End Term Exam Reviewer

2nd Term: Algebra

- The Great Codigo 2.0

o Arithmetic Sequences
 d = An – An-1
 An = A1 + (n-1)d
 Sn = (n/2)(A1 + An)
 Sn = (n/2)(2A1 + (n-1)d)
o Geometric Sequences
 R = An/ An-1
 An = A1Rn-1
 Sn = A1 / ( 1 – r)
 Sn = (A1(1 - Rn)) / 1 – R
o
- Patterns
o Anything with a consistent arrangement
o Ex.
 1,2,3,4,5,
 1,3,7,13,21
 Up,up,down,down
 Left,right,left,right
- Sequences
o A set of numbers arranged in a definite order
o Common difference – an amount added to a part in a sequence to get the next part
o As long as there is a pattern, it’s considered a sequence
o 2 types
 Arithmetic – adding
 Geometric – multiplication
o Ex:
 1,2,3,4,5
 1,3,7,13,22
 1,2,4,8,16
o Harmonic Sequences
 Just reciprocate an arithmetic sequence
 1 , 2 ,3 = 1/1, ½, 1/3
o Recursive formula
 Using the values of the first 3 terms, you can find a formula to find the next terms
 Given
 3, 9, 27, 81, 243…
 A1=3, A2=9, A3=27
 If A2 = A1 X 3; and A3 = A2 X 3 ; R = 3
 Then An = RAn-1
o Sigma
 Used for notation of summations
 5
Σ [x2]
x=1

What that means is that you take x2 for x=1, evaluate it (1), and then do the same for x=2,
 x=3 ... x=5 and then add each result. So in this case, the above summation would
evaluate to 55 (12+ 22 + 32 + 42+ 52= 55). 
- Series
o The sum of all the terms of a sequence
o Two types
 Finite – the sequence has an end
 Infinite – unending sequence
- Matrices
o Numbers arranged in a rectangular manner
o Dimensions are read: (Rows) x ( Columns)
 Matrices can be named using letters
o Numbers in a matrix are called elements
 Multiply the dimensions of a matrix, and you get the number of elements it has
 A element can be named A12 : you find it on the 1st row, on the 2nd column
o 4 types
 Row – 1 row
 Column – 1 column
 Square – equal # of columns and rows
 Zero – all elements are 0’s
o Matrices are equal when they have the same dimensions, and each element is equal in value to its
corresponding element in the opposite matrix
- Matrix addition and subtraction
o Only matrices with equal dimensions can be added/subtracted
o Simply add/ subtract elements by their corresponding element
o Inverses
 When asked for the inverse, reverse the polarities of your elements
 Ex: [ -1 2] would inversely be [1 -2]
o Properties of addition/subtraction
 Associative
 (A+B)+C = A + (B + C)
 Commutative
 A+B=B+A
 Distributive
 s(A+B) = sA + sB
- Matrix Multiplication
o Multiplying matrices (duh)
o You can only multiply matrices when:
 The Columns of the first matrix is equal to the row of the second
 (3 X 2) X (2 X 4) = ok
 (2 X 4) X (3 X 2) = hell no
o The resulting matrix will have rows equivalent to the first matrix and columns equivalent to the second
 (3 X 2) X (2 X 4) = (3 X 4)
o HOW TO MULTIPLY
 Given A x B
 Multiply the terms of Matrix A’s first row with matrix B’s first Column
 Add the resulting numbers
 Multiply the terms of Matrix A’s first row with Column B’s next column
 Add the resulting numbers
 Rinse and repeat till you finish off all the columns
 Do the same with Matrix A’s other rows after finishing the first
  When putting the finished numbers on your new matrix, fill the elements from left to right, up
going down; like reading a book
- Determinants
o A number assigned to a matrix, determined by adding the products of certain numbers
o Given a 2 x 2 matrix
 Simply cross multiply, then subtract

a1 b 1
| |=a1 b2 −a2 b1
a 2 b2
o Given a 3 x 3

a 1 b1 c 1
=a 1 b2 c 3 +a2 b 3 c 1 +a3 b1 c 2
|a 2 b 2 c 2 |
−a1 b 3 c 2 −a2 b 1 c 3−a3 b 2 c 1
a3 b3 c 3

- Cramers Rule
o A process which solves linear equations
o 2x2
 Linear System Coefficient Matrix
ax+by=e a b

cx+dy=f
Det A = ad - bc
[ ]
c d

|e b | |a e |
f d c f
x= y=
det A det A
o 3 x3
 First, make a 3 x 3 matrix using the coefficients, just like 2x2
 Get the determinant
 When solving for the value of a variable, replace the column of coefficients belonging to that
variable with the constants on the right side of your equations
 Divide the result by your determinant
 Rinse and repeat with the other variables
 NOTE: If a variable doesn’t exist in one of the 3 equations, add one:
 Ex: 3y + 4z = 5; 0x + 3y +4z = 5

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= - 73
Anyways, GODSPEED guys