SCIENCE-BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS:

A GLIMPSE OVER PREPAREDNESS INITIATIVES IN INDONESIA

AND INDIAN OCEAN COUNTRIES
FIVE YEARS AFTER INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004

Irina Rafliana
Coordinator
Community Preparedness Program (COMPRESS) – LIPI

Chair
Working Group 6: Community Preparedness, Emergency Response & Mitigation
Intergovernmental Coordinating Group
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (ICG-IOTWS)

Coordinator
Group5: Research Group on Disaster Education
Indonesia-Japan JICA JST Joint Collaboration
on Multidiscipline for Reducing Risks on Earthquake and Volcanoes

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) - Indonesian Institute of Sciences

irina_rafliana@hotmail.com
The aftermath of the Indian Ocean
Tsunami 2004
 TSUNAMI Biak 1996
Aceh – Nias 2004 EQ 8.1 167 killed
EQ 9.0 – 166,000 killed

Pangandaran 2006
EQ 6.8 - 500 killed
Flores 1992
EQ 7.5 – 2000 killed
Banyuwangi 1994
EQ 7.5 sa– 250 killed

Source : BMKG
Alam takambang Jadi Guru…
The nature has become our teacher…
Tsunami Risk Map - National Geographic Indonesia
March Edition - 2005

Padang

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on

Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation,
Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
 Nyi Roro Kidul, Queen of the South Sea

Post Tsunami 2004

• The wisdom of ‘Smong’
being talked about
• Possible relations of Giant Tsunami ?
local folklores and ca. 1600
myths with past tsunami
events
• Palaeotsunami research
& social-cultural studies
• Increased initiatives in
awareness dan disaster
risk reduction
Prof. Kruawun Jankaew
Science/knowledge-based preparedness in
Indonesia
 Broad area assessment
Priority area assessment

Why do we have to save our lives?

(palaeotsunami studies, liquefactions studies, social economy &
geophysics vulnerability studies, community preparedness
assessments)

Vulnerability
Assessement

Community Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang

Preparedness Menurut Paramater

100 100
Assessment 89
Historical tsunamis and 100
80 73 75
palaeotsunami studies 80

60 84
40
38 33 36
57
40 61
50
20 20
0 0 0
0
Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Pengetahuan Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
 Where do we have to go?
(earthquake and run-up models, critical facilities studies,
emergency responses preparations evacuation signs, routes,
maps, national & local SOP’s)
How can we save our lives?
collaborative system
between community
and the local government

(school and community based disaster preparedness, incorporated

with DM agencies and government preparedness at all levels)
Knowledge…

…Understanding

Life skills!!
 Community preparedness assessment
framework
Parameters:

1. Knowledge and Attitude

2. Policy Statement
3. Emergency Planning
4. Warning System
5. Resource Mobilization Capacity
Local
Government

Individuals
and School Community
Household

Community Preparedness
 COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENTS (LIPI, 2006-2008)

80
67 69
70
60 57
52
48
50
40
30 Total
17
20
10
0
a

n
g

id

l
ata
ng

ta
la

ur

ur

To
ko
Ta

m
M
Se

ca
ah

Ke
um
R

Pelaku

Gambar 4.1.7.1 Indeks Kesiapsiagaan thd

Bencana untuk Kecamatan di Aceh, 2006

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam

Menghadapi Bencana

75
80
59 63
56
60

40

20

0
Ruma tangga Komunitas Pemerintah Kota Padang
Sekolah

100

80
54
51 48 51
Nilai Indeks

60

40

20

0
RT Komunitas Pemerintah Kota
Sekolah Bengkulu

Level of Index
Preparedness
Entirely Prepared 80 - 100
• Household Prepared 65 - 79
• School Community (students, teachers, school insititution) Almost Prepared 55 - 64
•Local Government Less Prepared 40 - 54
Not Prepared < 40
PREPAREDNESS IN SCHOOLS
Cilacap
School policy support
at the lowest!! 80
70
72
66
Pengetahuan

55 Kebijakan
60
44
50 Rencana Tanggap
34 Darurtat
40
100 Peringatan
30
Bencana
20 11 Mobilisasi Sumber
80
64
School’s policy support at the lowestsds
10 Daya
Indeks
0 Kesiapsiagaan
1
60 48
45
40

40 27

11 80 76
20
72 72
60 65 62 60 57

Nilai Indeks
0 48
Pengetahuan Kebijakan Rencana Sistim Kemampuan Indeks Sekolah
Tanggap Peringatan Memobilisasi sekolah
40
Darurat Bencana Sumber Daya Guru
Murid 27
20 18 19
10
0
Bengkulu KAP PS EP WS RMC
Parameter

Aceh Besar
PREPAREDNESS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam
Menghadapi Bencana

75
80
59 63
56
60

40

20

0
Ruma tangga Komunitas Pemerintah Kota Padang
Sekolah

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang

Menurut Paramater

100 100
89
100
80 73 75
80

60 84
40
38 33 36
57
40 61
50
20 20
0 0 0
0
Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Pengetahuan Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
PREPAREDNESS IN HOUSEHOLDS

68
70
Pengetahuan
60 53
45 49
Rencana Tanggap
50
Darurat
40 30 Peringatan
Bencana
30
Mobilisasi Sumber
20 Daya
10 Indeks
Kesiapsiagaan
0
 Community Preparedness
collaborative system

innovations Facilitation &

moderation

translations adaptation
Functioning Disaster
Curriculum & materials
development Public Education management plan
Practioners & Evacuation strategy
Promoters Standard
forecasts operational
procedures

research Disaster
Decision
Functioning Functioning
models
Scientists
Functioning Disaster
Support
System
assessments Community Management
Early warning
Officials
studies Facilitation &
advocacy

Disaster resilient integrating DMO, schools and coastal communities

Sustainable economic livelihood
Environment Management Practices Rafliana,I. 2008
 To date:
Indonesian “Sesame Street”: EQ Over than 200
education education materials
developed by more
than 40 organizations
in Indonesia
 THE JICA-JST COLLABORATION: Group 5
Multi-disciplinary Hazard Reduction Program for Earthquake and Volcanoes in Indonesia

Group 5.1.1: School based disaster education

Group 5.1.2: Town Watching
Group 5.1.2: Evacuation simulation animation LIPI
ADRC

Group 5.2 : Diffusions lessons on past

disasters

Group 5.3 : Lessons over the internet

SOI ASIA
 TDMRC/UNSYIAH NON GOVERNMENT
RESEARCH CENTER SMPN 1 ORGANIZATION
BANDA ACEH
(junior high)

SDN 2 (elementary SMAN 1

Islamic BANDA ACEH
School)
High school (senior high)
BANDA ACEH
MAN 2
BANDA ACEH
SMAN 6
BANDA ACEH
(senior
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITIES
High)

JICA – JAPAN SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
LIPI
SCHOOL BASED PREPAREDNESS
MODEL
 Indonesian first Music Compilation Project on Disaster Preparedness

Naif – Samsons – Netral – Mocca – Franky S – Saint Loco – White Shoes&Couples Company –
The Upstairs – Efek Rumah Kaca – 70’s OC – Navicula – Buset – MGM – Frank&friends

Involvement of music
and art community in
the community
preparedness
movement
 Science in Music:
Indonesia’s 1st Compilation Album on Disaster Preparedness

Nominated for:
The Indonesian Cutting
Edge Music Award
(ICEMA) – Microsoft
2010, for the single:
“Indonesia Supermarket
Bencana” (by 70’s OC
rock band)
Indian Ocean States

The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System:

An Inter-governmental Coordinating Group
Working Groups:
1. Risk Assessment &
Reduction

2. Detection, Warning
Dissemination

3. Awareness and
Response

Inter-Governmental Coordinating Group:

Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
 Community Preparedness & Emergency Response
Tsunami Early Warning System

Capacity building and strengthening

Community Emergency
Preparedness Response Mitigation

Science & Timely

Hard structure
Knowledge- Warning
Soft structure
based Dissemination

Vulnerability & Long term

Warning Chain
Preparedness development
analysis, Standard
Assessment  Risk planning & policy
Operating Procedures
Profiles making/adaptation
Participatory Hazard Mapping, and other related community preparedness
& emergency response activities in Sri Lanka
Junior Disaster Club
Anse Royale Primary School - Seychelles
 Warning infrastructures: sirene

Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center : TDMRC - UNSYIAH

 Evacuation signs

Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center :TDMRC-UNSYIAH

 Vertical evacuation

Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center :TDMRC-UNSYIAH

 National Disaster Response Force
BNS – LOCATIONS
PATNA – P I
CHANDIGARH
(Bhanu ) BHUBANESHWAR
(Mundali )
GR. NOIDA
(Under Raising)

GUWAHATI

KOLKATA
VADODARA

PUNE ( Talegaon )
VIJAYAWADA – P I

CHENNAI
(Arakkonam )

• Two more Battalions under consideration.

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on

Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation,
Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
How Prepared are We?
Hazard
Possibilities Preparedness
Measures
Distant tsunamis
Local tsunamis
Island characterized
Underwater landslide
Vulnerability
Profiles
Preparedness
Physical
Social Profile
Economics
Environmental Local authorities
School
Household
Mitigation

Riskand What to do
Knowing Your Risks Adopted: Tsunami Risk
high About Itlow
medium no Assessment Guideline
IOC-UNESCO/WG 3, 2009
Regional Seminar cum Training On Risk Assessment:
“Knowing Your Risks And What to do About It”

Bangkok, November 2009

ICG/IOTWS, UNDP RCB
How can We be Prepared?
 EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SOPWARNING & DECISION
& Warning Chain
Training & workshop
MAKING
NTWC
Table Top Simulation

EOC

TESTING THE WARNING CHAIN:

INTERFACE &
WARNING

INTEGRATED EXERCISE
DISSEMINATION
DM Training

Crisis Local authorities

communication Radio
training network Fire brigades SAR media
SOP workshop Red Cross
Church mosques

School-based Disaster
Preparedness training & Disaster preparedness
SOP, drills training, SOP, drills
schools markets Gas
offices
station
households
Community-based Public park ports Commercial
Disaster Preparedness areas
training & SOP, drills
COMMUNITY
Some Gaps and challenges, at local
and global
 Disrupting issues in preparedness

• Risks dimensions VS presssing development priorities often takes precedence

over mitigation, prevention & disaster risks management
• Current capacities of local government appear ‘ill-prepared’ in taking this often
highly technical, costly and time consuming responsibilities
• Lack encourage to build local capacities to develop, use, access and utilize risk
information (Tumbaga, et. al., Propelling Growth, Managing Costs: A Challenge to Local Governments,
ACSPPA, 2003)
 Disasters and external supports

• The cost of disasters in the 1990’s were 15 times

higher than they were in 1950’s
• In 1990’s alone, disaster affected 40% of world’s
population, most in developing countries
• World Bank spending on natural disasters risen.
Since 1980’s, there are 550 disaster-related
projects, more than USD 26 billion in lending for
disaster response and mitigation

(Source: Chibber.A, Parker. R, World Bank, Bringing Disaster risk into Development Thinking: How
Often Do We Need to be Shaken before We are Stirred? – Real Risk, 2006)
The absence of costs provided by local government for
such efforts allows external resources induced...

• Initiatives made by national government or international

organizations
• Capacity building proccesses then likely to be externally
directed with greater decision making power rest in these
non-local entities
• when external initiatives ends, local government and their
community are left to deal the consequences as best they
can

(Tumbaga, et.al.; 2003)

Roles Played in the community
Preparedness on InaTWS

Unesco Ind. Red Coss (PMI)

GTZ-IS Local players
Consortium on Disaster Edu.(CDE) (NGO, Local gov’t, local
organizations, private)
Universities
 SCOPE IN DRR EDUCATION
National
(academic)institutions
Local
government Schools &
community

Identify Reduce Increase Increase

Hazards Vulnerability Capacity Preparedness

National
(academic)institutions
Local
government Schools &
community
 Padang City: Recapitulation of 5 years post
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
• 1861
• 2004 Indian ocean tsunami...

• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on

Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation,
Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
• 1861
• 2004

• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
• 1861
• 2004
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang
Menurut Paramater

• 2005 100
100 100
89

80 73 75
80

•2006 60 84
40
38 33 36
57
• 2007 40 61
50
20
• 2008 20
0 0 0
0
• 2009 Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Pengetahuan Kebijakan
• beyond Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005
• 2006

• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008

• 2009
• beyond
 The first 30 minutes in Padang:
30 September 2009 EQ case

• Official warning from BMKG reached

authorities in Padang within 5 minutes, and
local private radio (Pro News & Classy FM).
• Government officials and NGO’s quickly
received information from EOC via radio
communication network
•Official warning to public was largely absent in
the first 30 minutes
• evacuation process snarled by massive traffic
congestion
• Local FM radio (RRI) brought official warning
to the public
 Open end remarks...
• Tsunamis, as long ‘return period’ hazard is challenging. It may not be a
country’s top list priority comparing to other hazards. It may not recur even
over several generations.

• Community preparedness is an on-going, life long learning proccess, trans

generations. Many results of preparedness might not be tangible but
observable and measurable.

• National policies in land use, environmental protection laws & education

should be incorporated in a participatory mechanism, encouraging bottom-
up demands, to allow community involvement in planning and
implementing their best disaster risk management, including their
preparedness.

• Preparedness is the most cost efficient effort with significant relations to

the global development, and in reducing loss of life.
 Learning from the lessons, what will
derail sustainable disaster risk
reduction including prepraredness…
• Over-confident with merely top-down
approach or bottom-up, without merging both
polar
• Inability to capitalize knowledge and resources
• Missing interface from science/research to
public, policy makers and end-users
Thank you.