectively. Left, multispectral image
with a 28.5 meter resolution. Right, combined image (multispectral
(multispectral and panchromatic) with a 15 meter
resolution. The boxes show the heterogeneity of classes.
As mentioned above, the he methodology used to characterize land coverage was based on a fusion between
pixel classification19 and visual classification,20 based on various sources
automatic pixel-to-pixel sources, for example,
classification of actual and potential land use carried out by CVS. (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Basic land use information for the study area and detection of land coverage
Different types of classifications—Supervised,

classifications Unsupervised, and Mixed—were
were produced, with different
decision-making rules and parameters for the classification: maximum probability, Mahalanobis distance,
19
Emilio Chuvieco. Fundamentos
entos de Teledetección Espacial. 1996
20
Thomas M. Lillesandd and Ralph W. Kiefer. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 2000
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

and minimum distance, in order to establish which of them best reflected the reality of the land coverage.
The best result was obtained by mixed classification. This was confirmed by superimposing randomly
selected points belonging to a known coverage class with the results of the different classifications. The
better the match between the randomly selected points and the classes, the less deviation there was in the
classification.
Once the automatic classification of the image was defined, a ‘salt-and-pepper

pepper filter
filter’ was used to
eliminate the scattered pixels that remained within the classes. Therefore, three consecutive
classifications were generated with grouping windows of 3X3 each, i.e., the final classification to be
worked on would have a total grouping of 9X9 pixels.
automated intervention or visual classification consisted of the ‘Manual

The non-automated Manual Union of Polygon and
Modification of Edges’. The diversity of coverages present in the image and their respective areas
produced a considerably segmented classification; hence the polygon grouping was necessary. This was
possible because the study area has types of grouped or generally sector-specific
sector specific crops, comprising large
areas of land with the same characteristics; for project purposes, no discrimination was needed among
them. This stage was supported by a segmentation performed by eCognition digital processing software
texture, and scale.21 It should be noted that the sizes of
which integrates parameters such as form, color, tex
these segments depend on the selected scale or level of detail and that the image’s segmentation should be
preceded by an image of vegetation indexes.
Once the automatic and visual classification stage

stage was completed, the coverage corresponding to the year
1987 in the municipalities of interest (i.e.,
( San Andrés de Sotavento, Valencia, Montelibano,
Montelibano San Pelayo,
Chinu, Chima, and Puerto Libertador) was determined, resulting in the information whether or not the
respective areas were forested at that time (Figures
(Figure 2, 3, 4 and 8). Figures 2, 3 and 4 show that the project
areas were indeed not forested in 1987.
All imagery and analyses of imagery will be available to the DOE at time of validation
validation, if required.
21 ECOGNITION. Understanding the power of eCognition Professional.

http://www.definiens-imaging.com/ecognition/pro/t
imaging.com/ecognition/pro/tour.htm
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Figure 8. Classification of Coverages for 1987 in the Department of Córdoba.
A.8. Approach for addressing non-permanence:

non
>>
The project chose to use the issuance of tCER for the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks achieved
by the proposed A/R CDM project activity since the project start date, in accordance with paragraphs 41
41–
44 of CDM A/M Modalities and Procedures. This reflects flects the commitment of proponents by accepting
the renewal of the crediting period (20 yr). Also this commitment is reflected in long
long-term agreements
already signed: One agreement between project proponents:
proponents CIAT, CVS and CORPOICA; an agreement
signed between
tween the BioCarbon Fund and the project proponents; and multiple long-term
term agreements to be
signed between CVS and the project beneficiaries.
From the project design perspective, the project has chosen long-term
long term rotation species that demand
permanent attention
tention and management in order to be able to be exploited throughout the rotation period
and to comply with the legally binding agreements abovementioned. Also, species has been selected in
accordance to the economic constrains of each type of participant to ensure that they are economically
feasible. Thus, tree species were chosen based on cash flow restrictions. For example, for smallholders
who need a source of cash flow in the short-term,
short term, rubber was selected in order to provide a source of
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

income after the fifth year of being planted. This ensures the economic sustainability of these forest
systems and encourages beneficiaries to give proper maintenance to the plantation, that if well-managed
can remain productive beyond 40 years. For those beneficiaries
beneficiaries that have another source of income and
do not expect immediate economic benefits from plantations, timber species that will start to be
productive at year 16, were chosen. With respect to the silvopastoral systems, the indigenes community
selected this system
ystem since permit to increase their dairy production and therefore, their short
short-term cash
flows. However these benefits will only be maintained in time as long-term
long term rotation species mixed with
pastures and forage shrubs are maintained and properly managed.
managed. This encourages beneficiaries to take
care of the system in the long-term.
term. Also it is worth noting, that carbon removals for this system were
only estimated for the trees (and not for shrubs) -which
which will only be exploitable after 30 years,
years and as
such community
mmunity is committed to maintain in order to comply with the requirements specified in the
signed agreements.
A.9. Estimated amount of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks over the chosen crediting
period:
>>
Table 7 presents the TARAM-based

based estimates of ex ante net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks of
the AR CDM project.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Table 7. Net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks
Estimation of Estimation of Estimation of net

Estimation
baseline net actual net GHG anthropogenic
of leakage
Year GHG removals removals by GHG removals by
(tonnes of
by sinks (tonnes sinks (tonnes of sinks (tonnes of
CO2 e)
of CO2 e) CO2 e) CO2 e)
1 0 354.02 0 354.02
2 0 4,892.85 0 4,892.85
3 0 16,934.25 0 16,934.25
4 0 34,353.99 0 34,353.99
5 0 61,423.34 0 61,423.34
6 0 73,714.39 0 73,714.39
7 0 77,953.20 0 77,953.20
8 0 66,242.74 0 66,242.74
9 0 70,652.19 0 70,652.19
10 0 73,154.13 0 73,154.13
11 0 66,322.71 0 66,322.71
12 0 69,802.38 0 69,802.38
13 0 66,777.89 0 66,777.89
14 0 64,621.45 0 64,621.45
15 0 62,402.77 0 62,402.77
16 0 56,751.61 0 56,751.61
17 0 52,922.61 0 52,922.61
18 0 28,456.60 0 28,456.60
19 0 52,323.73 0 52,323.73
20 0 50,776.45 0 50,776.45
Total 1,050,833
(tonnes
of
CO2 e)
A.10. Public funding of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

>>
No funding is expected from Official Development Assistance and any Annex I Party of the
Kyoto Protocol for implementing the project.
SECTION B. Duration of the project activity / crediting period
B.1 Starting date of the proposed A/R CDM project activity and of the crediting period:
>>
1 July 2008 is the starting date of the proposed A/R CDM project activity.
activity The contract duly signed by
CORPOICA and Consorcio Bosque tropical, who are the implementers, are available to DOE as well as a
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

signed document proven when materials were given to beneficiaries for project implementation,
plementation, The first
crediting period of 20 years under the renewable crediting period option has the starting date 1 July 2008
and will end on 30 June 2028.
B. 2. Expected operational lifetime of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

>>
60 years
B.3 Choice of crediting period::
B.3.1. Length of the renewable crediting period (in years and months), if selected:
>>
20 years with two renewal periods for a total of 60 years.
B.3.2. Length of the fixed crediting period (in years and months), if selected:
>>
N/A
SECTION C. Application of an approved baseline and monitoring methodology
C.1. Title and reference of the approved baseline and monitoring methodology applied to the
proposed A/R CDM project activity
activity:
>>
The approved methodology AR-AM0009
AR / Version 04 entitled “Afforestation or reforestation on
degraded land allowing for silvopastoral activities” will be applied to these project activities.
C.2. Assessment of the applicability of the selected approved methodology to the propose
proposed A/R
CDM project activity and justification of the choice of the methodology:
>>
The proposed AR CDM project activity meets each of the applicability conditions of the selected
methodology and its CO2 removals and GHG emissions can be assessed using the sselected methodology,
as follows:
• Lands to be reforested are currently subject to degradation and are expected to remain in a low
carbon steady state without human intervention
intervention. This is confirmed in section A.7 where it was
found that all
ll lands comply with the requirement of not being a forest since 31 Dec. 1989 (see
section A.7.).
• Therefore, encroachment of natural forest vegetation is very unlikely to occur because of
continuing soil degradation due to prevalent farming practices. As described in section A.5.1, the
predominant land use is extensive grazing. This has been maintained since the post post-Hispanic
period which evidences that this land use form is deeply rooted in the culture of local farmers.
Most likely, it will not change unless land use change is
is highly promoted by additional incentives
and more profitable land use alternatives. Thus, by maintaining the baseline scenario the land will
continue to degrade. Therefore, the baseline approach 22(a) (existing or historical changes in
carbon stocks in the
he carbon pools within the project boundary) is the most appropriate choice for
determination of the baseline scenario.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

• Lands will be reforested by direct planting or seeding in the proposed A/R CDM projet activity.
This will avoid significant longer term net decreases of soil carbon stocks or increases of non
non-
CO2 emissions from soil. When soil may be compacted, ploughing/ripping/scarification
associated with site preparation for planting will not exceed 10% of the project area during each
occasion.
• Flooding irrigation or drainage will not be used in project plantations.
• As allowed by the selected methodology, grazing can occur in some areas of the project activity
providing at least the same amount of goods and services as in the absence of the project act
activity/
Thus, there will not be shifting of pre-project
pre activities.
• Manure
anure from cattle will remain in the field. Then, the manure will not be collected, stored or
burned.
• Biomass burning will not occur during site preparation
C.3. Assessment of the selected

ected carbon pools and emission sources of the approved methodology to
the proposed CDM project activity:
>>
Table 8. Selected carbon pools for the proposed CDM project activity
Carbon Pools Selected Justification / Explanation
(answer with
yes or no)
Above ground Yes Major carbon pool subjected to the project activity
Below ground Yes Major carbon pool subjected to the project activity
Dead wood No Conservative approach under applicability condition
Litter No Conservative approach under applicability condition
Soil organic carbon No Conservative approach under applicability condition
The soil carbon pool was excluded as a conservative measure since its exclusion will reduce the actual net
GHG removals by the project activity. As shown in section A.7 the lands to be reforested have been non non-
forested lands since at least 1987 and the current land cover is pastures with sparse native vegetation
vegetation. This
permits to infer that these pasturelands will not regenerate to forest in the crediting period. In
consequence there will not be any increment on biomass and therefore any increment on C input to the
soil.. Also as described in the baseline scenario (section C.5.1) ffurther
urther land degradation would result in a
net loss of soil organic carbon
on of at least 1t C/ha-y
C/ha y which could total approximately 1 million t C in tthe
next 10 years in the region (CVS,2004) 22.
Also, soil carbon will not decrease with the project activity since the plantation of trees and shrubs will
reduce the degradation of soils
oils by erosion and compaction caused by grazing and lack of proper
vegetative land cover. In addition,
addition the establishment of tree species will imply an additional source of C
as more organic matter will be incorporated to the systems as roots and coarse and fine necromass. In the
same sense, dead wood and litter carbon pools were conservatively excluded too.
The selected project area is under degradation process as shown by its reduced plant cover and erosion
processes. These are degradation indicators suggested by the “Tool for the identification of degraded or
22
CVS. 2004. Diagnóstico Ambiental de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Río Sinú Versión 01.
01 Delimitación, Extensión,
Localización y Situación Ambiental. Montería. Colombia
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

degrading lands for consideration in implementing CDM A/R project activities”

activities”. The following
photographs (photo 1-3)
3) show degrading lands with reduced plant cover and soil erosion processes.
Photo 1. Degrading lands in San Andres de Sotavento with reductions on plant cover and erosion processes.
Photo 2. Degrading lands in Valencia, showing soil erosion patter

patterns
ns caused by livestock keeping
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Photo 3. Open lands in Ure.
C.4. Description of strata identified using the ex ante stratification:

>>
Following the stratification steps of the selected methodology, eight strata were determined. These were
identified by defining pre-existing
existing conditions (baseline strata) and the planned A/RA CDM project
activities (project strata).. The pre-existing
pre conditions and the with-project
project activity conditions were
combined to obtain the final ex ante stratification for the project activities. Thus,Th six strata were
determined for the with-project
project scenarios (stratum P1-P6) and two for the baseline (stratum B1 and B2).
Resultant stratification is shown in Table 9.
Baseline was stratified according to area of major vegetation types –as as recommended by the selected
methodology–.. Thus, two baseline strata were determined being the baseline land cover the determinant
factor. It is worth mentioning, that land cover is a result of the combination of other environmental
variables such as soil type, land use and climate. This is clearly showed in table 9. The project strata were
defined based on project planting/management plans (tree species and forest system type) and taking into
account the variability of environmental variables
va (soils, land use and climate).
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FOR AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM
(CDM-AR-PDD) - Version 04
Table 9. Ex-ante stratification

existing conditions23
Pre-existing Planned AR CDM activities
Baseline
Stratum
Temperature Precipitation Project
Soil Holdridge Stratum
(mean annual Land Use Land Cover (mean annual Descripiton Location
taxonomy life zone
temperature, °C) precipitation, mm)
Plantation of Cariniana
P1
pyriformiss
Plantation of Tabebuia
1400-1600 Municipality of Valencia P2
pastures with 6.2 t rosea
Extensive and low
d.m ha-1 and Plantation of Tectona
productivity cattle Oxisols Moist Forest B1 P3
sparse native grandis
grazing
vegetation
27°C Rubber tree plantations Municipalities of
1800-3500 Montelibano and Puerto P4
Libertador
Timber species
plantations assisted
with shrubs P5
(75%timber, 25% fruit
Extensive and low trees)
pastures with 2.3 t
productivity cattle Vertisols, Municipality of San Andres
Dry Forest d.m ha-1 and cash 1300 B2
grazing and marginal Mollisols de Sotavento,Chinu, Chima
crops (maize) Timber species
agriculture
plantations assisted
P6
with shrubs (25%
timber, 75% fruit trees)
23
Extracted from CVS (2004) and field verifications
34/85
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The strata boundaries were delineated based on the project boundaries previously delineated. Therefore
each stratum is spatially identified and available with its respective GIS coordinates. The delineated strata
are shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. Maps and databases containing land owner name, land area, baseline
land use and owner ID, are available to the DOE at the validation stage.
C.5. Identification of the baseline scenario:

scenario
C.5.1. Description of the application of the procedure to identify the most plausible
baseline scenario (separately for each stratum defined in C.4 C.4.):
>>
Once the eligibility and the boundaries of the project lands were defined, the
t most recent version of the
“Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and demonstrate additionality
ditionality in A/R CDM project
activities” was used for defining the most plausible baseline scenario and to demonstrate the additionality
of the project activity. According to this the following steps were followed to determine the baseline
scenario:
- Preliminary
liminary screening based on the starting date of the A/R project activit
activity
- Identification of alternative scenarios
- Barrier analysis
Below each of these steps are developed in detailed:
STEP 0. Preliminary screening based on the starting date of the A/R project activity
1 July 2008 is the starting date of the proposed A/R CDM project activity. There are signed contracts with
Consorcio Bosque Tropical and CORPOICA who are in charge of formulating the forest management
plans and of planting the trees, according to the agreements made between project proponents and the
beneficiaries. This documentation
tion is available to the DOE at the moment of validation. Also reports from
contract auditors are available, where it is evidenced the moment the plantation activities started in each
strata.
The revenues from the sale of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions played a decisive role in the
decision to proceed with the project activity.
activity The project proponents, CVS,, CORPOICA and CIAT CIAT, took
the decision to implement the project activity in response to the incentives provided by the CDM
framework. The proponents confirmed their project support through written documentation, which is
going to be presented to the DOE at validation stage. In this documentation is explicit the interest of this
partnership to reduce GHG emissions aand obtain the associated incentives. Officia
fficial, legal and/or other
corporate documentation are going to be added.
STEP 1. Identification of alternative land use scenarios to the proposed A/R CDM project activity
Sub-step
step 1a. Identify credible alternativ
alternativee land use scenarios to the proposed CDM project activity
Taking into account existing environmental diagnostics, land use management plans and field
observations, three alternative land use scenarios are identified:
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

o Alternative 1: The lands continue to be used for extensive grazing and/or marginal
agriculture, and the soil degradation process advances (Status Quo)
o Alternative 2:: Agroforestry and silvopastoral
s systems without a CDM project
o Alternative 3: Commercial tree plantations without a CDM project
Alternative 1: Current
urrent vegetation in the degraded areas is dominated by sparse native grasses and weeds
with predominance of bare soils in the most severely degraded areas. Introduced grasses are not highly
productive, e.g., Angleton grass (Dichanthium
( aristatum) and Colosuana (Bothriocloa pertusa and
Bothriocloa pertusa)
smaller areas with Panicum maximum and Brachiaria ssp. in the moderately degraded areas.
The land cover is related to the use of the land for extensive grazing. Recent inventories from CVS have
h
indicated that of the 2.5Mha of land in the State of Cordoba, at least 200,000 hectares are moderately
degraded pastures while there are 100,000 hectares of severely degraded areas. The entire Caribbean
Savannah is much larger and shows
show similar patterns
ns of degradation. This worsening in land degradation
is estimated to reduce income generation in the region at a rate of approx. 20M US$ per year.
year
This situation is applicable to the two baseline strata since cattle raising and marginal agriculture is the
predominant land use in the project area according to the forest manangement plans –where a context
description was conducted, the territorial ordering plans (land use plans) for the municipalities24 and field
verifications.
In addition, in strata 4 there is marginal agriculture which includes subsistence crops distributed
irregularly over the territory. The main crops are rice (Oryza
( sativa), corn (Zea mays) y other permanent
Zea mays
and semi-permanent crops such as plantain (Musa paradisiaca), cassava (Manihot sculenta and papaya
Manihot sculenta)
(Caryca papaya).
Alternative 2. Silvopastoral
lvopastoral systems adapted to the local context were successfully proved at the Turipana
Research Station of CORPOICA as a mechanism to promote the technology and with particular pa projects
has tried to promote its adoption in some farms of the Cordoba region. region. CORPOICA developed this
technological package consisting in tree plantations assisted by shrubs to reverse soil degradation and
allow grazing by providing better food sources for cattle. According to CORPOICA, tthis alternative is
suitable for non-acidic soils as uses species that are not tolerant for low pH conditions
conditions, and therefore is a
likely alternative for baseline strata 1 only.
Alternative 3. There are in the Cordoba department, commercial tree plantations and particularly the
24
Protectora-productora de Caucho (Hevea Brasiliensis en el Municipio de Ure, Departamento de
Hevea Brasiliensis) d Córdoba.
Colombia.
Consorcio Bosque Tropical. 2008.Plan
.Plan dde Establecimiento y Manejo Forestal para: 200 Ha de Plantación Protectora
Protectora-
productora así: 50 Ha de Teca (Tectona
Tectona grandis), 50 Ha de Abarco (Cariniana pyriformis) y 100 Ha de Roble
(Tabebuia rosea) en el predio
redio Santa Clara y Campo Alegre, Municipio dee Valencia, Departamento de Cordoba”.
Colombia.
Alcaldía Municipal de Valencia. 2002. Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial. Municipio de Valencia Córdoba.
Alcaldía Municipal dee Montelibano. 2002. Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial Municipio de Valencia Córdoba.
Córdoba..
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Valencia municipality, where strata 1-3 1 are, there are about 2.533.75 ha –from from 92489 ha of total
municipality extension- with timber species and specially planted with teakt (Tectona grandis)25. Some of
Tectona grandis
these has been planted using the Forestry Incentive Certify (CIF, in Spanish) provided by the Ministry of
Agriculture since 1994 and that cover part of the establishment costs to land owners interested on
reforestation. Forest
est commercial plantations are also frequent in Canalete, Planeta Rica, Bajo Cauca and
Las Cordobas municipalities but are absent in areas that are mostly dedicated to cattle raising as are the
Sinu Valley, and the Chinu and Sahagun savannas where strata 2 is located.. For example, in 2008 only
2% of CVS forest establishment investment was made in San Pelayo and San Andres de Sotavento, where
baseline strata 1 is located. For baseline strata 2, 21% of the investment was located.
Sub-step 1b. Consistency off credible alternative land use scenarios with enforced mandatory applicable
laws and regulations
Although the project areas are located in zones which the recommended potential use is forest and
permanent crops according to the agro-ecologic
agro zoning made by IGAC (National Geographic Institute),
Institute)
there is not any law and regulation being complied with in order to obey this recommendation. The on only
land use planning instrument adopted by law at the municipal or watershed level is the territorial orderin
ordering
plan that are updated every 5 years. However this is a public administration instrument that not
necessarily is fully implemented and obeyed by land users. In fact there are many areas which current
land use do not match with the recommended potential land la use or land use zoning adopted in these
instruments. This
his is reflected in the great area dedicated to livestock although are lands that due to their
biophysical conditions should be under forest. Taking this into account there is not any enforcement to
comply with the territorial ordering plans and there is not any restriction to expand livestock land use in
the region. Being said this, the three abovementioned alternatives are plausible.
STEP 2. Barrier analysis
Sub-step
step 2a. Identification of barriers that would prevent the implementation of at least one
alternative land use scenarios
Institutional barriers:
• It is expected that environmental authority will stimulate the recuperation and protection of lands
prompted to land degradation as well as the national research institute (CORPOICA) who has a
research station in the area. However, past and current experience shows that although
a the land
use plans of CVS –as as the environmental authority of this area, recognize the urgent need to
reverse the degradation process and the poverty situation of the farmers (this plan is available to
DOE during validation), CVS funds are not disbursed to promote the required land use chan changes.
The reason is that other regional necessities are currently prioritized (e.g. flooding prevention).
For example, only 7, 8.5, 13 and 5 % of total CVS budget for 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010
respectively,
y, was for forest establishment (It is worth noting, that these percentages for 2008 and
2010 already include the investment of CVS on this CDM activity).
activity . The annual budgets of CVS
are available to DOE during the validation process. Moreover, the annual management reports of
25
DANE, 2005. Censo de Plantaciones Forestales en el Departamento de Cordoba. Bogota
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CVS show that although in the budget budget the mentioned shares are committed for forest
establishment purposes, only 5-10%
5 10% of the objectives has been accomplished. This reflects the
difficulties to initiate forest plantations in the area. This reports are available at the CVS web
page: http://www.cvs.gov.co/Informes%20Corporativos/informes_corp.html
http://www.cvs.gov.co/Informes%20Corporativos/informes_corp.html. In addition, for the
case of silvopastoral systems, CORPOICA that was subsidizing its implementation in the region,
do not have the resources to continue that support resulting in a lack of financial sources to
facilitate the initial investments required for the establishment of the systems. However, various
groups of farmers that have visited the prototype of this system in CORPOICA research station
have expressed strong interest in using this technology to recover the productivity of their lands.
Investment barriers
• Part of the beneficiary community consists of a defined ethnic group of indigen
indigenous, and many
small farmers affected by the Colombian social conflict that are mostly low income,
marginalized, and traditionally excluded from market economies and formal financial facilities
that impede their participation in high investment activities and access to new
new markets. The other
part are medium-sized
sized farmers who although are not in a marginalized situation are not able to do
extra and higher investments to change their traditional extensive livestock systems.
For the case of silvopastoral systems, as a mentioneded above, CORPOICA developed a

technological package consisting in tree plantations assisted by shrubs to reverse soil degradation
and allow grazing by providing better food sources for cattle. Up to now, some 20 hectares of
silvopastoral systems have been established on producer’s farms in the last years, highly
subsidized by CORPOICA as a mechanism to promote the technology. As a result of
consultations with various groups of farmers that have visited the prototype of this system, all of
the interviewed farmers have expressed strong interest in using this methodology to recover the
productivity of their land. However, they emphasized that they they cannot by themselves access the
financial sources to facilitate the initial investments required for the establishment
establishment of the systems.
This financing gap has been identified repeatedly as the main bottleneck for expansion of
silvopatoral systems in the region.
In the same sense the implementation of rubber and timber species cannot be afforded by local
small farmers because of the lack of access to upfront investment. For these
t ese farmers
farmers, the project
will make an initial investment in productive alternatives to compensate for the lack of revenue
flow while the rubber production starts.
The long maturation times, high initial investments, restricted access to capital, restricted access
to capital markets, difficulties securing long term debt due to perceived risk of working with poor
segments of the society, all of these reasons prevent the implementation of commer commercial
plantations (i.e. strata 1-4)
4) by small farmers and the participation of external investors to promote
these systems. When similar forestation activities had been carried out, out technological and
institutional barriers have been removed. However the mechanisms
mechanisms used for removing these
barriers is not accessible to small farmers (see section C.6).
This investment barrier has been overcome in this CDM project by CVS, a project participant,
who decided to finance all the up-front costs because in return willl receive the CERs. Thus, its
decision to make this investment has taken into account the CDM registration. Also the project
formulation costs have been assumed by CIAT who in return will receive part of the revenues
from CERs. Agreements among project participants
participants made prior project starting date and where
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

participation of them is conditioned to CDM registration are available to DOE for validation. The
participation of CVS as main investor and of CIAT and CORPOICA, clearly assured the
implementation of thiss project removing
removi the investment barrier faced by the farmers,
farmers as well as
facilitating the accomplishment of technical requirements that are not for easy fulfillment by
farmers alone. It is also attached (annex 8),, the official resolution where funds from CVS for this
CDM activity in particular, are committed, approved and reported to the Ministry of
Environment.
Sub-step
step 2b. Elimination of land use scenarios that are prevented by the identified barriers
From thehe mentioned land use alternatives, number 2 and 3 are prevented by the identified barriers. In
summary, limited
imited capital that prevent implementation of
of high investment alternatives by smallholders
impede the implementation of agro-forestry
agro and forest systems.
ms. Especially the investment barriers were
found through a survey conducted amongst potential project beneficiaries to understand their economic
condition. It was found that their incomes are between $1,500 and $12,000/family/year which clearly
restricts investment in new alternatives. The entire group of farmers was categorized according to the
variation in income and its sources, as follows24:
Small farmers
Type 1 Producers. Nearly 23% of the producers farmers fall within this grouping. They have over 30
heads of cattle and an average of 49. This group represents a segment of the population in a
continuous process of capital formation. They have a load of 0.59 animals/ha which is much lower
than the potential carrying
arrying capacity of these lands. They generally rent out their pastures and this
represents 20% of their entire income. They have very little area under crops (1.2 ha) and the low
productivity of the current system keeps them from raising capital at a faster
faster rate and impede the
growth of herds and therefore, the increment of revenues
revenues.. Their income level is around US$12,658
per year.
Type 2 Producers.. This group compromises 8% of producers. They have more than 13 heads of cattle
and an average of 15. After several years they continue to be in a process of capital formation but
have not been able to move away from farming, with a productive area dedicated to cultivation of
roughly 6.7 ha, making agricultural income the most important source and even more important
impo than
that from cattle-raising
raising and pasture rental. Their available family day-labor
day labor is fully used (707
workdays per year, 470 in crops, 60 in cattle-raising,
cattle raising, and 177 workdays sold). Their income is around
US$9,500.
Type 3 Producers.. This group covers 32% of the producers. They normally own fewer cattle (4.8
animals on average). Despite the low amount of area under crops (2.9 ha), these are the producers
who generate most income from agriculture (US$1,497/year), followed by the sale of off off-farm day-
labor
or (US$819), and income from cattle
cattle-raising
raising (US$778). In addition, they earn US$693 from
pasture rental. An average annual income for this type of producer is estimated at US$5,034.
Type 4 Producers.. This group encompasses 37% of producers. They have no cattle, have an average
of 19 ha, and only use 1.78 ha for crops. Their principal source of income is pasture rental
(US$1,284/year), followed by crops ($928), and the sale of day-labor
day labor ($325). The re
remuneration per
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

workday in the system is US$15 and they can only use 263 workdays; this shows low employment
opportunities. Annual income is US$3,934.
Indigenous people.
They are indigenous groups that are economically homogeneous. Through the survey it was estimated
that each household has 3.2 ha of crops and cattle, where 70% is used for cattle, 20% for agricultural, and
10% for fallow. The family’s net income is US$1,217 per year/family. In addition, they earn a
complementary income of US$217/year
US$21 by selling day-labor.
Medium farmers
Although the two involved farmers have a higher income level ($15,000/year) and larger farms relative to
farmers from other municipalities
municipalities,, they have manifested that still their restricted capital and the slow
growth rate of their herds limits their investment capacity for implementing any other land use
alternative.26
This restrictive economic capacity of project participants prevents them for implementing alternatives
land uses 2 and 3. Taking into account this
this socioeconomic context and historical land use changes it can
be expected that the extensive grazing will continue in the project area without this CDM project activity
and that in consequence the process of land degradation would not be stopped. In other words the
alternative 1 is the only one not prevented by the investment
i barrier.
STEP 4: Common practice analysis
According to the step 4: “Commonommon practice analysis”

analysis that is part of the most recent version of the
“Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and demonstrate additionality in A/R CDM project
activities” the additionality is assessed and demonstrated. Particularly, in this section similar forestation
activities to those proposed in this A/R CDM project are identified as the distinctions or similarities
between them. This permits to assess the additionality of the project activities. In this sense, similar
forestation activities have been identified in the region (Department of Cordoba) to the ones proposed in
this A/R CDM project: Rubber plantations, silvopastoral systems and reforestation with timber species. In
fact this department is the second one with commercial plantations in Colombia (about 20.000 ha from a
fo 27). In spite of this, still 70%
total of 2’502.000 ha from which about 324.000 its potential land use is forest
of the department area is covered by pastures dominating the grazing activities.
Rubber
ubber plantations in the area and in small farmer’s land holdings were possible because of the support
given by USAID- funded project that aims to help people affected by the social and military conflict.
However this has been isolated efforts that were possible only by subsidies given by international
cooperation. These activities although contributed to create local capacities for enc
encouraging farmers to
keep implementing these forestry systems, were not continued basically because of the lack of financial
26
CVS, CORPOICA, CIAT. 2006. Estudio socioeconomico-familiar
socioeconomico liar de los corregimientos de Villanueva y Las
Nubes
ubes y evaluación de impactos sociales potenciales del proyecto ddee restauración de áreas degradadas con plantas
nativas. Monteria, Cordoba. Colombia. October, 2006. 20 p
27
Sierra, M.Por que invertir en plantaciones forestales? El semillero.
http://www.elsemillero.net/pdf/porque_invertir_plantaciones.pdf
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

support. It is worth noting, that participants of the strata 4 are some of beneficiaries of this capacity
building effort and as such,
h, they were the ones that proposed this alternative for the project. They are
quite familiar with the techniques used for producing the plantings and consider rubber as a good option
to increase their revenues in the short term if the investment barrier is removed.
In the other hand reforestation using the CIF (Certified Incentive for Reforestation) given to land owners
to cover establishment costs of plantations has been used by some farmers owning large lands. Although
innovative and in principle a good
good mechanism to encourage reforestation, has not been attractive and
feasible for medium and smallholders due to the requirements to apply for. These are:
1) Forest establishment and management plan

2) Eligibility and request form
3) Map of the land showing legal boundaries
4) Land owner identification
5) Land aerial photography
6) Letter certifying land owner linkage with the commercial forestry chain
7) Land title
8) Copy of professional license of a forester (to be the technical assistant during the
plantation)
9) One year contract for the forester
The forest establishment and management plan should include: description of the land to be reforested
(soils, climate, current land use, forest land use potential according to IGAC land use zoning,
geomorphology, relief, fauna and d flora, etc); technical, commercial and forest management specifications
(seed source, species to be used, procedures for germplasm reproduction, planting technical specifications
(e.g. density, soil preparation techniques, etc), thinning and harvesting schedule,
schedule, pest and disease control
measures, etc); and economic assessment (source of financial resources, financial analysis, cash flows,
etc)28.
To accomplish all these requirements it is evident that technical and financial capacities to design the
project
ct are needed, and very unlikely to be fulfilled by small and medium farmers. Thus, to formulate the
establishment and management plan, to contract a forester for at least 1 year, and even to access to aerial
photos may be particularly impossible for them. Also, there is not any parallel mechanism to facilitate this
in lands of small farmers –as
as those involved in this CDM project. Thus this is an instrument mostly used
by farmers with higher financial and technical capacities. In addition, CONPES (2009)29 reported that
during the last years the applications to CIF have been reduced for the Department of Cordoba and
currently in the municipality of Valencia (strata 11-3)
3) there are about 2533 ha of tree plantations assisted
with the CIF. This evidences the restricted
restricted coverage of the mechanism and its limitations to benefit small
farmers.
Although having registered a CDM project may imply similar requirements to those needed for CIF
incentive,, the option of having the CERs as an additional benefit derived from the
the plantations have made
possible the participation of an investor as CVS and of CORPOICA and CIAT as technical responsible
28
http://www.minagricultura.gov.co/02componentes/06com_03d_cif.aspx
29
CONPES – Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social. (2009). Distribución de recursos para el certificado
de incentivo forestal con fines comerciales (CIF de reforestación) – vigenciaa 2009. Bogotá, Colombia
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

for project preparation.. In that way, CVS,

CVS CORPOICA and CIAT will recover part of its investment with
the sale of the CERs leaving timber-derived
t benefits for the farmers.. Without these carbon-related
benefits it is highly unlikely that an external investor will enter into an agreement with small poor farmers
since timber-derived
derived benefits will be captured in the long term and if share, will reduce the net profits for
farmers. Also the participation of CORPOICA and CIAT who assumed the technical responsibility in the
formulation of the project attract medium farmers as those of Valencia municipality who in case of being
interested to claim for the CIF incentive need to pay in advanced to a technical advisor in order to meet
the technical requirements.
In another hand, there are private initiatives. For example a private reforestation project in the Cordoba
Department that is been supported by multiple international and national organizations and that aims to
cover 15000ha in 10 years30. This project has been designed on the basis of multiple partnerships for
receiving technical and financial support. So without it, the project may not
not be feasible. Also this project
is in a distinct municipality (Tierra Alta) where soils are less degraded than those found in the A/R project
boundary. Also, it is reported by DANE and CVS that 51% of the existing commercial plantations in the
Department of Cordoba did not need external financial support indicating that most of them are owned by
wealthy companies or persons. Also other 40% are financed through the CIF and FINAGRO (A second- second
floor Colombia bank to support agricultural activities) for which requirements are difficult to accomplish
by small and medium farmers as abovementioned20.
To finalize and as mentioned in the previous sections, there are some 20 hectares of silvopastoral systems
established on producer’s farms in the last years, highly subsidized by CORPOICA as a mechanism to
promote the technology. However, due to the lack of more and sustainable financial support the system
has not been adopted in other lands.
In summary, the existing reforestation efforts in the Department of Cordoba

Cordoba have been feasible by means
of specific private or public efforts that support technically and financially these initiatives, which are not
permanent neither oriented to all small farmers of the territory. Actually, Espinar et al. (2005) reported
bout 70% of commercial plantations in Colombia are owned by big forestry companies31 and in
that about
Cordoba in the wood production and commercialization chain most of the partners are privates32 (this
documents are available to validators).
validators) It is clear that the required
ired initial investment to convert grazing
lands to planted forests is the main barrier that in similar reforestation activities has been removed by
receiving government subsidies or international and private support. However there is not any generalized
mechanism
echanism to facilitate this in smallholdings remaining small farmer marginalized of this kind of
initiatives. Under these circumstances, the A/R project activity will try to remove investment barriers by
leveraging financial support and providing technical advice through specific partnerships stimulated by
the permanence character that a carbon project gives to a reforestation activity and its coco-benefits.
Additional incentives are brought by the pilot nature of the activities with the interest of the proponents to
allow for future scaling up of the land use changes. In addition, without the incentive of the CDM
participation, it would not have been possible to get all the different social groups involved to act
30
http://www.3fkanguroid.com/pagina_principal.htm
31
Espinal, C., Martínez, H., Salazar, M. and Acevedo, X. 2005. La cadena forestal y madera en Colombia. Una
mirada global de su estructura y dinamica. 1991-2005.
1991 Ministerio de Agricultura
ultura y Desarrollo. Documento de
Trabajo No. 64. Bogota. Marzo 2005.
32
Ruiz, P. 2009. CFC: Sembrando futuro en la region de Cordoba. Revista El Mueble y la Madera. Enero 2009.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

together, nor would have different institutions

institutions come forward to support the activity such us CIAT and
CORPOICA which main role have been on providing technical guidance on developing the CDM project
itself and facilitating the adoption of silvopastoral systems, respectively
respectively.. Therefore, there would no
not have
been an effort to sequester carbon in this region. Most likely the isolated efforts of the ethnic Zenu
communities and the small and medium size farmers would have gone unnoticed.
As a result, the participation of these diverse entities has been possible. The main reasons stimulating are:
b. The
he permanence of the plantations is assured through formal long-termterm CER contracts between
the project participants and the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund. This institutional requirement has
attracted an external investor (CVS), who is essential for covering the upfront cost for the
establishment of the plantations that would otherwise be impossible to be covered by the project
beneficiaries.
c. The nature of the beneficiaries and the potential of tree plantations to restore the degraded lands
or halt the degradation process, have attracted institutions such as CORPOICA and CIAT that are
committed to poverty allalleviation through improvements of land nd productivity and better natural
resource management. The participation of these institutions was stimulated by the involvement
of small and medium-size
size farmers and indigenous communities that are often marginalized from
large scale commercial projects. Also, the participation of these institutions in this project is
considered as an opportunity to learn about the carbon market and then to continue facilitating
this kind of projects in other environments. The involvement of these two institutions has
provided the required technical knowledge about the implementation of forestry systems and its
economic evaluation. The participation of these institutions has also stimulated the participation
of the investor (CVS) by providing a reliable technical environment
environment for the project.
Thus, the circumstances under which the identified similar activities have been undertaken are different
compare to those of the baseline scenario of this A/R project area.
area. Particularly, most of those similar
activities are carried out by large farmers and wealthy companies or are highly subsidized by tem temporal
international cooperation and are practiced in relatively small portion of the Caribbean savannah territory.
This elucidates that the common practice is not this kind of forestry activities remaining dominant the
grazing activities (49% of the Sinu River watershed is dedicated to grazing and 41% is in fallow or native
vegetation). Thus,, we conclude that the baseline is not the A/R project activity and that there are essential
distinctions between the proposed CDM project activity and similar identified activities
activities. In consequence,
the A/R project activity is additional.
C.5.2. Description of the identified baseline scenario (separately for each stratum defined
in Section C.4.):
>>
According to the decision tree indicated in the sub-step 2c: Determination of baseline scenario (allowed
by the barrier analysis) and part of the most recent version of the “Combined tool to identify the baseline
scenario and demonstrate additionality in A/R CDM project activities”,
activities”, the baseline scenario is the
alternative 1: the lands continue to be used for extensive grazing and/or marginal agriculture, and the
advances Pasturelands are dedicated to extensive grazing
soil degradation process advances. azing for beef and dairy
production and marginal agriculture consisted on the production of cash crops. This information was
verified in the field and the boundaries of each stratum were defined using GPS points (section A.7 and
C.4). In addition the economic
mic context of land owners is already explained in section C.5.1.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

C.6. Assessment and demonstration of additionality:

additionality
>>
As explained in section C.5.1. the project activities are not the baseline scenario due to investment
barriers that with this CDM project are removed. The CDM registration has been crucial to get financial
support from CVS to cover upfront costs and from CIAT and CORPOICA to provide technical support to
formulate the project (respective agreements will be available to DOE).
DOE). This has been possible as CERs
revenues will permit to recuperate part of this investment while farmers will improve their incomes by
benefiting from the forestry systems products and co-products.
co products. Similar forestry activities have been
practiced in the region. However this has been possible for larger farmers with greater capitals or in some
cases by smallholders which plantations were subsidized
subsidized by a temporal international cooperation project.
Also, these similar activities are not common in the region dominating extensive grazing activities in the
territory.
C.7. Estimation of the ex ante baseline net GHG removals by sinks:

sinks
>>
The baseline net greenhouse gas removals by sinks are expected to be negative due to ongoing degra degra-
dation. This is due to the fact that project lands are in a degradation process that are either abandoned or
subject to grazing activity impeding the encroachment
encroachment of naturally regenerated forests.
forests
Although some isolated and remaining trees may be present in some of the lands of the project area area, it has
been verified in the field that its crown cover of trees within the project boundary is less than 20% of the
threshold for crown cover reported by the host Party so the baseline net GHG removals by sinks will be
accounted for as zero. Also during project activity implementation those few trees will be kept standing
without affecting the tree plantation density proposed
pr by the project. Thus,, this project will conservatively
assume that baseline net greenhouse gas removal by sinks is zero.
Furthermore, carbon
arbon in dead wood, litter,
litter non-tree vegetation and soil are conservatively omitted from the
accounting as permitted by the applicability conditions of the selected A/R methodology.
ID Data Data Value applied Data Source Comment

number33 variable unit
Please present final results of your calculations using the following tabular format.
Year Annual estimation of baseline net
anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks in
tonnes of CO2 e
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
33
Please provide ID number for cross-referencing
cross in the PDD.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 0
Total estimated baseline net GHG 00
removals by sinks (tonnes of CO2 e)
Total number of crediting years 20
Annual average over the crediting 0
period of estimated baseline net
GHG removals by sinks (tonnes of
CO2 e)
C.8. Date of completion of the baseline study and the name of person(s)/entity(ies) determining the
baseline:
>>
Date of completion of the baseline study: December, 2007
Persons/Entities determining the baseline:
Carlos Andres Rodriguez. Corporación Autónoma de los Valle del Sinu y San Jorge, CVS.
andres.rodriguez@cvs.gov.co
Oswaldo Ruiz. Corporación Autónoma de los Valle del Sinu y San Jorge, CVS. oswaldorp26@gmail.com
Marcela Quintero. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT. m.quintero@cgiar.org
Rubén Darío Estrada. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT. r.estrada@cgiar.org
Natalia Uribe. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT. n.uribe@cgiar.org
Yasmin Socorro Cajas. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA.

ycajas@corpoica.org.co
John Jairo Zuluaga. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA.

jzuluaga@corpoica.org.co
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Rafael Hurtado. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA.

CORPOICA.
rhurtado@corpoica.org.co
World Bank reviewers:

Sebastian Scholz, sscholz@worldbank.org
Rama Chandra Reddy, rreddy1@worldbank.org
SECTION D. Estimation of ex ante actual net GHG removals by sinks, leakage and estimated
amount of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks over the chosen crediting period
D.1. Estimate of the ex ante actual net GHG removals by sinks:

>>
The actual
ctual net greenhouse gas removals by sinks represent the sum of the verifiable changes in car
carbon
stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary, minus the increase in greenhouse emissions
emis by
sources measured in CO2 equivalents within
within the project boundary that are a result of the implementation
of an AR CDM project activity (equation 12 of the latest version of the selected methodology –AR-
AM0009)
Estimation of changes in the carbon stocks
The estimate of changes in carbon stocks within

w the project boundary the equation 13 of the selected
methodology was adopted and applied for five stand types: 1) Timber species (strata 1-3),
1 2) Rubber trees
(Stratum 4) and 3) Timber species assisted by shrubs (Stratum 5). This equation permit to sum
s all changes
in above and below ground carbon pools considered in this project. The carbon stock change in living
biomass of planted permanent non-tree
non tree vegetation was conservatively assumed to be zero as allowed by
the selected methodology. Also changes in deadwood and litter carbon stocks are conservatively assumed
as zero since fuelwood gathering could occur.
Tree Biomass
The mean carbon stock in above-ground

above and below-ground
ground biomass per unit area was estimated using the
Allometric Equations method (section 5.1.1., equation 19-22
19 22 of selected methodology)
To calculate carbon stocks in above ground biomass,

biomass the trees standing volumes were calculated using
allometric equations for the selected tree species. For the carbon stocks in below ground biomass
biomass, “root to
shoot” ratios were applied. In addition, commercial harvesting, fuel wood gathering and mortality were
taken into account, being reflected in the number of trees and volumes per year, which are variables used
in the allometric calculations.
All calculations were made using the TARAM tool (V 1.3) 34 which will be available to validators. The
following are the parameter values and allometric equations used for calculating carbon stocks in above
and below ground biomass for each stand model:
34
Tool for Afforestation
tation and Reforestation Approved Methodologies, V1.3.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Timber species
Allometric equations of the tree species, Tabebuia rosea, Tectona grandis and Cariniana pyriformis,
pyriformis
taken in locations with similar environmental conditions to the project lands were used to calculate the
annual stand volumes.
Stand Model 1: Cariniana pyriformis
Values of volume (m3/ha) reported by Aramburo (1985)35 where used for the selected crediting period.
The stand volume per hectare considered thinning operations on year 8 and 15. The carbon stock changes
were estimated using a carbon fraction value of 0.46, an expansion factor of 236, an average wood density
of 0.64 and a root to shoot ratio of 0.2737.
Stand Model 2: Tabebuia rosea::
The same growth model applied to Cariniana pyriformis was used for this tree specie
species due to the similar
growth performance, and the lack of allometric measures reported for this native species. This procedure
is accepted by the selected methodology. The stand volume per hectare considered thinning operations
and harvesting was calculated. The carbon stock changes were estimated using a carbon fraction value of
0.46, an expansion factor of 2.89, an average wood density of 0.52 and a root to shoot ratio of 0.2714.
Stand Model 3: Tectona grandis:
The values of DBH and tree height were determined

determined annually for the crediting period using available
measures taken in the Department of Cordoba (Colombia) for T. grandis plantations of diverse age. Three
allometric equations were used to
o calculate the tree volume, which are:
0459301*DBH) – 0.133074 * (DBH^0.5) ^238

i) TTV = 0.146675+(0.0459301*DBH)
ii) TTV = 0.0124845 – 0.00345137 * (DBH) + 0.00045169 * (DBH^2) + 0.00000994466 * (DBH^3)39
iii) TTV = 0.00028 * DBH ^2.32640940
35
Aramburo P J.E. El crecimiento del abarco Cariniana Pyriformis en las zonas tropicales húmedas de Colombia.
Medellín. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Seccional de Medellín . 1985, pag 179
36
IPCC Good Practices Guidance – Biomass Expansion Factor, Default Values. Table 3A. 1--10
37
IPCC Good Practices Guidance – Root to Shoot ratio, Default Values. Table 3A. 1-8
38
Gómez, M. y Mora. F. 200?. Comparación de modelos y unificación de ecuaciones de volumen para árboles
individuales en plantaciones de Teca (Tectona grandis Linn) en Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigación y Servicios
Forestales (INISEFOR). Universidad Nacional. Heredia. Costa Rica.
39 Mora., F. y Gómez, M. 200?. Ecuaciones y tablas de volumen
volumen para árboles individuales en plantaciones de Teca
(Tectona grandis). Vertiente del Pacifico. Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales (INISEFOR).
Universidad Nacional. Heredia. Costa Rica
40
Torres, D.A. 2004. Modelación del crecimiento
crecimiento y producción de volumen y biomasa de la teca. Trabajo de grado.
Ingeniería Forestal. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Medellín.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Where:
TTV, Total tree volume (m3/tree)

DBH, Diameter Breast Height (m)
The three equations provided similar stand volume models demonstrating a high consistency.
consistency Final stand
volume values used for the estimation of carbon stock changes were obtained from equation (iii) that was
derived from Colombian allometric measures. Using the volume estimates per tree, the stand volume per
hectare was calculated considering the density of seedlings
seedling to be planted, thinning and harvesting. The
carbon stocks were calculated per hectare using a carbon fraction value of 0.48, an expansion factor of 2,
an average wood density of 0.641 and a root to shoot ratio of 0.2742.
Rubber plantations
Stand Model 4:: Rubber tree plantation
The following allometric equation developed for Colombia rubber plantations was used:
ground biomass (Kg)= (2,5956 * Log CBH) – 2.3858 (R2=0.9792)43

Log Above-ground
Where:
CBH, circumference at breast height (m)
The allometric measures were obtained from FEDECAUCHO44 and applied to this equation. The carbon
stock change was calculated based on the stand volume obtained per hectare and using a carbon fraction
value of 0.4418.
Stand Model 5.. Timber species assisted with shrubs
The carbon stock change was calculated only for the tree species that will be planted for providing shade
to forage shrubs. So, the ex ante calculation of net GHG G removals is conservative by not taking into
account the biomass of shrubs. The growth for Tabebuia rosea was estimated using the same allometric
equation applied in stand model 1 but adjusting the planting density and considering that no thinning and
harvesting
vesting will occur in this stand.
In addition, the expected stand volume of Swietenia macrophylla and Bombacopsis quinatum was
estimated. For this purpose, the following allometric equations
equation were used:
41
Valero, U. W., Reyes, E. C., León, W., Garay, D. 200?. Relación entre anatomía y propiedades físico
físico-mecánicas
de la especie Tectona grandis proveniente de los llanos occidentales de Venezuela. Universidad de los Andes.
Merida, Venezuela.
42
IPCC GPG-LULUCF
LULUCF Table 3A.1.8
43
Nieves, H.E. y Buitrago, C.E. 2005. Evaluación de los niveles de remoción de CO2 efectuada por plantaciones de
caucho Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. en Colombia. Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Facultad de
Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. March 2005. Bogota.
44
Federación Nacional de Productores de Caucho
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Swietenia macrophylla:
TTV=0.044*(H42*DBH) 0.9719
Bombacopsis quinatum: The stand volume for this specie was estimated using the following equation
derived from B.quinatum plantations in a similar Colombian region:
TTV = (0.25718 * DBH*2 * (H – 0.1) * 3.4622) / (H-1.3) * 2.462245
Where:
TTV, Total tree volume (m3/tree)

DBH, Diameter Breast Height (m)
H, Height (m)
The equation was applied using allometric measures from Colombian plantations at the age of 4 and 12
years and from secondary information46. The stand volume per hectare considered thinnin
thinning operations on
year 8 and 15. The carbon stock changes were estimated using a carbon fraction value of 0.4647, an
expansion factor of 2.27, an average wood density of 0.4 and a root to shoot ratio of 0.2714.
Dasometric measures were taken from growth records

records obtained in Belice, Peru and Costa Rica. The
carbon stock changes were estimated using a carbon fraction value of 0.5, an expansion factor of 2, an
average wood density of 0.5 and a root to shoot ratio of 0.2714.
For fruit trees, allometric equatio

equations
ns developed by CORPOICA and CIAT with local data on 2005 were
applied. All supporting material of the research behind these equations qill be available for validation if
required. This research is in the process of being published. The equations are:
Albizia saman:: Ln Biomasa (kg ha-1)

ha =-4.69+2.94*LnDB
Guazuma ulmifolia: LnBiomasa (kg ha-1)=-2.97+2.40*LnDB
Cassi grandis:: LnBiomasa (kg ha-1)=-3.34+2.73*LnDB

ha
Where:
DB is basal diameter (cm)
Dasometric measures were taken from 5-yrs 5 yrs old local plantations and growth records for tropical
countries found in secondary literature. The carbon stock changes were estimated using a carbon fraction
value of 0.45,, an expansion factor of 2, a wood density from 0.55 to 0.71 depending the specie and a root
to shoot ratio of 0.2714.
45
Urueña, H. 1999. Ceiba roja. Bombacopsis quinata, Establecimiento y manejo de una especie tropical. Monterrey
Forestal Ltda. Pizano S.A. Colombia.
46
Cordero, J. y D.H. Boshier (Eds). 2003 Árboles de Centroamérica. OFI-
OFI CATIE.
47
Melchior, G., Quijada, M., Garay, V.
V y Valera, L. 1996. Ensayo de Progenies de Saqui-Saqui
Saqui (Bombacopsis
(
quinata JACQ DUGAND) sin Aclareo a la Edad Aproximada de 26 Años). Silvae Genetica 45, 55–6 (1996)
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Planted non-tree
tree woody vegetation, dead wood and litter biomass
Not selected. From the sum of the changes in living tree biomass carbon stocks (above and below ground)
no decrease in carbon stock in living biomass carbon pools of non-tree
non tree vegetation in the year of site
preparation,, dead wood, litter and soil organic carbon was subtracted since this is expected to be not
significant (e.g., biomass burning will not occur).
Estimation of GHG emissions within the project boundary
Non-CO2
CO2 GHG emissions are considered insignificant/ negligible by the selected methodology
methodology. For this
reason these emissions are assumed
assume as zero.
Actual Net GHG removals by sinks
The resultant actual net GHG removals by sinks were estimated using the equation 12 of the latest version
of the AR/AM0009 methodology. Thus actual net GHG removals is the result of subtracting the iincrease
in GHG emissions (GHGE) as a result of the implementation
implem of the proposed A/R CDM project activity
within the project boundary from the sum
s of the changes in above-ground (∆CAG G) and below-ground
(∆CBG) tree. The resultant values are detailed in Table 12 below.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

FOR AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM
(CDM-AR-PDD) - Version 04
Table 12. Actual net GHG removals by sinks

Stratum 1 Stratum 2 Stratum 3 Stratum 4 Stratum 5 Stratum 6 CACTUAL
Cumulative CO2e removal Annual Cumulative
t year ∆CAG ∆CBG ∆CAG ∆CBG ∆CAG ∆CBG ∆CAG ∆CBG ∆CAG ∆CBG ∆CAG ∆CBG
tCO2e
1 - - - - 183.6 49.6 - - 95.2 25.7 - - 354.02 354.02
2 21.6 5.8 12.7 3.4 639.6 172.7 3,642.7 510.0 187.7 50.7 - - 4,892.85 5,246.87
3 79.9 21.6 34.2 9.2 2,217.2 598.7 15,745.2 2,204.3 584.1 157.7 416.5 112.5 16,934.25 22,181.12
4 483.9 130.7 91.4 24.7 3,166.9 855.1 43,444.1 6,082.2 1,007.8 272.1 768.8 207.6 34,353.99 56,535.11
5 1,031.3 278.4 86.2 23.3 4,307.8 1,163.1 94,151.6 13,181.2 1,577.7 426.0 1,363.5 368.2 61,423.34 117,958.44
6 2,255.0 608.8 94.6 25.5 5,138.7 1,387.4 154,450.6 21,623.1 2,402.6 648.7 2,391.9 645.8 73,714.39 191,672.83
7 2,327.1 628.3 193.5 52.3 5,991.4 1,617.7 218,955.2 30,653.7 3,313.2 894.6 3,936.2 1,062.8 77,953.20 269,626.03
8 2,842.6 767.5 292.4 79.0 5,434.7 1,467.4 274,553.9 38,437.5 4,278.4 1,155.2 5,165.5 1,394.7 66,242.74 335,868.77
9 4,925.6 1,329.9 180.0 48.6 6,796.5 1,835.0 329,945.3 46,192.3 5,403.1 1,458.8 6,618.6 1,787.0 70,652.19 406,520.96
10 7,008.7 1,892.3 278.9 75.3 8,349.1 2,254.2 386,626.7 54,127.7 6,696.9 1,808.2 8,312.7 2,244.4 73,154.13 479,675.09
11 4,951.5 1,336.9 377.8 102.0 10,099.1 2,726.8 441,284.3 61,779.8 8,119.8 2,192.3 10,257.9 2,769.6 66,322.71 545,997.80
12 7,394.5 1,996.5 476.7 128.7 12,052.7 3,254.2 493,276.7 69,058.7 9,705.0 2,620.4 12,469.2 3,366.7 69,802.38 615,800.18
13 9,837.6 2,656.1 575.6 155.4 14,215.4 3,838.2 542,656.8 75,971.9 11,317.4 3,055.7 14,407.8 3,890.1 66,777.89 682,578.07
14 12,280.7 3,315.8 674.5 182.1 16,592.4 4,480.0 589,519.1 82,532.7 13,087.8 3,533.7 16,536.0 4,464.7 64,621.45 747,199.52
15 14,723.7 3,975.4 773.4 208.8 19,188.4 5,180.9 633,976.7 88,756.7 14,921.0 4,028.7 18,794.2 5,074.4 62,402.77 809,602.29
16 16,423.8 4,434.4 436.2 117.8 20,211.5 5,457.1 676,148.6 94,660.8 16,913.2 4,566.6 21,247.2 5,736.7 56,751.61 866,353.90
17 18,123.8 4,893.4 535.1 144.5 19,438.2 5,248.3 716,153.9 100,261.5 18,999.8 5,130.0 23,896.0 6,451.9 52,922.61 919,276.51
18 11,279.2 3,045.4 634.0 171.2 9,444.1 2,549.9 754,107.6 105,575.1 21,227.2 5,731.3 26,746.6 7,221.6 28,456.60 947,733.11
19 13,722.3 3,705.0 732.9 197.9 10,615.0 2,866.0 790,119.4 110,616.7 23,439.6 6,328.7 29,695.5 8,017.8 52,323.73 1,000,056.85
20 16,165.3 4,364.6 831.8 224.6 11,865.2 3,203.6 824,292.9 115,401.0 25,799.4 6,965.8 32,849.6 8,869.4 50,776.45 1,050,833.30
1,050,833.30
51/85
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

D.2. Estimate of the ex ante leakage:

leakage
>>
There are not significant project leakages derived from the project activities. Since emissions from
vehicle fossil fuel combustion due to the transportation of seedling, soil preparation machines,
transportation of harvest products (wood and rubber), project inspections and additional inputs (e (e.g.,
fertilizers, manures, wire, etc) and from the collection of wood from nonrenewable sources are considered
insignificant in A/R activities according to EB042 and EB044.
EB
Also, under applicability conditions of the selected methodology it is expected that the project activity
will not cause any significant leakage, hence LK is equal to 0.
D.3. Net Anthropogenic GHG Removals by Sinks
Net antropogenic GHG removals (CAR/CDM) is the actual net GHG removals by sinks (∆CACTUAL) minus
the baseline net GHG removals by sinks (∆CBSL) minus leakage (LK) (equation 38 if the latest version of
the selected methodology). Since ∆CBSL are zero (section C.7)) and there are not significant project
leakages, CAR/CDM = ∆CACTUAL. Then CAR/CDM is equal to 1029642 t CO2e.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

SECTION E. Monitoring plan
All data collected as part of monitoring should be archived electronically and be kept at least for 2 years
after the end of the last crediting period. One hundred percent of the data should be monitored if not
indicated otherwise in the tables below. All measurements should be conducted according to relevant
standards.
E.1. Monitoring of the project implementation:
E.1.1. Monitoring of forest establishment and management:

>>
According to the selected methodology the geographic position of the project boundary (and any
stratification inside the boundary) needs to be recorded and archived in the PDD for all areas of land and
this can be done by field survey (e.g., using GPS), or by using georeferenced spatial data (e.g., maps, GIS
datasets, orthorectified aerial photography or georeferenced remote sensing images). This has already
been recorded in this PDD (section A.4.2) for more than 2/3 of the total project area. However duringdurin
monitoring this will be verified again in order to ensure that corresponding databases are consistent with
the project implementation (Table 13).
The following are the variables that will be considered to monitor the fores forest establishment and
management in accordance to the section III.1 of the selected methodology. In this table detailed variables
are shown that are considered important to ensure an appropriate forest establishment and management.
Some of these management-related
related variables are also important
impor for ex-post
post carbon removals estimations.
Table 13. Monitoring variable of forest establishment and management.

management
ID Data variable Data unit Measured Recording Number of data Comment
number48 (m), frequency points / Other
calculated measure of
(c) estimated number of
(e) or default collected data.
(d)49
E.1.1.1 Reforested Hectares m Once shortly Polygon At the beginning all
area per strata after points in each polygons will be
plantation of parcel taken with GPS and
each site and at 5 year intervals it
at 5 year will be done
intervals randomly to verify.
Any changes
observed to the
project boundary
during the field
surveys will be
recorded and
reported to the DOE
at the time of
subsequent
verification.
48
cross in the PDD.
49
Please provide full reference to data source.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

E.1.1.2 Planting No.trees/ha m Once shortly 100% of Seedling survival

density per after project area at check will be used
strata plantation (3 the beginning to determine where
months) and of the project seedling
later every (first year) and replacement is
year during later in needed due to
the first three permanent mortality
years to sampling plots
check every 5 years
seedling
survival and
later at 5 year
intervals
E.1.1.3 Number of unities m At the Three The revision should

forest beginning of management help to monitor if
management the project plans (timber SOP is
plans and revised species, rubber accomplished and
elaborated every 3 year plantation and establishment and
as project silvopastoral management is on
advances systems) track
E.1.1.4 Number of Number of m Once every Refers to fires and
events of fires, events event any event that can
pest or happens potentially reduce
diseases the amount of
attended carbon stored at the
reforested areas.
E.1.1.5 Number of Number of m Once every

prunings, events event
thinnings and happens
harvests
E.1.1.6 Amount of Trees/plot m Once every In sampling
trees harvested harvest, plots
per strata prune or
thinning
event occurs
E.1.1.7 Number of Number of m Once every
reports of on- events event
site field happens
inspections
E.1.1.8 Project Number of At least once In sampling
participants consultations every 6 plots and to
comments and done to months community
suggestions project during the representatives
with respect to beneficiaries establishment
forest or number of and annually
establishment suggestions afterwards
and received
management from them
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

E.1.2.
.2. If required by the selected approved methodology, describe or provide reference to,
SOPs and quality control/quality assurance (QA/QC) procedures applied.
>>
The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
( will be included in each forest management plan for each
project activity. This includes:
(a) Technical description of the system: list of tree and non-tree

n tree species, planting density,
expected wood outputs, location, etc.;
(b) Main activities to be performed within the crediting period, particularly: site preparation,
planting, pruning, thinnings, and/or harvesting;
(c) Actions to be taken as a consequence
consequence of forest fires, pests, and plagues; and reporting
requirements for project participants;
(d) Measures to prevent leakages and/or prevent or mitigate significant environmental or social
impacts;
(e) Expected inputs in terms of material and labor.
These management plans were written by contracted foresters (Bosque Consorcio Tropical) who are in
charge of the forest establishment and management and CVS, a project participant, have revised it in
order to ensure that it contains all the procedures that project implementers should follow. The plans were
elaborated using the format established by national authorities for reforestation activities and that includes
components abovementioned. CVS is in charge of auditing the implementation to ensure that the
procedures are accomplished. This ensures that a record of the plan as actually implemented during the
project shall be available for validation or verification, as appropriate (as recommended by the selected
methodology)
Variables indicating procedures in the establishment and

a management are included in section E.1.1.
As part of the QA/QP procedures the following elements should be considered during monitoring
monitoring: 1)
Verification that standard operating procedures (SOPs) for project activities are complied as agree in the
forest management plans approved by CVS;
CVS 2) Recording of information and consistency checks; and 3)
Consolidation and archiving based on accepted procedures (e..g.
(e national forest monitoring procedures,
suggested on available published handbooks, or from the IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003). 2003
E.2. Sampling design and stratification

>>
Stratification
Each strata is defined by environmental conditions (soils, temperature, rainfall),

), baseline land cover and
type of project activity as presented in section C.4. The same procedure should be follow
followed for ex post
stratification.
If there is no change of the type of species included in each stand model,

model in the growth rate of trees of the
same species, or in the reasons to establish the strata, there should not be any change on the five strata
defined in section C.4. However sub-strata
sub should be added to each stratum to reflect the different age
classes inside the same stratum as a result of different planting years.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

If different growth rates occur in the same stand model then this different section of the stand model will
become a new stratum. The measured growth rate is, consequently, the indicator to monitor the
assumption that there are five strata
strat to be considered. Then any change on stratification should be done
once after each monitoring event.
Sampling design:
Permanent sampling plots will be used for sampling over time to measure and monitor changes in carbon
stocks. Permanent sample plots are generally regarded as statistically efficient in estimating changes in
forest carbon stocks because typically there is high covariance between observations at successive
sampling events. It is necessary to ensure that sampling pl
plots
ots are treated in the same way as other lands
within the project boundary, e.g., during site and soil preparation, weeding, fertilization, irrigation,
thinning, etc., and should not be destroyed over the monitoring interval. Thus, local markers to be used
should not be visible. The GPS coordinates would also be used to identify the plots. The plot area will be
0.06 ha for all strata.
Sample size
Calculation of the number of samples for collection of field data and its distribution (by each stratum)
over the A/R CDM project area was conducted in accordance to the approved tool “Calculation of the
number of sample plots for measurements within A/R CDM project activities”
(http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar
http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-03-v2.pdf)
The method 1 was used for defining sample size per stratum and a precision level of 10% in the mean with
a 95% confidence interval is adopted for the estimation of carbon pools. The sample size estimation assumes a
standard deviation of 40% for all stratum taking into account lack of empirical data on biomass estimates in the
early stages of the species, its fast growth and degraded nature of soils, this assumption is reasonable and
conservative as it increases the sample size and reduces the variability in the carbon stock and its change.
Annex 5 shows the parameters and calculations per stratum.

strat Table 14 shows the sample size obtained with
available pre-project
project information. The sample size for subsequent monitoring interval will be modified if
variation observed in carbon stock changes after the first monitoring event based on n samples.
Table 14. Number of sample

mple plots for measuring the changes in living biomass
Rounded Plot
Stratum Stratum Name
Quantity
Total Sample Size

Stratum 1 Cariniana pyriformis
pyriformiss 2
Stratum 2 Tabebuia rosea 1
Stratum 3 Tectona grandis 2
Stratum 4 Hevea brasiliensis 67
Silvopastoral system
1(Bombacopsis
Bombacopsis quinata,
Swetenia macrophylla,
Stratum 5 Tabebuia rosea) 1
Silvopastoral system 2
(Bombacopsis
Bombacopsis quinata,
Swetenia macrophylla,
Stratum 6 Tabebuia rosea) 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF PLOTS 74
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Plots location
The permanent sample plots will be located systematically with a random start with the help of a GPS in
the field. The use of geographical position system coordinates and random plot location permits the
adequate representation of different sub-strata
sub and strata of the project. The plot locations will be marked
using magnetic markers or GPS systems to facilitate easy identification. The plot reference points such as
plot centers will be located systematically with a random start using the GPS. The coordinates of GPS for
each stratum and sub-stratum
stratum will be recorded. If a stratum consists of several dispersed geographic units,
the plots will be located using
sing the following the criteria:
• the total stratum area is divided by the number of plots, resulting in the average area represented
by each plot;
• the area of each site is divided by this average area per plot, and assign the integer part of the
result to this site,
E.3. Monitoring of the baseline net GHG removals by sinks,

sinks, if required by the selected approved
methodology:
>>
Table 15. Monitoring variables baseline net GHG removals by sinks

ID Data variable Data Measured Recording Number of Comment
number50 unit (m), frequency sample plots
calculated (c) at which the
estimated (e) data will be
or default monitored
(d)51
E.3.1. Number of Number m Once at the 100% of Although in this project
trees in the of trees Beginning sample plots we are assuming
project area of the conservatively that the
within the project baseline is equal to 0
planting site activity. (see section 7) Any
prior to the existing tree will be left
implementation standing. This is to
of the project verify that any possible
activity tree in the project area is
not removed during
project activity
implementation.
E.4. Monitoring of the actual net GHG removals by sinks:
50
cross in the PDD.
51
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Data collection will be organized taking into account the carbon pools, sample frame and the number of
plots. Table 16 (in section E.4.1) outlines data to be collected on the project scenario in order to monitor
the changes in carbon pools. Periodic checks of the data will be undertaken to verify the data consistency.
The electronic spreadsheet formats will be used to archive

archive the data and errors will be corrected and
measurement error will be assessed.
The actual net greenhouse gas removals by sinks represent the sum of verifiable changes in the carbon
stocks of pools within the project boundary, minus the increase in GHG
GHG emissions measured in CO2
equivalents by the sources as a result of the implementation of the project activity and calculated as per
the equation B.49 outlined in the approved methodology AR-AM0009.
AR
E.4.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor the

the verifiable changes in carbon stock in the
carbon pools within the project boundary resulting from the proposed A/R CDM project activity
activity:
Project data on verifiable changes in the individual carbon pools will be collected as per the steps of this
monitoring
ring methodology and procedures of the monitoring plan. The monitoring and data collection
procedures will take into account ex post stratification, sampling and measurement procedures on the
sample plots as outlined in detail in Annex 4 on monitoring plan.
plan. The calculation of the change in the
stocks of carbon pools project will be done as per the equations M.4 to M.16
M. outlined in the Section III of
the approved methodology AR-AM000
AM0009.
.
The project utilizes data from yield tables and measurement of sample plots and where project specific
data are not available, the published data that closely reflects the conditions of the project area will be
used in the calculation of the GHG removals by sinks.
Table 16:: Data to be collected to monitor the verifiable changes in carbon stock in the carbon pools
ID Data Data unit Measured Recording Number Comment
number52 variable (m), frequency of sample
calculated plots at
(c) which the
estimated data will
(e) or be
default monitored
(d)53
E.4.1.1 Plot ID Number c Prior to the 100% of Identified and
project permanent mapped for each
plots stratum and sub-
stratum. The
number of plots to
be identified is that
one calculated in
section E.2. per
stratum
52
cross in the PDD.
53
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

E.4.1.2 Plot location Number m Once at the 100% of Plot location is

and size (coordinates) beginning of permanent noted using
the project and plots permanent markets
verified every or GPS
5 years.
E.4.1.3 Age of Year m As 100% of From the year of
plantation implementation permanent project plating
advances plots and
strata and
sub-stratum
stratum
E.1.1.1 Reforested ha Table 13.
area per
strata
E.1.1.2 Planting No. trees /ha Table 13.

density per
strata
E.1.1.6 Amount of Trees/plot Table 13
trees
harvested per
strata
E.4.1.4. DBH cm m Every 5 year All Typically measured

permanent 1.3 m above-
sample plots ground. Measure in
the permanent
sample
plots all the trees
above some
minimum DBH
that result from the
A/R
project activity.
The minimum
DBH varies
depending on tree
species and
climate; for
instance, the
minimum DBH
may be as small as
2.5 cm in arid
environments
where trees grow
slowly, whereas it
could be up to 10
cm for
humid
environments
where trees grow
rapidly
E.4.1.5. Tree Height M m Every 5 year All Optional.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

permanent
sample plots
E.4.1.6. Aboveground M3/ha c Every 5 years All DBH and height of
stand prior permanent selected trees will
volumes per verification sample plots be measured to
strata calculate the
aboveground
volume (E.4.1.4
and E.4.1.5). Or
calculated using
local allometric
equations.
E.4.1.7. Root-shoot ratio e Default value All IPCC Default

ratio used in the ex- permanent values or published
appropriate ante sample plots data for similar
for calculation or environmental
biomass once at the conditions can be
stock, for beginning of used. However if
each the year possible, sample of
specie (whatever harvested trees can
leads to a be taken to find out
conservative this ratio and refine
biomass further calculations
estimate, see of carbon stock.
section 8 of
AR/AM0009,
v4)
E.4.1.8. Biomass Dimensionless e Default value See IPCC Default value

expansion used in the ex- comment can be used as a
factor for ante conservative
conversion of calculation or measure. However
merchantable once at the if possible, sample
volume to beginning of of harvested trees
aboveground the year can be taken to find
tree (whatever out this ratio and
biomass for leads to a refine further
species j conservative calculations of
(BEF2,j) biomass carbon stock.
estimate, see
section 8 of
AR/AM0009,
v4)
E.4.1.9. Wood kg/m³ e Default value Locally estimated

density used in the ex- or compiled from
ante local studies,
calculation or literature,
once at the or GPG/LULUCF
beginning of
the year (what
ever leads to a
conservative
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

biomass
estimate, see
section 8 of
AR/AM0009,
v4)
E.4.1.10. Carbon ratio e Default value The biomass is

content multiplied with the
default value of 0.5
to convert biomass
into carbon.
E.4.1.11. Below- Kg e Every 5 All Estimated, using

ground years permanent root shoot ratio and
biomass sample plots above ground tree
biomass using
equation – M8.
E.4.1.12. Sum of tonnes CO2e e Every 5 All Calculated using the

carbon years permanent equation M.2
stock changes sample plots
in
the biomass
E.4.1.13 Surviving rate No. planted m At the 3 All Counted in the field
trees/ no. months after permanent
surviving trees establishment sample plots
and once very
year during the
first 3 years
E.4.2. Data to be collected in order to monitor the GHG emissions by the sources, measured
in units of CO2 equivalent, that are increased as a result of the implementation of the proposed A/R
CDM project activity within the project boundary:
>>
Non-CO2
CO2 emissions are negligible according to the selected methodology.
methodology. For this reason, no monitoring
will be done for any emission source.
E.5. Leakage:
>>
The
he potential leakage emissions attributable to the proposed A/R project activity are those from vehicle
fossil fuel combustion due to the transportation of seedling, soil preparation machines, transportation of
harvest products (wood and rubber), project inspections and additional inputs (e.g., fertilizers, manures,
wire, etc).However
However according to EB decisions (EB042 and EB044 reports) these are not significant significa
emissions and therefore, should not be considered in the project emissions accountability. Also, under
applicability conditions of the selected methodology it is expected that the project activity will not cause
any significant leakage, hence LK is equal
equa to 0.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

E.5.1. If applicable, please describe the data and information that will be collected in order
to monitor leakage of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
>> Not applicable
Table 18. Data to be collected to monitor leakages

ID Data Data Measured Recording Number Comment
number54 variable unit (m), frequency of data
calculated points
(c)
estimated
(e) or
default (d)55
E.5.2. Specify the procedures for the periodic review of implementation of activities and measures
to minimize leakage, if required by the selected approved methodology:
>>
Not applicable
Table 19. Data to be collected to monitor that leakages are minimized

ID number Data Data Measured Recording Number Comment
variable Unit (m), Frequency data points
calculated (c)
estimated (e)
or default
(d)56
E.6. Provide any additional quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures
undertaken for data monitored not included in section E.1.2:
E.1.
>>
None additional QC/QA procedures are needed.
E.7. Please describe the operational and management structure(s) that the project operator will
implement in order to monitor actual GHG removals by sinks and any leakage generated by the
proposed A/R CDM project activity:
activity
>>
54
cross in the PDD.
55
56
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

The project participants havee signed an agreement where responsibilities of management and
establishment of operations as of monitoring have been specified. Thus, CVS is in charge of the
establishment and management of the plantations of strata 1 to 4. For this purpose it has contrac
contracted the
entity Consorcio Bosque Tropical that should conduct these activities in accordance to a management
plan already designed by the CVS. In this management plan all procedures and conditions of management
are specified. The implementation of the plan will be audited by CVS.
For stratum 5, CORPOICA is responsible for its implementation (establishment

(establishment and management) and
CVS will audit it. For all strata, local farmers
farmer must be included in the activities and trained to continue
with management procedures after the third year of the plantation.
For the monitoring, CIAT who has lead the design of the project through the elaboration of the PDD, has
the responsibility to design the monitoring and establish the sampling plots, variables to be measured,
frequency,
uency, etc. The monitoring itself will be conducted by CORPOICA, based on the monitoring design
recommended by CIAT, since CORPOICA is located nearby the project area and has the technical and
operational capacity to monitor the project.
The formal agreements between project participants and with Consorcio Bosque Tropical are available to
validators.
E.8. Name of person(s)/entity(ies) applying the monitoring plan:

>>
The monitoring plan has been proposed by CIAT and will be implemented by CORPOICA. Both
institutions are project participants mentioned
me in Annex 1. The contact information is:
Marcela Quintero
m.quintero@cgiar.org
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical –CIAT
US: Mailing Address: CIAT, 7343 NW 79 Terrace, Medley, FL 33166
CO: Mailing Address: CIAT, A.A. 6713, Recta Cali-Palmira,
Cali Cali, Colombia
Phone: +57(2)4450034 (direct); +1(650)8336625 (via USA)
Yasmin Socorro Cajas

ycajas@corpoica.org.co
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, CORPOICA.
Mailing Address: Kilometro 13 Vía Montería - Cereté, Córdoba - Colombia
Phone: +57 (4) 7860048 - 7860211
SECTION F. Environmental impacts of the proposed A/R CDM project

ect activity:
F.1. Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts, including impacts on

biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and impacts outside the project boundary of the proposed A/R
CDM project activity:
>>
Analysis of environmental impacts has been conducted and the documents are available for validators.
This assessment was conducted for each component following best national practices and general
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

guidance for the World Bank who is the CERs buyer. Each task from all components was studied on its
environmental consequences and several dimensions were quantified. Overall the results indicated that
the project is overwhelmingly positive to the environment. Over 90% of all the potential impacts are
positive. (See Annex 6.) Expected environmental benefits include: Conservation of the natural resource
base, enhanced biodiversity by substituting monospecies land cover by more diverse systems (strata 5)
that favor higher faunal and microbial populations, reduced
reduced soil erosion and consequently improved soil
productivity. The global environment will benefit from decreased concentrations of CO2 in the
atmosphere by reducing the area that is periodically burned in the region. Trans-boundary
Trans migratory
fauna (birds, butterflies) will benefit from green patches that are non-existent
non existent in the savannah during the
dry season, where they stop on their migratory paths to and from the tropics. Deforestation of natural
timbers would be reduced through the production of timber species. The negative impacts are iden identified
and characterized, and mitigation options are identified as well. Specific forest management plans will be
prepared for each area to guide project implementation and to minimize environmental impacts.
Only 5% off the impacts were qualified as negative and are related to the use of pesticides and herbicides.
The project participants have developed a manual to guide the use of agrochemicals in the project area
(including transport, storage, usage and disposal) and to minimize the use of dangerous herbicides and
pesticides. These impacts were graded low and with the mentioned guide, it is expected to be a no non
significant negative impact. Environmental impact assessments and agrochemicals use guide are available
to validators.
F.2. If any negative impact is considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, a
statement that project participants have undertaken an environmental impact assessment, in
accordance with the procedures required by the host Party,, including conclusions and all
references to support documentation:
>>
No significant negative impact was identified. Project participants have undertaken an EIA included in
Annex 6.
F.3. Description of planned monitoring and remedial measures to address significant impacts
referred to in section F.2. above:
>>
N/A
SECTION G. Socio-economic
economic impacts of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
G.1. Documentation on the analysis of the major socio-economic

socio economic impacts, including impacts
outside the project boundary of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:
>>
Socioeconomic assessments were conducted for all project components. It was found that most impacts
are clearly positive and there are only few potential negative impacts,, which are mitigated through the
particular project design. The economic analysis, the social impact assessments and the Indigenous
Peoples Plan (requested andnd approved by the Host Party) are available to validators. Social Impact
Assessment and Indigenous Peoples Plan are attached as annexes.
In general these analyses concluded that the project will generate additional revenues and employment.
An indigenous community benefits to a large extent from the project, as well as other rural communities.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

The project will diversify their production systems and will see an increase in their income and warrant
the sustainability of their livelihood which is currently
currentl at risk due to land degradation and an eroding
resource base. Figure 10-13,, shows
show the results of the ex-ante assessment of economic benefits per type of
project participant.
Approximately 400 farmers in 21 communities will benefit directly from the project.
project. The establishment of
tree nurseries, planting, fencing and maintain trees and manage improved pastures will provide at least
270 full time jobs in the initial year and 140 full time jobs the subsequent years. Job generation is a
critical bottleneck for the region, where unemployment rates are at around 22%. Each job will generate
annual income of around US$ 2,,400400 and will help to improve the livelihood of an average of 5 members
per family. Increased earnings of the project participants will have a multiplier effect in the community.
Improved cash flows will enable farmers to hire local laborers, many of whom are under under- and un-
employed
Local indigenous ethnic groups (Zenu tribes) located within the area of influence of the project will
benefit from strengthened community organizations that will participate in the implementation of the
project. Local and national authorities will benefit from reduced migration of landholders to urban
settlements and for job creation. Local economies will benefit from more resources being injected in the
economy through the project implementation and especially through
rough higher productivity. The main socio-
economic
conomic benefits are summarized in table 20 below.
2,000
1,500
US$
1,000
500
Baseline
Annual cash flows per household with-project
scenario
0
1 6 11 16 21 26
Year
Figure 10. Cash flows for households participating in the silvopastoral

s systems on indigenous lands (San
Andres de Sotavento).. Comparison of baseline and project scenario (values are 2006 constant values).
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

4,000,000
Baseline
3,500,000
with project scenario
3,000,000
Annual cash flows per household
2,500,000
US$
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31
Year
Figure 11. Cash flows for households participating in the timber plantations on grazing land of medium-
medium
sized livestock holders (Valencia).
(Valencia) Comparison of baseline and project scenario. (values are 2006
constant values).
20,000
17,500
15,000
12,500
US$
10,000
7,500
Ingreso sin proyecto
5,000
Ingresos con proyecto.
2,500
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31
Year
Figure 12. Cash flows for households participating in the rubber plantations on grazing lands of
smallholder livestock farmers (Uré).
(Uré) Comparison of baseline and project scenario (values are 2006
constant values).
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

7,500,000
CVS investment
Net Cash Flows including CERs revenues
Benefits including social benefits
5,000,000
2,500,000
US$
0
1 6 11 16 21 26
-2,500,000
Year
Figure 13. Expected costs and benefits of the A/R project activity (values are 2006 constant values)
values).
Table 20. Main socioeconomic benefits per type of project participant

Project stakeholder Main benefits
Indigenous communities • Establishment: silvopastoral systems (500 ha) for better quality and
quantity of forage
• Current income will increase in the short term (from year 3 onwards)
(Figure 10)
• Investment costs are covered by CVS.. Communities will supply 50%
of the required
quired labor during the system establishment
• Social benefits: US$200,000 of CERs revenues will be invested in
educational, health or recreation
Medium livestock farmers • Establishment: 200 ha tree plantations

• Income will increase in the long term through wood extraction in
years 15 and 30
• All establishment costs are covered by CVS
Small livestock farmers • Establishment of 1500 ha rubber trees

• Current income will increase in the short term (from year 5 onwards)
through revenues from rubber sales
• During the first 3 years, lack of productivity will be overcome by
complementary annual crops planted between rows of rubber trees
• All
ll establishment costs are covered by the CVS (rubber plantations
and annual cash flow crops
In addition, a general socioeconomic

economic impact assessment was done. The results are summarized in table
21.
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Table 21. Socioeconomic impact assessment

Type of Project phase at
Activity causing Impact Benefited or Permanence
IMPACT Impact which the impact
the impact description affected population of impact
can be given
Plantation of trees Positive Project beginning With the mere All beneficiaries of
in degraded lands implementation the project Short, medium
of the project a and long term
ECONOMIC positive
economic impact
is caused
Inclusion of skilled Positive Project beginning It is expected Project beneficiaries
and unskilled labor that people and other Short, medium
in the project unemployed will communities related and long term
activities get involved in to project operation
project activities.
LABOR
INSERTION
Harvesting of forest Positive Income generation It is expected Project beneficiaries

PROJECT products (non-
(non by unskilled labor that project Short, medium
BENEFICIARIES woody and woody employment and by beneficiaries and long term
INCOME products) the will obtain
commercialization higher income
of forest products that the baseline
income,
resulting in a net
income
improvement
During project Project design and The project Project beneficiaries

design and implementation beneficiaries Short, medium
implementation will increase and long term
where conditions their
will be given to participation in
promote agreement, community
dialogue, sharing of activities
experience and resulting from
PARTICIPATION knowledge. Positive their
participation in
the
implementation
of the project
activities.
KNOWLEDGE/ Training events on Positive Training prior and Participation in Project beneficiaries Short, medium
SKILLS/ forest management, during project the and long term
ATTITUDES/ design of the implementation implementation identifying
ASPIRATIONS project, of the project this
dissemination of the results in the opportunity of
project idea, etc. application of impact since
new or collective the project
knowledge, beginning.
attitudes and
aspirations.
Through project Negative During project It is related to Project beneficiaries Short, medium
implementation and or design but mostly eventual and long term
CULTURAL according to project positive important during community’s (suggestions
(REACTIONS) participant’s project reaction to the and comments
expectative. implementation. project activities of project
if the benefits beneficiaries
are not in should always
accordance with be taken into
their initial account)
expectative.
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Commercialization Positive Alter harvesting It is expected Project beneficiaries Medium and

IMPROVEMENT of forest by-
by positive impact households long term
OF LIVELIHOODS products on economic
conditions
(especially on
income) of
Project
beneficiaries
G.2. If any negative impact is considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, a
statement that project participants have undertaken a socio-economic
economic impact assessment, in
accordance with the procedures required by the host Party,, including conclusions and all
references to supporting documentation:
documentation
>>
The main potential socioeconomic negative impact is:
d. Negative reactions
ctions of communities
co against project activities caused by contradictions between
their expectations and the project outputs. This potential negative effect has been minimized with
an ample consultation process with project participants since the very begi beginning of the project
design. During these consultations project benefits have been explained as well as the expected
contributions from project beneficiaries.
beneficiaries. Emphasis was put on the fact of that project being a
common purpose between project proponents and an beneficiaries in its combination of aspects
related to both, climate change and rural development. As a result of these consultations, a letter
of intent was signed between CVS and the participants, which specifies the agreed benefits and
matching funds (in kind). The signed letters
tters of intent are going to be available at validation. Also
additional contracts are being prepared to be signed between project participants (proponents and
beneficiaries).The
The signature of contracts hashas as purpose, to make official through a legallylegally-
binding instrument the intentions, roles and responsibilities of all parties.
G.3. Description of planned monitoring and remedial measures to address significant impacts
referred to in section G.2 above:
>>
A continuous communication with project beneficiaries is envisaged to ensure that any questions,
concerns or suggestions are resolved in a timely manner. It is also envisaged to periodically collect and
review all project participants’ comments during monitoring (section E.1.1.), in order to to make sure that
corresponding actions are taken.
SECTION H. Stakeholders’ comments:

comments
H.1. Brief description of how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled compiled:
>>
Comments from local stakeholders have been invited through consultations (presentations used during the
consultation process are available to DOE for validation) and their comments have been incorporated into
the letters of intent signed with the different beneficiary groups of the project and in
into the project design
itself.
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With the indigenous people from the municipality of San Andres de Sotavento (Stratum 5), 9
participatory workshops were organized during January and February 2006 to socialize and achieve
consensus about the objectives, benefits, components and areas of the project (please please see Table 22 for
dates of the workshop and number of attendees).
attendees . The locals were invited directly by the head (Cacique
Mayor) of the Zenu indigenous group with the the support of his collaborators (including the responsible for
agricultural activities). They serve as the bridge to reach the communities. In addition, on October 11,
2007 an official meeting was held in San Andres Andre de Sotavento with 14 representatives of the
communities, the Cacique Mayor, representatives of CVS, CORPOICA and Ministry of Environment and
the Ministry of Interior of Colombia. These meeting was held with the purpose of conveying details of the
project design to the Ministry of Interior who accordingaccording to Host Party procedures (Ministry of
Environment) is the authority to give approval to projects conducted in native communities. The main
result of the meeting was that the representative of the Ministry of Interior agreed acknowledged the
benefit distribution and activities of the project. The official minutes are available for validation.
Table 22.. Meetings held in San Andres de Sotavento for project dissemination and consultation
Date Place Number of participants

January 27-06 Finca Celeste 46
February 1-06 Finca Majagual 19
February 2-06 Finca San José 17
February 3-06 Bella Cecilia 44
February 7-06 Campo Bello 37
February 8-06 La Esmeralda 19
Sur
February 16-06 Montería ( Cadena 25
Forestal)
February 21-06 Mochalito 19
February 23-06 Celeste 51
H.2. Summary of the comments received

received:
>>
The following comments were received as part of the consultation process:
• The native communities (San Andres de Sotavento) expressed their interest on participating
directly during the forest establishment if an economic retribution to their labor was to be
recognized. In this sense this was negotiated and included in the letter of intent.
• The farmers involved in the strata 4, expressed their interest in leading the production
production of stump
stumps
(rubber seedlings) process using the expertise of the Ure Farmers Association
Association. For this an
economic retribution was requested. Such as this, the project proponents decided to give this role
to the farmers and compensate this. For this purpose this was budgeted
budgeted inside project costs.
• All participants highlighted the necessity to ensure that project implementers must need to ensure
the good
ood quality of seeds and seedlings as a key aspect for the success of the project activities.
• During consultation farmers were asked about the number of hectares they will be willing to
reforest into their farms.. The reported areas were incorporated into the project design.
• Some farmers from Chinu and Chima, who will implement silvopastoral systems systems, requested to
modify the planting density per species. They were interested on having more fruit trees than
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timber species in their system (stratum 6). Actually this is the reason why silvoastoral systems
were divided into two different stratum (see strat
stratification section).
H.3. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received: received
>>
Comments from native communities are included in the Indigenous Communities Plan (PPI (PPI- Plan de
Pueblos Indigenas, in Spanish) available in Annex 7 and reflected in the letter etter of intent that CVS,
CORPOICA and CIAT has signed with the indigenous people. All comments will also be taken into
account in the design of the contracts between CVS and the IP (to be signed soon). In the same sense all
comments received by farmers
rmers located in strata 11-4 were included in the letters of intent signed with them
and are currently being incorporated in official contracts to be signed soon. Also, recommendations were
taken into account at the moment of budgeting CVS’ CVS investment in project oject activities (i
(i.e., stumps
production, labor payment, matching funds, etc.).
etc.). The most recent recommendation was the one given by
farmers from strata 6 regarding planting densities. Its requirement was accepted and the project adjusted
in order to ensuree than nurseries and planting plans were according to this.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Annex 1
CONTACT INFORMATION ON PARTICIPANTS IN THE

T PROPOSED A/R CDM PROJECT
ACTIVITY
Organization: Corporación del Valle del Sinu y San Jorge – CVS (Environmental
Environmental Regional
Government Agency)
Street/P.O.Box: Calle 29 Nº 22-43
Building: Edificio Morindó

City: Montería
State/Region: Department of Córdoba
Postfix/ZIP:
Country: Colombia
Telephone: 57 7 82 9950
FAX: 57 7 82 9950 Ext. 808
E-Mail:
URL: www.cvs.gov.co
Represented by: Elder Jose Oyola Aldana
Title: Director General
Salutation: Mr.
Last Name: Oyola
Middle Name: Jose
First Name: Elder
Department:
Mobile:
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail: elder.oyola@cvs.gov.co
Organization: Corporación Colombiana ddee Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA)

Street/P.O.Box: Km 13 recta Monteria
Monteria- Cerete
Building:
City: Monteria
State/Region: Department of Cordoba
Postfix/ZIP:
Country: Colombia
Telephone: 57-4-7640383
7640383
FAX:
E-Mail:
URL: www.corpoica.org.co
Represented by: Arturo Enrique Jose Vega Varon
Salutation: Mr.
Last Name: Vega
Middle Name: Enrique
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First Name: Arturo

Department:
Mobile:
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail:
Organization: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

Street/P.O.Box: Km 17 recta Cali
Cali-Palmira
Building:
City: Palmira
State/Region: Valle del Cauca
Postfix/ZIP:
Country: Colombia
Telephone: 57-2-4450000
4450000
FAX: 57-2-4450073
4450073
E-Mail:
URL: www.ciat.cgiar.org
Represented by: Rubén Echavarria
Salutation: Mr.
Last Name: Echavarria
Middle Name:
First Name: Ruben
Department:
Mobile:
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail: r.echavarria@cgiar.org
Organization: Government of Canada - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

Street/P.O.Box: 111 Sussex Drive
Building:
City: Ottawa
State/Region: Ontario
Postfix/ZIP: K1A 0G2
Country: Canada
Telephone: 613-992
992-2110
FAX: 613-944
944-0064
E-Mail:
URL:
Represented by: Mr. Gary Pringle
Title:
Salutation: Mr.
Last Name: Pringle
Middle Name:
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First Name: Gary

Department: Environment Department
Mobile:
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal E-Mail: Gary.Pringle @international.gc.ca
Organization: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as a T

Trustee for
the BioCarbon Fund (BioCF)
Street/P.O.Box: 1818H St
Building:
City: Washington, DC
State/Region: District of Columbia
Postfix/ZIP: 20433
Country: USA
Telephone: 202-458
458-1873
FAX: 202-522
522-7432
E-Mail: jchassard@worldbank.org
URL: www.carbonfinance.org
Represented by: Ms. Joelle Chassard
Title:
Salutation: Ms.
Last Name: Chassard
Middle Name:
First Name: Joelle
Department: Environment Department
Mobile:
Direct FAX: 202-522
522-7432
Direct tel: 202-458
458-1873
Personal E-Mail: jchassard@worldbank.org
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Annex 2
INFORMATION REGARDING PUBLIC FUNDING (do not apply)
Annex 3
BASELINE INFORMATION
All relevant and detailed information regarding the baseline is given in Section C including
historical land use change, stratification and the adopted conservative approach for assessing
baseline net removals by sinks
sinks.
Annex 4
MONITORING PLAN
(Enclosed with the PDD)
Annex 5
SAMPLING PLOTS CALCULATION
CALCU
Enclosed as separated excel file
Annex 6
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Enclosed as separated document (in Spanish)
Annex 7
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Annex 8
INDIGENEOUS COMMUNITIES
COMMUNIT PLAN
Annex 9
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OFFICIAL RESOLUTION FOR BUDGET ALLOCATION N OF CVS TO THIS CDM A/R

ACTIVITIES
History of the document
Version Date Nature of revision

04 EB35, Annex 20 • Restructuring of section A;
19 October 2007 • Section “Monitoring of forest establishment and management”
replaces sections: “Monitoring of the project boundary”, and
“Monitoring of forest management”;
• Introduced a new section allowing for explicit description of SOPs
and quality control/quality assurance (QA/QC) procedures if
required by the selected approved methodology;
• Change in design of the section “Monitoring of the baseline net
GHG removals by sinks” allowing for more efficient
ficient presentation
of data.
03 EB26, Annex 19 Revisions in different sections to reflect equivalent forms used by the Meth
29 September 2006 Panel and assist in making more transparent the selection of an approved
methodology for a proposed A/R CDM project activity.
02 EB23, Annex 15a/b Inclusion of a section on the assessment of the eligibility of land and the
24 February 2006 Sampling design and stratification during monitoring
01 EB15, Annex 6 Initial adoption
03 September 2004
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Annex 4
MONITORING PLAN
[To facilitate monitoring of the project, the SMART forms (v.1.1)57 will be used in order to ensure that all
data is collected consistently. These forms are available to the DOE during the validation.]
1. Monitoring of the baseline net GHG removals
The carbon stock changes in the baseline scenario are conservatively assumed to be zero in this project
and this assumption is permitted by the selected methodology. However, to ensure that the baseline will
not have emissions caused by project implementation,
implementation, any tree in the baseline (scattered trees may exists
in these landscaped) are left standing during the implementation of the project activities. In this regards,
all trees in the project area within the planting site will be counted and located prior project
implementation.
2. Monitoring the overall performance of the proposed A/R CDM project activity
a) Monitoring actual project boundary (using SMART form 02.2);

b) Monitoring the areas and quality of forest establishment to ensure the technical design described in
section A and forest management plans are well-implemented;
c) Monitoring of forest management according to forest management plans (forest management activities
will be recorded in the SMART form 02.8).
In addition, other indicators/variabl

/variables listed in section E.1. and not included in SMART forms will need
to be monitored and added in additional forms. forms All these indicators are in line with monitoring
recommendations of the selected methodology (section III.1).
3. Monitoring the actual net GHG removals by sinks data
a) Stratification
The purpose of the stratification is to facilitate fieldwork and increase the accuracy and precision of
measuring and estimating carbon. Each resultant “strata” is homogeneous and therefore, by dividing the
project area in homogeneous units the cost and effort of monitoring is diminished while maintaining the
level of confidence (Pearson et al. 2005)58.
Ex-post stratification will be conducted after the first monitoring event to address the possible changes oof
project boundary,, changes on the type of species included in each stand model (see section D.1) or the
growth rate in trees of the same specie or differences in the planting year in each stand model.
model It is known
that project implementation will last 3 years
ye so sub-stratum
stratum should be created to reflect the different age
classes inside the same stratum as the results of different planting year. At the end each strat
stratum should
57
Vallejo. A. 2010. SMART. A tool for monitoring CDM afforestation/reforestation activitie
activities. Biocarbon Fund.
World Bank.
58
Pearson, T; Walker, S., and Brown, S. 2005. Sourcebook for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Projects.
Biocarbon Fund. Winrock International.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

group substratum with similar carbon stock, carbon stock change and spatial variatio variation. The ex ante
stratification specified in section C.4. should be used as the basic stratification from which subdivisions
will be created.
If different growth rates occur in a same stand model then this different section of the stand model will
become a new stratum. The measured growth rate is, consequently, the indicator to monitor the
assumption that there are five strata to be considered. Then any change on stratification should be done
once after each monitoring event. To facilitate the monitoring of the stratification, SMART forms 02.1;
02.4 and 02.5, will be used. For baseline and ex-ante
ex ante stratification, information of section C.4 should be
used.
b) Sampling design
Permanent sampling plots will be used for sampling over time to measure and monitor changes in carbon
stocks. Permanent sample plots are generally regarded as statistically efficient in estimating changes in
forest carbon stocks
tocks because typically there is high covariance between observations at successive
sampling events. It is necessary to ensure that sampling plots are treated in the same way as other lands
within the project boundary, e.g., during site and soil preparation,
preparation, weeding, fertilization, irrigation,
thinning, etc., and should not be destroyed over the monitoring interval. Thus, local markers to be used
should not be visible. The GPS coordinates would also be used to identify the plots. The plot area will be
0.06 ha for all strata.
Sample size and plots location
74 permanent sample plots will need to be installed and distributed across strata as specified in section
E.2. They will need to be marked in a way that are not easily identifiable by project beneficiaries so these
plots will not receive different management compared to the rest of project areas. Information regarding
procedures to mark the plots is available in section
se E.2. Each sample plot will have an identification
number to be used in SMART forms (“SID” column).
Plots size and type
Single plotss will be as it is expected that variation within an stratum will be low. In case it is found high
variation on diameter at the breast height inside a single plot, then a nested design should be used (for
further indications see Pearson et al. (2005). TThe plot size should be large enough that at least eight to 10
trees will be measured within the plot boundaries at the end of the project activity. (Therefore,
substantially more than eight to 10 trees will be measured per plot at thee start of the project
activity)(Pearson et al. 2005).
Location of plots
The
he location of plots should either be random or located using a fixed grid
rid that covers the entire area. In
this way, any bias in the location of plots will be avoided. Based on Pearson et al. (2005), the following
steps should be undertaken:
STEP 1.. Prepare a map of the project, with the project boundaries of strata within the project
clearly delineated.
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

STEP 2 – Decide whether plots will be distributed systematically or randomly.

STEP 3a – T he random location of plots can be achieved using random number tables, the
random function in Geographic Information Sy Systems programss or alternatively by using the
millisecond counter in a stopwatch to take
a random bearing and random distance for assigning plots on the map.
STEP 3b – The systematic location of plots within each stratum can be achieved by overlaying a
grid on the project map and allocating plots in a regular pattern across the strata.
c) Monitoring frequency
According to the recommended frequency for measuring the different variables in section E and the
planting schedule, the monitoring team should design
design the schedule for monitoring. Some variables are to
be monitored every 5 years prior verification while other need to be monitor prior or during forest
establishment.(see
(see tables of PDD Monitoring sections)
d) Measuring and estimating carbon stock changes over time
The monitoring team will use table 16 to determine which variables need to be measure, estimated or
research to estimate carbon stock changes using the abovementioned equations. In general, project utilizes
measurements in sample plots and a where project specific data is not available, the published data that
closely reflects the conditions of the project area will be used in the calculation of the GHG removals by
sinks. The collected data should be recorded in SMART forms 0.4.and
0.4. 02.7.
The
he main variables that need to measured/counted
measured in the sample plots are surviving trees (at the first 3
months and later every year during the first three years) and DBH. Tree height can be time consuming
and it has been demonstrated that highly significant
significant biomass regressions equiations can be developed with
very high accuracy using just DBH (Pearson et al. 2005). For this reason, height will not be monitored at
least the monitoring team decided to do it. A two-person
person team can efficiently record tree data
data. Some
indications are giving below:
Diameter: In forestry, dbh is defined as 1.3m above the ground.
Diameter (cm):59
Diameters are used in calculating volume and growth.. Diameters will be measured at least every
5 years prior verification. Record the diameter at breast height (dbh). Keep the dbh tape taut and
level as you extend it around the tree, and measure to the nearest 0.1 cm, but always round down
to the lower number rather than rounding up (rounding up can result in negative growth
calculations).
alculations). For trees on a steep slope, a hiking pole or forked stick may be used to adjust the
59
Based on: Woodward, Andrea, Hutten, K.M., Boetsch,J.R., Acker, S.A., Rochefort,
Rochefort, R.M., Bivin, M.M., and
Kurth, L.L., 2009, Forest vegetation monitoring protocol for national parks in the North Coast and Cascades
Network: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 2-A8,2 228 p.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm2a8/pdf/tm2a8.pdf
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

diameter tape from the downhill side. Incorrect

rrect or abnormal diameter measurement can be giving
at special situations as follows:
Tree with irregularities at dbh: On trees with swellings, bumps, depressions, and branches at dbh,
diameter will be measured immediately above the irregularity at the place it ceases to affect
normal stem form.
Tree on a slope: Measure diameter at 1.37 m from the ground along the bole on the uphill side of
the tree.
Missing wood or bark: Do not reconstruct the dbh of a tree that is missing wood or bark at the
point of measurement. Record the diameter, to the nearest 0.1 cm, of the he wood and bark that is
still attached to the tree. If a tree has a localized abnormality (gouge, depression, etc.) at the point
of DBH,, measure immediately above the irregularity at the place it ceases to affect normal stem
form.
Follow the next steps for

or DBH measurements (Pearson et al. 2005):
STEP 1 – Accurately locate the plot centre (use of a GPS is the preferred ed approach).
STEP 2 – If the plot is permanent, mark the centre (if plot is circular) or the boundaries (if plot is
square) – experience has shown metal rods and/or PVC pipe work well. Assign a unique number
to the plot.
STEP 3a – Starting at the north of the plot, begin measuring trees. Flag the first tree to mark the
start/end point. Measure trees at dbh using the guidance below.
STEP 3b – After measuring a tree, move clockwise to the next tree. If the plots are to be
remeasured, tag the trees using an aluminum numbered tag and nail. It is not necessary to record
tree species unless species with different forms exist in the same area (for example, pines an and
broadleaf species, or palms
palm and early colonizing species)
STEP 3c – Occasionally trees will be close to the boundary of a plot. Plots are typically small
and will be expanded to estimate biomass carbon on a per hectare basis. It is therefore important
to carefully decide if a tree is in or out of a plot. If more than 50 per cent of the trunk is within the
plot boundary, the tree is in. If more than 50 per cent of the trunk is outside of the boundary, it is
out and should not be measured. If the tree is exactly on the border of the plot, flip a coin to
determine if it is in or out.
Tagging the trees:
When trees are tagged, the numbered tag and nail should be placed at 10cm below DBH to avoid errors
arising from bumps or other imperfections that can develop
dev at the site where the nail enters the tree. In
future inventories, the DBH measurement will be taken by measuring 10cm up from the nail. The
aluminum nail should be inserted deep enough to hold the tag firmly but with enough nail exposed for the
tree to grow. If the trees in the project area will be subjected to harvest in the future, the nail and tag
should be placed at the base of the tree to avoid any accidents with chainsaws or other equipment. Each
plot should contain a description of the approach that was used, so that future measurements can be
completed efficiently and accurately.
Analyzing the data and calculating biomass (Based on Pearson et al. 2005)
Extrapolating carbon stocks from a per plot basis to a per hectare basis:
basis
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

Requires the use of expansion factors, which indicate the area each sample represents. This
standardisation is required so that results can be easily interpreted and also compared to other studies. The
first step is to correct for slope so that all carbon values are reported
reported on a horizontal projection.
True horizontal radius is calculated using the formula:
L = Ls x cos S
Where:
L = the true horizontal plot radius,

Ls = the standard radius measured in the field along the slope,
S = the slope in degrees, and
cos = the cosine of the angle.
Correcting for slope after returning from the field results in a plot of area:
Plot Area = Plot width x calculated true plot length (L)
The expansion factor is calculated as the area of a hectare in square metres divided by the area of the
sample in square metres, that is:
Expansion factor = 10,000m2 / Area of plot (m2)
Live Biomass
STEP 1. Select biomass equation.

equation. See allometric equations used in the PDD for ex ex-ante calculation of
carbon stock changes. If at the moment of monitoring there are other equations that are more reliable to
the local context, use instead the new equations. The selected biomass equation shouldhould be verified for the
project site. This can be done simplistically by estimating the volume of the tree stem (see Sections 7.4.1
and 8.4 of Pearson et al. 2005) using a standard factor of 1.2 to include the volume of branches, and
multiplying by wood density to attain biomass. Wood density values are available in the PDD (see ex-
ante calculations).. The biomass equation can be verified through comparison with estimations from a
range of tree sizes. In case the verification shows a low fit of the equations,
equations, try with other equations
reported in the literature (e.g. see equations given in Pearson et al. 2005).
STEP 2. For each tree, calculate biomass using the chosen equation.
STEP 3 – To track the accumulation of carbon in trees, subtract the biomass of a given tree at Time 1
from the biomass of the same tree at Time 2 to get the increment of accumulation.
Trees that die between censuses are given no increment of growth. They have left the live tree pool and
entered the dead tree pool. Within a plot, sum the increments and multiply the sum by the expansion
factor.
To finalize, the
he calculation of the change in the stocks of carbon pools project will be done as per the
equations M.2 to M.16 outlined in the Section III.5
III of the approved methodology AR AM00
AM0009.
e) Monitoring GHG emissions by sources as the results of the A/R CDM project activity
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Under the applicability conditions of this methodology the possible increase in non-
non-CO2 GHG emissions
as a result of the implementation of the proposed A/R CDM project
project activity is negligible and shall be
assumed to be zero for all strata in the project scenario. For this reason, the methodology does do not
require monitoring of GHG emissions.
4. Monitoring the leakage
Under applicability conditions of this methodology it is expected that the project activity will not cause
any significant leakage.. For this reason, the monitoring methodology recommended in the selected
methodology does not include variables to monitor leakages.
4. Ex post net anthropogenic GHG removal by sinks
Since the baseline removals are conservatively assumed as zero, the net antropogenic GHC removal sink
should be the actual net GHG removal by sinks (equation M.1
M. in Section III of the approved methodology
AR AM0009).
5. Environmental impacts
The monitoring team at least needs to verify that agrochemicals use guide is apply in order to avoid
negative environmental impacts in this regards. It is worth noting that this was the main potential negative
impact identified in the environmental
environmental impact assessment. The way to verify this should be by direct
inspection or through interviews to farmers or other witnesses during the use of these substances during
implementation of project activities.
6. Socioeconomic impacts
The main potential negativeve impact identified was the possible reaction of farmers against project
activities due to disagreement between their expectations and project outputs. With this regard, the
monitoring team will include in their monitoring formats an space (see section E.1.1)
1.1) to collect questions
or suggestions that should be immediately communicated to the project proponents in order to timely
resolve them.
7. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
To ensure the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks to be measured

measured and monitored precisely, credibly,
verifiably and transparently, a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedure will be implemented,
a) Reliable field measurements
To ensure the reliable field measurements,
• All data will be collected using the same formats (SMART forms) and by personnel trained in the
process of measuring the required variable in the field as well as in filling out the forms.
• Training courses on the field data collection and data analyses will be held for persons involving in the
field measurement work. Indications given above on how to measure DBH should be taught to all
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

involved personnel. The training courses should ensure that each field team member is fully aware of
all procedures and the importance of collecting data as
a accurately as possible. To achieve this, both
classroom examination and field examination will be conducted, and only those that have passed the
examination can join the team. Test plots will be established and used for the field examination in
which all measurements of pertinent components and procedures will be examined.
• A document that shows that these steps have been followed will be presented as a part of the project
documents. The document will list all names of the field team and the monitoring teateam leader will
certify that the team is trained;
• Any new staff will be adequately trained.
b) Verification of field data collection
To verify that the plots have been installed and the measurements taken correctly, the following work would be
undertaken:
• 10% of randomly selected plots will be re-measured

re measured by an independent qualified team.
• Key re-measurement
measurement elements include the location of plots and DBH of all trees present.
• The re-measurement
measurement data will be compared with the original measurement data. Any er errors found will
be corrected and recorded. Any errors discovered will be expressed as a percentage of all plots that
have been rechecked to provide an estimate of the measurement error. If the difference between the re
re-
measurement and original measurement is higher than 5%, the sample plot will be eliminated.
c) Verification of data entry and analysis
To minimize the possible errors in the process of data entry, the entry of data will be reviewed by an
independent expert team and compared with independent data da to ensure that the data are realistic. To check for
data entry errors, it is suggested that another independent person should enter data from about 1010–15 per cent
of the field sheets into the data analysis software. These two data sets can then be compacompared to check for
errors. Any errors detected should be corrected in the master file. If the calculated measurement error is greater
than 10 per cent, re-enter the data.
Measurement error (%) = (Number of errors among checked sample/ Total number checked) x 100
Communication between all personnel involved in measuring and analyzing data will be used to resolve any
apparent anomalies before the final analysis of the monitoring data is completed. If there are any problems
with the monitoring plot data that cannot be resolved, the plot should not be used in the analysis.
d) Data maintenance and archiving
Data archiving will take both electronic and paper forms, and copies of all data will be provided to each project
participant. All electronic data and reports will also be copied on durable media such as CDs and copies of the
CDs are stored in multiple locations. The archives include:
• Copies of all original field measurement data, laboratory data, data analysis spreadsheet;
• Estimates of the carbon stock changes in all pools and non-CO2 GHG and corresponding calculation
spreadsheets;
• GIS products;
• Copies of the measuring
easuring and monitoring reports;
• Photographs.
All data collected as part of monitoring should be archived electronically and be kept at least for
fo
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

2 years after the end of the last crediting period.
8. Uncertainty assessment
The uncertainty for each species in each stratum can be estimated from re-measurement
re measurement of randomly selected
plots and/or from the measurement of replicate plots. Uncertainties will be estimated and expressed as half the
95% confidence interval width divided by the estimated value, i.e.60,
Where
Us = percentage uncertainty of each species within sub
sub-stratum, %
µ = mean value
σ = standard deviation
stratum is then combined using the following error propagation equations61

The uncertainty of each sub-stratum
Where
Uc = combined percentage uncertainty of sub-stratum,

sub %
Usi = percentage uncertainty of species i in the sub-stratum, %
Csi = mean carbon stock of species i in the sub-stratum
The stratum and total percentage uncertainties are further combined in the same way as above. Please see
Pearson et al. 2005 (uncertainty analysis section) for further explanation about the application of the error
propagation method.
9. Final remarks
• Reports of all on-site

site inspections and other reporting formats will be available for verification.
These reports may be complemented with recent satellite imagery, aerial photographs, or
photographs of planted sites.
60
Box 5.2.1 in GPG LULUCF
61
Refers to equation 5.2.2 in GPG LULUCF
UNFCCC/CCNUCC

• The consolidated information will

will be documented in a transparent manner and will be available
for verification
• The implementation of other relevant measures must be cross-checked

cross checked in order to prevent
leakages and/or prevent or mitigate significant environmental or social impacts.

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UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM – Executive Board

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

A. General description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity

B. Duration of the project activity / crediting period

C. Application of an approved baseline and monitoring methodology

F. Environmental impacts of the proposed A/R CDM project activity

Annex 2: Information regarding public funding

Annex 3: Baseline information

Annex 4: Monitoring plan

CDM – Executive Board

SECTION A. General description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

A.1. Title of the proposed A/R CDM project activity

A.2. Description of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

CDM – Executive Board

A.3. Project participants:

Table 1. Project participants

CDM – Executive Board

Indicate if the Party

A.4.1. Location of the proposed A/R CDM project activity:

A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):

A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province etc.:

A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc:

CDM – Executive Board

A.4.2 Detailed geographic delineation of the project boundary,, including information

The discrete parcels of land on which the proposed

CDM – Executive Board

CDM – Executive Board

CDM – Executive Board

A.5. Technical description of the A/R CDM project activity:

CDM – Executive Board

The Sinu River is the main drainage of the watershed

In Montelibano and Puerto Libertador, where the project’s

Soils and Landforms

CDM – Executive Board

In Montelíbano and Puerto Libertador, the predominant geographic

Land Use and Cover

CDM – Executive Board

For the fauna,

These species are:

Table 2. Critically threatened fauna species in the department of Cordoba

CDM – Executive Board

Table 3. Endangered fauna species in the Department of Cordoba

Reptiles Lepidochelys olivacea Tortuga amarilla

Ageneiosus caucanus Doncella, Barbul

Table 4. Vulnerable fauna species in the department of Cordoba

CDM – Executive Board

Table 5.. Critically threatened,

Chigua restrepoi Corocita CR (endemic)

Parinari parvifolia Unknown CR

Cariniana pyriformis Abarco CR

Parinari pachyphylla Parehuétano EN

Astrocaryum malybo Chingalé,anchambe,enchamba EN

Lecythis tuyrana Olla de mono, olleto VU

Wettinia hirsuta Gualte, chuppi (embera,sinu) VU

Activity 2: Reforestation in Montelibano and Puerto Libertador:

CDM – Executive Board

Activity 3: Reforestation for commercial forestry with timber species in Valencia

This component consists of the plantation of native tree species (Tabebuia

Description of tree species to be used in the project

Hevea brasiliensis:, or rubber tree,

Tabebuia rosea: Common deciduous sub-canopy

CDM – Executive Board