DEFINITON OF SOAP

Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty

acids

EXAMPLES OF SOAP
Roses soap

Luxury Soap

Russian GMail Soap

 HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING

Soap made by mixing animal fats with alkaline wood ashes

Large
scale
commerc
ial

In 1791 by

Making soda ash or Patented a process Nicholas Leblanc

sodium carbonate from
common salt

This process yield large quantities Twenty years later,

of quality soda ash Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay

Reducing cost of soap Developed process obtaining soda ash

manufacturing
Nicholas Leblanc

Ernest Solvay
 PREPARATION PROCESS IN LABORATORY

Materials : Palm oil, 5 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution, sodium chloride powder,
filter paper, distilled water.

Apparatus: 250 cm beaker, 50 cm measuring cylinder, spatula, glass rod, filter funnel,
tripod stand, Bunsen burner, test tube.

Proscedure :

1. 10 cm of palm oil is poured into a beaker.

2. 50 cm of 5 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is added to the palm oil
3. The mixture is heated until it boils.
4. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.
5. The mixture is allowed to boil for 20 minutes
6. The beaker is removed from the heat. 50 cm of distilled water and three
spatulafuls of sodium chloride are added to the mixture.
7. The mixture is boiled for another 10 minutes.
8. The mixture is allowed to cool.
9. The soap is filtered out. The soap is washed with a little distilled water.
10. The soap is pressed between a few pieces of filter paper to dry it.
11. The soap is felt with fingers. A small amount of soap is placed in a test tube.
Water is added into the test tube. The mixture is then shaken.
12. The observation is recorded.

Observations:

The soap is felt slippery. When the mixture of the soap and water is shaken, lather is
formed.

Discussion:

1. When palm oil is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, a soap is formed.
The word equation for the saponification process involved in this activities is:

Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide solution soap + glycerol

2. The soap formed can be precipitated by adding sodium chloride. This is

because sodium chloride lowers the ability of soap in water.

3. The glycerol and excess sodium hydroxide solution are removed by rinsing
the soap formed with water.
 4. Soaps have the following properties:
a) Soaps feels slippery.
b) Soaps form lather when they are shaken with water.

Conclusion:

Soaps can be prepared by heating palm oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.
 DEFINITON
OF
DETERGEN
T

Any cleaning agent that is not a soap.

EXAMPLES OF
DETERGENT
PREPARATION OF DETERGENT