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KEY WORDS: 3D modelling, topographic features, data fusion, laser scanner data, segmentation
ABSTRACT:
In the past few years the number of applications that use 3D information of topographical objects increased rapidly. With the
growing demand for 3D topographic data the need for automated 3D data acquisition also grows. Height information can be
extracted from airborne or terrestrial acquisition methods, but can also be modelled as implicit semantic information. Adding height
information to existing features is insufficient; additional features have to be acquired and existing features might get an extra
dimension (surfaces can be converted to volumes, etc). The challenge is to produce semantical, geometrical and topological correct
3D topography. In this paper we describe the steps to acquire 3D topographic information. Special attention lies on the user
requirements of 3D models. These requirements have been accomplished by information analysis at four major geo-information
organizations in The Netherlands. The four cases describe the wishes and requirements for 3D data and modelling. The most
important acquisition task is the modelling of 3D infrastructure and 3D building models. In this paper we will focus on the modelling
of 3D infrastructure in general, and specially the reconstruction of hidden infrastructural object parts. The developed method will be
demonstrated with a 3D reconstruction of the complex motorway interchange ‘Prins Claus Plein’ near The Hague, The Netherlands,
with multiple infrastructural objects crossing each other at different height levels. Although the focus in this paper will lie on the
modelling of 3D infrastructure, the presented 3D map includes the modelling of topographic features completely covering the terrain.
1. INTRODUCTION The use of laser altimetry as data source for the (semi-)
automatic reconstruction has been described by several authors
In the past few years the number of applications that use the 3D (Brenner, 2000; Elaksher and Bethel, 2002; Maas, 2001;
information of topographical objects increased rapidly. Vosselman and Dijkman, 2001), and shows great potential to
Examples can be found in location based services, virtual reliable 3D surface modelling. Some of them use additional
reality tasks, visualisation for city planning, etcetera. These information, like 2D GIS data, in one or more steps of their
applications require 3D topographic input data. Acquiring 3D methods.
topographic information is even more complicated than 2D Correctly combining height information with existing 2D maps
data. has a great potential for a fast, accurate and highly automated
With the growing demand for 3D topographic data the need for acquisition of 3D maps. Several papers describe the advantage
automated 3D data acquisition also grows. 3D data acquisition of using both laser data and 2D maps (Brenner, 2000; Haala et
and object reconstruction is conventionally performed using al., 1998; Hatger and Brenner, 2003; Hofmann, 2004; Koch,
stereo image pairs. Photogrammetry is a classic, accurate and 2004; Rottensteiner and Briese, 2002; Vosselman and Dijkman,
operational approach for 3D data acquisition (Tao, 2005). 2001). Topographic maps provide outlines, classified polygons
However, the automated reconstruction of buildings using only and topologic and 2D semantic information. The purposes for
aerial images as data source has been proven to be a very integrating map data and laser data ranges from improving the
difficult problem (Suveg and Vosselman, 2004). filtering process for DTM generation by explicitly modelling
3D breaklines (Briese, 2004) to rapid acquisition of 3D city
models for virtual reality applications (Haala et al., 1998).
After the previous step many other gaps remain at both sides of
the ‘invisible’ polygons, as can be seen in Figure 4c. These can
be filled by creating new polygons, which have the 2D shape
(and topology) of the road polygons lying above them. The
heights of the new nodes are determined by searching for map
points at neighbouring polygons that lie on the ground surface.
Doing so, these new polygons are connected to lower
Figure 5 Calculation of map point height, from grass land (left) neighbouring polygons, like in Figure 4d.
and road object (right).
Adding height to a 2D object not only means giving height to
In figure 6 results are shown for the modelling of 3D the boundaries of this object, but also to the surface of the
boundaries of a simple crossing. The 3D map points have been object. Most of the terrain objects show some relief at its
visualised as small red dots. Note that the density of map points surface. Laser points lying on the terrain (i.e. not on buildings,
is much higher in the 3D model than in the 2D map. roads, trees, water) are used as nodes in the surface TIN model.
To get a smooth surface at road objects, map points at road
boundaries have been used to generate a constrained TIN
model, without adding laser points lying on that road. Trees and
buildings have not been modelled in this part of the research
project.
Figure 9 Reconstructed model of Prins Claus Plein. Figure 12 TIN of laser points at Prins Claus Plein.
5.2 Applications
During the modelling of the scene the user can choose to derive
several supplementary products. One side product can be a
Digital Terrain Model (DTM), instead of a Digital Surface
Model (DSM). Objects located above or on top of the surface
can easily be left out when deriving a DTM from the laser point Figure 14 Road objects imported in Google Earth.
Maas, H.-G., 2001. The suitability of Airborne Laser Scanner
Data for Automatic 3D Object Reconstruction, Third
6. CONCLUSION & OUTLOOK International Workshop on Automatic Extraction of
Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images,
We have presented a method that recognises and models height Ascona, Switzerland.
discontinuities between objects that are adjacent in a 2D Oude Elberink, S. and Vosselman, G., 2006. Adding the Third
topographic database. A segmentation algorithm has Dimension to a Topographic Database Using
successfully been used to connect laser points on smooth Airborne Laser Scanner Data (to be published),
surfaces and remove small segments. First, the 3D boundaries Photogrammetric Computer Vision 2006. IAPRS,
have been determined by fitting planes to neighbouring Bonn, Germany.
dominant laser segments. Several connection rules have been Penninga, F., 2005. 3D Topographic Data Modelling: Why
applied to get a tight model at object boundaries. Several Rigidity Is Preferable to Pragmatism. In:
conditions have been applied to get horizontal lakes and smooth A.G.C.a.D.M. Mark (Editor), Spatial Information
roads. At interchanges and flyovers additional boundaries have Theory, COSIT, Ellicotville, USA, pp. 409-425.
automatically been reconstructed to allow the reconstruction of Rottensteiner, F. and Briese, C., 2002. A New Method for
3D objects. We’ve added missing polygons to hidden objects to Building Extraction in Urban Areas from High-
get a tight surface model. Resolution Lidar Data, Symposium 2002
Together with other research partners we are working on the Photogrammetric Computer Vision. IAPRS, Graz,
modelling of volume objects in a TEN data structure. This gives Austria, pp. 295-301.
the opportunity to reconstruct 3D models with 3D primitives Suveg, I. and Vosselman, G., 2004. Reconstruction of 3D
instead of with 2D surfaces. Next, focus will be on the detailed building models from aerial images and maps. ISPRS
reconstruction of buildings, by fusing higher point density laser Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
data with large scale topographic maps. 58(3-4): 202-224.
Tao, V.C., 2005. 3D Data Acquisition and Object
Reconstruction for AEC and CAD. In: S. Zlatanova
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT and D. Prosperi (Editors), Large-scale 3D Data
Integration. CRCpress, Boca Raton, Florida, USA,
This research is partially funded by the Dutch BSIK research pp. 245.
programme Space for Geo-Information, project 3D Verbree, E. and Oosterom, P.V., 2003. The Stin Method: 3D-
Topography. The authors would also like to thank the Surface Reconstruction by Observation Lines and
Topographic Service of the Dutch Cadastre as well as the Delaunay TENS, ISPRS working group III/3
Steering Committee AHN for providing the data. workshop `3-D reconstruction from airborne
laserscanner and InSAR data', Dresden, Germany.
Vosselman, G., B. Gorte, G. Sithole and Rabbani, T., 2004.
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