The embodied energy of a material refers to the energy used to extract, process and refine it before

use in product manufacture. Embodied energy is an accounting methodology which aims to find the
sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product lifecycle. This lifecycle includes raw material
extraction, transport,[1]manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction and/or
decomposition.

Therefore, a correlation exists between the number and type of processing steps and the embodied
energy of materials. For example, the fewer and simpler the extraction, processing and refining steps
involved in a material's production, the lower its embodied energy. The embodied energy of a material
is always reflected in its price.

In some cases, the most technically appropriate material will lower energy costs over the life cycle of
a product. For example, composite materials involving carbon fibres or ceramic compounds may have
a relatively high embodied energy, but when they are used appropriately, they can save energy in a
product's use-phase due to their advanced physical properties, e.g., strength, stiffness, heat or wear
resistance.

On the other hand, materials with less embodied energy may often be substituted without a loss in
product performance. Embodied energy is a significant component of the lifecycle cost of
buildings.  Every building is a complex combination of many processed materials, each of which
contributes to the building's total embodied energy. Renovation and maintenance also add to the
embodied energy over a building's life.

Components:
Quarrying , raw processing of materials
Processing/packing
Transportation to site
Fabrication /production of building components.
Overall embodied energy in a building

 Range of embodied energy:

 Residential building (conventional) = 2240 KWHr/Sq.M
 Hospital building = 5460 KWHr/Sq.M
 Office building = 5320 KWHr/Sq.M
 Residential building= Cement stabilized soil blokes - =626 KWHr/Sq.M
 = RCC framed structure = 1248 KWHr/Sq.M
 Need for standardization for various building types.
Application of embodied energy
 Primary level
 Consider alternative energy efficient building materials
 Secondary level:
 Consider alternative energy efficient construction techniques

Illumination: Effective daylight utilization:

• Daylight factor availability
• Plan for Sky component (SC)
• Enhance internal reflectance
• Avoid obstructions and less dependence on external reflectance
• Integrate radiation control and daylight admission
• Consider all possibilities of daylight concepts (side / clearstory / top / sky / light courts etc.
lighting options)
• Plan daylight as a basic functional requirement
• Ensure availability during earlier stages of design development
• Analyze for main spaces
• Integrate with electric lighting for residual requirement
 Efficient artificial (electric) lighting
• Use of efficient light sources
• Prescribing maximum budgeted power for illumination
• Use of high efficiency luminaires
• Control of exterior façade lighting
• Use of timers and sensors
• Use of functionally appropriate switching control
Define quality and quantity standards

Illumination (internal and exterior)

• Consider reduced overall lighting with matched task lighting .
• Take advantage of light colored finishes to reduce need for artificial lighting.
• Choose highest efficiency discharge lamps.
• Consider heat recovery from luminaries.
• Design to highest possible maintenance factor.
• Consider flexible layout permitting relocating of light fittings later.
• Segregate essential from non- essential lighting.
• Provide sufficient circuits to segregate intermittently-used fittings such as perimeter lights, etc.
• Locate manual switches in the areas illuminated.
• Consider automatic photoelectric controls.
• Consider timers to turn off lights in areas used intermittently.
• Use decorative, display and security lighting only where necessary.

Daylight factor- It is the percentage ratio of daylight illumination at an indoor point on a given
plane to the simultaneous outdoor illumination on a horixontal plane due to whole (unobstructed)
sky vault, excluding direct sunlight. For clear design sky, the daylight factor is the sum of SC +
ERC + IRC
ERC- percentage ratio of illumination reaching directly at a given point after reflection from
external surfaces to the design sky illumination.

Indoor Air Quality refers to the nature of conditioned air that circulates throughout the
space/area where we work and live, that is, the air we breathe during most of our lives.
IAQ, refers not only to comfort, which is affected by temperature, humidity and odors,
but, also to harmful biological contaminants and chemicals present in the conditioned
space.

1. In a conditioned space, since free passage of air is limited, with little or inadequate
fresh air ventilation, it produces an indoor air environment with relatively high levels of
contaminants, bacteria, fungi and dust.
2. The indoor air will certainly have all of the
pollutants of the outdoor or surrounding air and those, that are generated within the
building by people and their activities like smoking, hair sprays, cleaning products,
paints and pesticides spray residues, carpeting, copy machines and air-conditioning
coolants. As a result, indoor air may contain concentration of some components which
are greater than the outdoors ambient air.
3. The composite effect of multiple pollutants can
seriously impact human respiratory systems leading to various short term and long term
illness.

The origins of poor IAQ lie in the emphasis on energy conservation in the 1970's, which
resulted in tighter buildings with recirculated air for building ventilation and minimum
amounts of fresh air being brought into commercial buildings. Ventilation for comfort
began to compete with ventilation for health. This minimized the amount of air to be
heated or cooled and hence conserved on energy. This resulted in a situation described as
the

'Sick Building Syndrome' (SBS), a term which was used to describe the presence of
acute non specific symptoms in the majority of people, caused by working in buildings
with an adverse indoor environment. It was a cluster of complex irritative symptoms like
irritation of the eyes, blockened nose and throat, headaches, dizziness, lethargy,
fatigue irritation, wheezing, sinus, congestion, dry skin, skin rash, sensory
discomfort from odors and nausea. These symptoms are usually short term and
experienced immediately after exposure; and may disappear when you leave the building.

Ventilation for health and comfort VS the energy spent on heating and cooling of outside air.

The economic consequences of the SBS and BRI are decreased productivity,
absenteeism and the legal implications if worker IAQ complaints are left unresolved.
Carbon dioxide levels in an
airconditioned room is a good indicator of occupancy and ventilation rate within a
space. CO2 by itself is not considered an indoor air contaminant and humans are the
major source of CO2. However, if, CO2 levels in a room are higher than 1000 ppm, then it
is an indication that not enough outdoor air is coming in to dilute the CO2 level