Mid Semester Examination, September 2010

VII (EC) 2EC402: Digital Signal Processing

1 A Give reasoning of any six of the following: 1

(i) The digital frequency of a discrete sinusoid is a periodic function of 2π, with 2
low frequencies around 0 and high frequencies around π. Answer: Page 61
of Mitra
(ii) The exponential sequence αnu(n), where α is a real or complex number,
is a very important one in digital signal processing. Answer: (1) Any real
signal(sequence) can be resolved into sum of exponential sequence
and exponentials can be written in terms of sinusoids as per Euler’s
formula. The sequence αn with α = exponential is thus practically
important. (2) Solution of CCLDE and the inverse Z transform
of transfer function H(z) of LTI system many times result into
αnu(n) kind of sequences.
(iii) The DFT transform is periodic in both frequency and time domain even
though the original time domain sequence to be transformed is not periodic.
Answer: (1) Since DFT is a sampled version of DTFT and DTFT is
periodic, DFT in frequency domain is periodic. (2) Sampling
operation results into periodicity in transform domain. DFT is a
sampling of DTFT, so when I-DFT is found, the time-domain sequence
is periodic.
(iv) Given that x(n) is the M-length input sequence to an LTI system with N-length
impulse response h(n). The output is convolution of x(n) and h(n), but difficult
to calculate. Instead, the Matlab program finds Inverse DFT of the product
X(k)H(k), where X(k) and H(k) are the DFTs of zero-padded sequences. In
such operation, why do we must zero-pad x(n) with N – 1 zeros, and zero-pad
h(n) with M – 1 zeros in Matlab program? Answer: Page 269, figure 5.13
of Mitra
(v) A causal system is stable, if and only if, all poles of its transfer function H(z)
are inside the unit circle in the z-plane. Answer: If causal system is
stable, its impulse response h(n) is absolutely summable. This
means  DTFT of h(n) exists. This means  ROC of H(z) includes the
unity circle. This means  The largest pole of H(z) is within the unity
circle. These arguments can also be written in reverse order, and
hence the “if and only if” part of the statement.
(vi) The electrocardiogram (ECG) of a patient was taken without shielding and
hence, the ECG turns out to be not clear due to high frequency noise. The
normal frequency range of ECG is 0.5 ~ 10 Hz. As a DSP engineer, you are
asked: what could be the source of the noise? Answer: The 60 Hz signal
from the AC supply What kind of DSP operation you perform on the digital
ECG signal to remove noise? Answer: Low-pass filtering with cut-off
frequency at least 10 Hz, and less than about 25 Hz.
(vii) The wheels of a high-speed car appear to spin backwards when being filmed.
Answer: Undersampling results in reproduction of lower frequency
than the actual one. The movie camera captures images of very
high-speed car tire at sampling rate much slower than required. This
results in the wheels of a high-speed car appear to spin backwards
when being filmed.
B Define/explain briefly and give example of following (any six): 6
(a) Period of a discrete sinusoid, Causal system, IIR system, Condition for the
existence of DTFT, ROC of z-transform, Parseval’s theorem, Correlation of

1
 signals Answer: Refer book.

2 A Attempt any two: 1

(b) Define and prove the Time-shifting and differentiation properties of z- 0
transform. Answer: Refer book.
(c) Define and prove Linear Time-invariant properties of system. Answer: Refer
book.
(d) Let X(w) denote the DTFT of a length-9 sequence x(n) given by x(n) = (2 3
-1 0 -4 3 1 2 4), -2 ≤ n ≤ 6. Evaluate following functions of X(w) without
computing the transform itself: (The integration limit is (-π , π ))
(i) X(0) (ii) X(π ) (iii) ∫X(w)2dw (iv) ∫ X(w)dw
Answer: (i) X(0) = x(-2) + x(-1) + … + x(6) = 10
∑
6
(ii) X(π ) = n =−2
x(n) exp( jπ n) = −6
2
∑
6
(iii) ∫ X(w)2dw = 2π x (n) = 120π
n =−2

(iv) ∫ X(w)dw = 2π x(0) = −2π

B Determine the total solution for n ≥ 0 of the difference equation 6

y(n) – 0.3y(n – 1) – 0.04y(n – 2) = x(n)
for x(n) = 3 u(n). The initial conditions are y[-1] = 2 and y[-2] = 1.
n

Answer:

3 A Describe the differences between four types of Fourier transforms we have studied: 4
the Fourier series (FS), the continuous time Fourier transform (CTFT), the discrete

2
 time Fourier transform (DTFT) and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) by filling out
the empty cells in the following table:
Answer:

B Find the inverse-Z transform h(n) of the following transfer function. 4

H(z) = (z + 1.7)/(z – 0.3)(z + 0.5)
Answer:

OR
B Determine the linear as well as circular convolution of following sequences: 4
g(n) = (1 2 0 1), h(n) = (2 2 1 1), 0 ≤ n ≤ 3 for both.

Answer: Circular convolution = (6 7 6 5), Linear convolution = (2 6 5 5 4 1

1)

3
 C The accompanying figures show the encoder and decoder of the differential pulse- 8
code modulation (DPCM) scheme used to compress the digital signal. The linear
predictor P(z) in the encoder develops the prediction x”(n) of the input signal x(n),
and the difference signal d(n) = x(n) – x”(n) is quantized by the quantizer Q. The
resulting signal t(n) is represented with fewer bits than that required for x(n). The
signal t(n) is transmitted over channel and received as r(n) at the decoder input.
Assume quantization errors and channel noise errors are zero.
i. Ignoring the quantizer in the encoder, determine the transfer function H(z) =
T(z)/X(z) of the encoder in terms of P(z); and also G(z) = Y(z)/R(z) of the
decoder in terms of P(z).
ii. What is the value of the product H(z)G(z)?
iii. If P(z) = k1z –1 + k2z –2 , find out the impulse responses h(n) and g(n).
iv. For what values ofIgnore
k1 and k2, thefor
quantizer whole
the system is a BIBO stable system?
analysis
+ y(n)
+
d(n) t(n) r (n)
x(n)
Q
+
 Linear Predictor
+
P(z)
Linear Predictor
x"(n) P(z)
+

Answer:
(i) y(n) = r(n) + y(n)*p(n)  Y(z) = R(z) + Y(z)P(z)  G(z)=Y(z)/R(z) = 1/{1
– P(z)}
Also, t(n) = x(n) – x”(n)  T(z) = X(z) – X”(z)…..equation A
x”(n) = p(n)*(x”(n) + t(n))  X”(z) = P(z)[X”(z) + T(z)]….equation B
Solving equns A and B for the ratio T(z)/X(z), we get: H(z) = T(z)/X(z) = 1 –
P(z)

(ii) H(z)G(z) = [1 – P(z)][ 1/{1 – P(z)}] = 1. This is required as the T.F. of

encoder and decoder should be reciprocal to each other so that data is not
lost.

(iii) For P(z) = k1z –1 + k2z –2: H(z) = 1 – P(z) = 1 - k1z –1 - k2z –2  h(n) = d(n) –
k1d(n – 1) – k2d(n – 2) where d is the delta function. Similarly g(n) can be
found out to be the inverse Z transform of G(z) = 1/[1 - k1z –1 - k2z –2 ] using
partial fraction.

(iv) The poles given by the transfer function G(z) should lie within the unit
circle in the z-plane for this causal system to be BIBO stable, and that will
decide the range of ks. The poles are in terms of k1 and k2. Usually, ks are
less than 1.