MANAGEMENT OF

WILDLIFE
PROJECT BY:
GAYATRI KALGHATGI

TYBMS SEM VI 2010-2011

PROJECT COORDINATOR:
Mr. SAMADHAN KAMKAR

CHIKITSAK SAMUHA’S
S.S & L.S. PATKAR COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
AND V.P VARDHE COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS.
GOREGAON- (WEST)
MUMBAI- 400062.
 Declaration

I Miss GAYATRI KALGAHTGI OF PATKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

AND ECONOMICS OF T.Y.BMS (Semester VI) HEREBY DECLARE THAT I
HAVE COMPLETED THIS PROJECT ON “MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE”.
IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2010-2011. THE INFORMATION
SUBMITTED IS TRUE AND ORIGINAL TO THE BEST OF MY
KNOWLEDGE.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:
GAYATRI KALGHATGI
PATKAR COLLEGE
 Certificate

I Mr. Samadhan Kamkar hereby certify that Miss. Gayatri Kalghatgi of Patkar
College of Commerce and Economics of TYBMS (Semester VI) has completed
project on “MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE” in the academic year 2010 – 2011.
The information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

SIGNATURE OF THE
PRINCIPAL

SIGNATURE OF PROJECT
CO-ORDINATOR

SIGNATURE OF THE
COURSE CO-ORDINATOR
OF THE COLLEGE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Before going on with the project study, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude
to a few people without whom this project just wouldn’t have been possible. First
and foremost I would like to thank my Project Guide Mr. Samadhan Khamkar for
having spent considerable time and providing very useful insights and facts for my
project “Management of Wildlife”.

It was an amazing experience working on this project and I would once again wish
to thank all the people related to it for making the task worthwhile and so much
fun.
INDEX:

• Introduction to management of Wildlife.

• Preservation, conservation and management of Wildlife.
• Wildlife institution of India.
• Types of wildlife management.
• Forms of wildlife management.
• Management techniques.
• Wildlife management plan activities.
• Organisms of special interest for wildlife management plan.
• Wildlife conservation strategies.
• Wildlife diseases.
• Disease management strategies of wildlife.
• Alternatives for reducing wildlife damage.
• Problems faced by wildlife.
• Conservation and preservation.
• Articles related to conservation and preservation of wildlife.
• Endangered wildlife.
• Strategies related to species conservation.
• Organizations working for wildlife.
• List of animal rights organizations.
• PETA
• Conservation as politics.
• Human wildlife conflict.
• Human-wildlife conflict collaboration.
• Research study.
• Conclusion.
• Bibliography.
HISTORY OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT:

Prior to 1900, few laws or regulations were imposed on hunting wild animals in
this country. Even species now considered nongame (non-hunted) were harvested
during all seasons of the year. Market hunters harvested hundreds of thousands of
animals to sell to a growing nation. They killed animals and marketed the meat for
food, hides for clothing or trading, and feathers for decoration.

Laws were passed to protect wildlife from market hunting, but this was not the
only problem. Settlers changed the habitat available to wildlife species. They
plowed prairies, drained wetlands, and built towns. These activities, and
unregulated hunting, caused drastic declines for many wildlife species. Predators,
animals that hunt and kill other animals for food, (e.g., weasels, coyotes, foxes,
wolves) were shot on sight and considered vermin because they were perceived as
a threat to domestic sheep, chickens, or cattle as well as game animals.

Iowa’s "big game" or large animal species (e.g., bison, elk, white-tailed deer) had
virtually disappeared by the late 1800s. Some people were concerned by these
extirpations. Laws were enacted to "protect"game (hunted) animals by limiting
hunting and removing predators. State game wardens were hired in the early 1900s
to enforce these laws. Most of the funding for early wildlife management efforts
came from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses and federal excise taxes on
hunting and fishing equipment.
Many game populations continued to suffer, so managers tried to supplement them
with animals raised in captivity, but this didn’t work either. Biologists conducted
research to better understand species’ needs and realized habitat was a critical
factor for wildlife survival, so efforts increased to obtain and enhance habitat.
Extirpated species were reintroduced.

Habitat for game species benefited many nongame (non-hunted) animals, but
specific funding for management of nongame species was not provided until 1981
when the "Chickadee Checkoff" was placed on Iowa tax forms. Donations from
this tax check-off were used to fund the Nongame Program (now Wildlife
Diversity), which is responsible for all nongame animals. National initiatives
including "Teaming With Wildlife" and the "Conservation and Reinvestment Act"
to provide long-term, stable funding for management of all wildlife species have
not come to fruition.

Biologists now try to manage from a "landscape" perspective. This takes into
consideration all plants and animals in an area, in contrast to management for a
single species. Key indicator species are monitored, but the goal is to enhance the
whole biological system. For example, landscape management strives to conserve
an entire prairie system, complete with prairie chickens, skipper butterflies, pale
purple coneflowers, and prairie rattlesnakes.

Although wildlife management in the U.S. did not emerge as a profession until the
1930's, there were some early attempts at management. The earliest game law
dates back to 1639, when Rhode Island closed the hunting season for white-tailed
deer from May to November[8]. Other regulations during this time focused
primarily on restricting hunting. At this time, lawmakers did not consider
population sizes or the need for preservation or restoration of wildlife habitats[9].
The profession of wildlife management was established in the United States in the
interwar period (1920s-1930s) by Aldo Leopold and others who sought to
transcend the purely restrictive policies of the previous generation of
conservationists, such as anti-hunting activist William T. Hornaday. Leopold and
his close associate Herbert Stoddard, who had both been trained in scientific
forestry, argued that modern science and technology could be used to restore and
improve wildlife habitat and thus produce abundant "crops" of ducks, deer, and
other valued wild animals.

The institutional foundations of the profession of wildlife management were

established in the 1930s, when Leopold was granted the first university
professorship in wildlife management (1933, University of Wisconsin, Madison),
when Leopold's textbook 'Game Management' was published (1933), when The
Wildlife Society was founded, when the Journal of Wildlife Management began
publishing, and when the first Cooperative Wildlife Research Units were
established. Conservationists planned many projects throughout the 1940s. Some
of which included the harvesting of female mammals such as deer to decrease
rising populations. Others included waterfowl and wetland research. The Fish and
Wildlife Management Act was put in place to urge farmers to plant food for
wildlife and to provide cover for them.

In 1937, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (also known as the Pittman-
Robertson Act) was passed in the U.S.. This law was an important advancement in
the field of wildlife management. It placed a 10% tax on sales of guns and
ammunition. The funds generated were then distributed to the states for use in
wildlife management activities and research. This law is still in effect today.
INTRODUCTION TO WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT:

Wildlife management by definition attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with

the needs of people using the best available science. Wildlife management can
include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control. Wildlife
management has become an integrated science using disciplines such
as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain
the best results.

The term wildlife means different things to different people. To a backyard

wildlifer, it may mean chickadees, nuthatches, and cardinals. To a hunter, it may
mean white-tailed deer, bobwhite quail, and gray squirrels. To a sheep producer, it
may mean coyotes. To a poultry producer, it may mean mink, weasels, skunks, and
raccoons. To a gardener, it may mean hummingbirds and butterflies.

It is important to identify and define what we mean by the term “wildlife” before
we can answer the question, “What are wildlife management and conservation?”
Early definitions of wildlife focused on wild animals (undomesticated free-ranging
animals) that could be hunted for sport or food (a partial list of wildlife in the
South is listed in Table 1). Early definitions restricted the term wildlife to
vertebrates (animals with a backbone). From that time forward, the message has
been clear: there is a separation of those organisms termed wildlife, not only from
other vertebrates, but most certainly from other groups of lower animals and
plants.
If you were to ask a professional biologist to define wildlife, he or she would
probably identify two distinct vertebrate groups: birds and mammals. Even state
and federal organizations, in their names, make a distinction between fish and
wildlife: the various state wildlife agencies and the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.

The definitions of wildlife management are about as numerous as authors and

professional biologists. There are some differences, to be sure, but three common
ideas are present in every definition of wildlife management, including:
1) efforts directed toward wild animal populations,
2) relationship of habitat to those wild animal populations, and
3) manipulations of habitats or populations that are done to meet some specified
human goals.

Early wildlife biologists viewed wildlife management as the art of making the land
produce adequate game for recreational use (hunting, fishing, or trapping). Later
definitions emphasized wildlife management as the science of manipulating wild
animal populations and their habitats for specific human goals. Current definitions
stress wildlife management as applied animal ecology that benefits the habitat and
both the wildlife and human populations.

Wildlife management can be a complex process whereby a landowner or biologist:

• conducts habitat and wildlife population inventories and evaluations;

• determines what the people desire from the wildlife resource and superimposes
human goals on the natural system based on initial inventories and evaluations.
The eventual outcome in meeting desired management goals is accomplished by:
1) manipulating the habitat,
2) manipulating animal populations, or
3) managing people.

The Process of Wildlife Managemet

PRESERVATION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT:

We should now examine the differences between preservation, conservation, and

management because many people mistakenly confuse wildlife management with
wildlife preservation.
Conservation is an effort to maintain and use natural resources wisely in an attempt
to ensure that those resources will be available for future generations. Therefore,
wise use of resources could vary from actively managing white-tailed deer
populations by hunting to protecting and preserving spotted owl populations and
habitat.
Preservation is a component or part of conservation in which natural systems are
left alone without human disturbance or manipulation. Preservationists (people
who believe in preservation) feel natural resources should be protected, unspoiled,
and untouched by humans. The goal of preservation is often maintaining the
integrity of the ecosystem as exemplified by nature preserves or wilderness areas.
Passive management strategy is sometimes used in wildlife management when
animal populations dwindle to the point they are in danger of extinction. The
passive management strategy for red-cockaded woodpeckers (an endangered
species) in South Carolina is to alter traditional timber management to ensure
breeding and foraging habitat.
It is important to note, however, that an undisturbed ecosystem is not necessarily a
stable one. Natural changes in the plant community constantly create different
habitats for different species of wildlife. Therefore, as the system changes over
time, conditions may not remain suitable for the continued existence of some
wildlife species in that community.

As a regenerated forest is allowed to mature, for instance, the presence and

abundance of bobwhite quail will decline because the habitat is no longer suitable
for them.

Management is also a component of conservation that usually means controlling,

directing, or manipulating wildlife populations and/or their habitats (active
management strategy).
Wildlife managers usually seek to:
1) increase a population (by planting food and cover plots for quail or cutting
small tracts of timber for wild turkey);

2) decrease a population (by harvesting deer when they are damaging orchard
trees or soybean crops); or

3) stabilize a population so that individuals can be removed on a continuing

basis, making sure that enough individuals remain in the population to
replace those that are removed (sustained yield).

4) There are two different approaches to managing wildlife on private lands.

The first approach is to provide as varied a habitat as possible in an attempt
to support as many different wildlife populations as possible. This is called
the species richness approach to managing wildlife. Under this system, a
landowner would try to manage his or her property to provide a mixture of
areas in different plant stages, areas with large amounts of edge interspersed
with some unbroken tracts of forest, and forested areas with vertical layering
of trees, shrubs, and broadleaf weeds.

5) The second approach to managing wildlife is called the featured species

approach. The goal of this approach is to provide habitat for one selected
(featured) species. Therefore, a landowner might choose to manage for
white-tailed deer or bobwhite quail exclusively. The key to featured species
wildlife management is to identify the precise habitat requirements of the
 featured species and select management practices that provide the
requirements that are in the shortest supply.

There are two different approaches to managing wildlife on private lands. The first
approach is to provide as varied a habitat as possible in an attempt to support as
many different wildlife populations as possible. This is called the species richness
approach to managing wildlife. Under this system, a landowner would try to
manage his or her property to provide a mixture of areas in different plant stages,
areas with large amounts of edge interspersed with some unbroken tracts of forest,
and forested areas with vertical layering of trees, shrubs, and broadleaf weeds.

The second approach to managing wildlife is called the featured species approach.
The goal of this approach is to provide habitat for one selected (featured) species.
Therefore, a landowner might choose to manage for white-tailed deer or bobwhite
quail exclusively. The key to featured species wildlife management is to identify
the precise habitat requirements of the featured species and select management
practices that provide the requirements that are in the shortest supply.
WILDLIFE INSTITUTION OF INDIA:

Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun (WII) was set up in 1982. In 1986 it was
given autonomy, for effective furtherance of academic pursuits. It functions as an
autonomous institution of the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
The aims and objectives are :

• to build up a body of scientific knowledge on the wildlife resources of the

country.
• to train personnel at various levels for the conservation and management of
wildlife resources as well as provide orientation to all those concerned
therewith.
• to carry out research relevent to management, including the development of
techniques appropriate to Indian conditions.
• to provide information and advice on specific wildlife management
problems.
• to provide a basis for cooperation with international organizations concerned
with wildlife management, research and training.
• to work towards an autonomous institution of university status, which
provides graduates in natural resource conservation and management for
both government and non-government institutions, including university
faculty and wildlife and conservation organizations. It should ultimately
become a regional centre of international importance in studies on Asian
wildlife and natural resource management.
Some of the important activities are:

• Masters Programme in Wildlife Biology (M.Sc.)

• Training Course in Management Planning for Protected Areas.
• Training Course in Ecodevelopment Planning for Protected Areas.
• Training Course in Zoo Management and Captive Breeding.
• Training Course in Conservation Education and Interpretation.
• Short term courses for inservice Forest Officers, IAS and the Army.
• Integrated forest management (research, training and advisory aspects).
• Enlargement in the scope and quantum of wildlife research.
• International scientific collaborative programmes.
• EIA studies for developmental and industrial projects.
• Planning of a biogeographically representative national network of protected
areas for biodiversity conservation and its updating with fresh flows of
information.
• Establishment of a computerized National Wildlife Database.
• Application of advanced computer based Digital Image Processing (DIP)
and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies in wildlife research
and management.
• Wildlife health programmes (research, training and advisory aspects).

WII has set itself the following objectives :

• Training managers and biologists for protected area management and

wildlife research;
• Training education and extension specialists for protected area to get public
support for wildlife conservation;
• Providing orientation courses for those involved in landuse management;
• Conducting and coordinating applied wildlife research and evolving relevant
techniques suited to Indian conditions;
• Creating a database for building up a wildlife information system employing
modern analytical techniques and computer equipment; and
• Providing advisory and consultancy services to central and state
governments universities, research institutions and other official and non-
official agencies.
TYPES OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT:

There are two general types of wildlife management:

Manipulative management acts on a population, either changing its numbers by

direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food
supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease. This is
appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an
unacceptably low density or increases to an unacceptably high level. Such
densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land owner, and may be
disputed by animal welfare interests.

Custodial management is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external

influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park
where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. It is also
appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of
external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system.
Forms of Wildlife Management:

 Wildlife management techniques are used to increase, maintain, or reduce

wildlife populations.

 Habitat Restoration and Management

 Habitat restoration/management is a primary tool wildlife biologists use to

manage, protect, and enhance wildlife populations.

 Increased wildlife diversity in an area may be a wildlife management goal. It

is difficult to develop strategies for managing each species separately
because there are hundreds of species of birds, mammals, fish, amphibians,
reptiles, and invertebrates, each with different needs.

 Several wildlife species can benefit when a complete habitat type or

ecosystem is improved, created, or preserved intact. Managers often
restore/manage habitats to meet the needs of threatened or endangered
species, or groups of species (e.g., grassland birds).

 Restoring wetland areas has many benefits. Wetlands cleanse water and
improve water quality as it flows through to nearby streams and rivers,
improving these habitats for fish and other aquatic species. They provide
nesting and escape cover for waterfowl and other game birds and mammals.
 They also supply food, shelter, and denning and nesting sites for dozens of
species ranging from snails, dragonflies, and turtles to rails, muskrats, and
mink.

 Managers may restore wetlands by removing or plugging tile lines, or create

new ones. Often, wetland plants return once the basin fills, but a new
wetland may also be seeded. Managers may manipulate water levels to
increase the plant growth for food and cover. They also plant surrounding
areas to native grasses to provide nesting sites for some wetland birds and to
protect water quality. Since 1990, over 7,600 acres of wetlands have been
restored. Approximately 650 acres are restored each year. Wildlife managers
also restore prairies. This may include making sure an area is large enough
to support area sensitive species such as prairie chickens and northern
harriers. Prairies also benefit other native plants and animals. Roots of
prairie plants reach several feet into the soil, holding it in place and

 increasing its ability to absorb water. This reduces erosion as well as the
volume of water and contaminants entering streams, rivers, and lakes. Since
1997, almost 147,000 pounds of native prairie seeds have been harvested.
Almost 11,700 acres of prairie have been restored.

 Managers may enhance grassland areas by clearing brush (prescribed

burning,
 cutting, herbicides) and removing trees, as well as over-planting them with
native prairie species. This helps reduce cover used by edge predators
(skunks, raccoons, red-tailed hawks) and improves the quality of the habitat
for grassland animals.

 Biologists plant food plots (corn, sunflowers, legumes) and grasslands to

provide

 winter food and spring nesting and brood rearing cover for upland game
birds (e.g., ringnecked pheasants). Success or failure of spring nesting and
rearing of young often has the greatest impact on populations. Harsh winters
(with long periods of snow cover and icy conditions) and very wet springs
can reduce nest success and increase mortality of young.

 Harvest Management goals are dictated by the success or failure of rearing

young. Changes in weather conditions over several years can have severe
impacts on wildlife populations. Adjusting the harvest may be the best way
to maintain certain game populations. For example, when major areas used
by ducks for nesting experienced several years of drought, the number of
ducks hunters could shoot was decreased until the wetlands refilled and duck
numbers recovered.
 Managers may strive to reduce or maintain populations so animals conflict
less with human activities. For example, white-tailed deer are abundant in
urban areas. This presents challenges for wildlife managers because hunting
with firearms is not allowed. Trapping and relocating deer are expensive,
time-consuming, and don’t provide a longterm solution. Relocated deer do
not survive well in unfamiliar areas that probably are at carrying capacity for
deer already. The most effective solution has been controlled hunts.

 Another example is the trend in the buck:doe deer harvest ratio. The
percentage of bucks harvested is increasing. This may create an imbalance
and lead to an unhealthy deer population. Regulations that encourage harvest
of more does in areas with many deer may result in more mature bucks and a
healthier deer population.
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES:

Humans have inarguably had a great influence on animal populations around the
world. Animals are used for many things, including food, shelter, art and tools.
However, the more we use natural resources, the quicker they may become
depleted. Today, it is not uncommon for humans to intervene in the natural world
to help manage wildlife populations to keep species from becoming extinct. A
healthy planet is a diverse planet, full of animal species, and there are a number of
ways to conserve this diversity.

Monitoring Wildlife Populations

1. A crucial first step in managing wildlife populations is simply to keep track
of them. Monitoring the size of wildlife populations will give an idea of
whether they are increasing or decreasing. Major changes in population size
over a short period of time can indicate a lack of balance between various
species within an ecosystem. Wildlife populations can be monitored by
tagging and tracking animals or through field observations.

2. Habitat Conservation
Habitat conservation is also important in managing wildlife. More and more land is
being stripped of its natural plant and animal life for the sake of development,
which results in limited space for wildlife populations. All wild animals need a
particular amount of space to live healthily. For example, deer need enough space
to find plenty of plants to feed on. If their space is limited, they will deplete the
plant sources more quickly than those plants can grow, which can lead to
starvation. The most natural way to manage wildlife is to make sure they have
plenty of space to keep a natural balance among all species.

3. Manipulative Management
Occasionally, the most appropriate way to manage wildlife is for people to
intervene through "manipulative management." This may involve altering the
availability of food sources, treating wildlife for diseases or introducing a new
species to an ecosystem. These management techniques may be more invasive than
others, however, so each case needs to be considered independently to ensure that
human intervention is the best option.
 Wildlife Management Plan Activities

 The activities being used for this management plan are listed under the
qualifying category headings. The activities to be undertaken are mainly for
habitat management and enhancing food, water, and shelter for target
wildlife populations on the property. These activities are to help maintain a
healthy, diverse, and productive ecosystem, which is the goal of the La
Reata Ranch Wildlife Cooperative and this wildlife management plan.

 Habitat Control
Various plants may be reintroduced onto the property via planting or seeding
to promote habitat diversity and increase food options for species on the
property. This habitat restoration activity may include enhancing shrub,
grass, and forb populations on the property that are beneficial to wildlife
such as wildflowers, berry and flower producing shrubs, and seed bearing
grasses. This will benefit hummingbirds, butterflies, and various bird and
mammal species that feed on fruits and seeds.

 Predator Control
Control of the non-native fire ant may be undertaken on the property. This
invasive fire ant has been associated with the decline and adverse impacts on
beneficial native ants, ground nesting birds, lizards, and other wildlife. The
fire ant control will be targeted to direct treatment of the fire ant mounds
(colonies) to limit potential impacts to other native ants and wildlife. The
applications may consist of either approved pesticides (e.g., Amdro) or other
non-pesticide treatments available.
 Supplemental Water
A critical component required for diverse habitats and wildlife populations
are suitable sources of water for wildlife consumption and to maintain
habitats. This activity will be accomplished by constructing wildlife
watering stations. These activities will include both establishing and
maintaining these water sources for wildlife.

 Supplemental Food
Of course another critical component for diverse wildlife is a good source of
a variety of food. The food sources need to be varied to support a diverse
wildlife community. Also, targeted supplemental feeding (especially in
winter migration periods) can improve successful wildlife populations
during migration stress (a critical period for many bird species including
neotropical migrants) and nesting seasons. This activity will be undertaken
through planting/restoring various fruit and seed bearing plants on the
property as food sources (e.g., wildflowers, grasses, etc.). Supplemental
food may also be provided via bird feeders (e.g., various style seed feeders).

 Providing Shelter
Shelter is another critical component for maintaining diverse wildlife
populations, especially for birds. The shelter provides nesting and hiding
locations as well as feeding sites for insectivorous wildlife (e.g.,
woodpeckers, wrens, black and white warblers, etc.). Shelter will be
provided by enhancing and maintaining brush piles, rock piles, and tree
snags on this property. Nest boxes may also be added and maintained.
Organisms of Special Interest for this Wildlife Management Plan

Tax Targeted for Management Efforts

This management plan has targeted the taxonomic groups listed earlier under the
plan objectives for special consideration under this management plan. These
targeted animals include:

Mammals: White-tailed deer, Eastern fox squirrel, rabbits and others.

Insects: Butterflies, dragonflies, damselflies, and others.

Reptiles and Amphibians: Frogs, toads, lizards, and others.

Birds: Including game birds, native songbirds, neotropical migrants, and other
nesting and migrant species for this area. Among these species are turkeys, doves,
quails, and other species of game birds; the painted bunting, indigo bunting, black
and white warbler, summer tanager, and other neotropical migratory species; the
American robin, cedar waxwing, red-breasted nuthatch, ruby-throated
hummingbird, hairy woodpecker, American goldfinch, purple finch, junco, Eastern
bluebird, and other migratory birds; and resident species such as the red-
shouldered hawk, American kestrel, crested caracara, greater roadrunner, red-
bellied woodpecker, pileated woodpecker, Carolina chickadee, Carolina wren,
ruby-crowned kinglet, pine warbler, Northern cardinal, and others.
Plants for Targeted Habitat/Food/Shelter Efforts
Numerous plants will be used to address management objectives for habitat
control, supplemental food, and providing shelter under this plan. Examples
include the use of plants for enhancing food sources on the lot (e.g., flower, berry
and seed producing plants such as American beauty berry, yaupon, dogwood,
mountain laurel, wildflowers, grasses, etc.). Native wildflowers will be introduced
to increase diversity, food sources, and help condition soils such as bluebonnets,
Indian paintbrush, Indian blankets, coneflowers, and others.
Wildlife Conservation Strategies:

Eight Required Elements

Congress identified eight required elements to be addressed in each state’s
wildlife conservation strategy.Congress also directed that the strategies must
identify and be focused on the “species in greatest need of conservation,” yet
address the “full array of wildlife” and wildlife-related issues. The strategies
must provide and make use of:

(1) Information on the distribution and abundance of species of wildlife,

including low and declining populations as the State fish and wildlife agency
deems appropriate, that are indicative of the diversity and health of the
State’s wildlife; and,

(2) Descriptions of locations and relative condition of key habitats and

community types essential to conservation of species identified in and,

(3) Descriptions of problems which may adversely affect species identified

in their habitats, and priority research and survey efforts needed to identify
factors which may assist in restoration and improved conservation of these
species and habitats; and,

(4) Descriptions of conservation actions proposed to conserve the identified

species and habitats and priorities for implementing such actions; and,
(5) Proposed plans for monitoring species identified in their habitats, for
monitoring the effectiveness of the conservation actions proposed in for
adapting these conservation actions to respond appropriately to new
information or changing conditions; and,

(6) Descriptions of procedures to review the strategy at intervals not to

exceed ten years; and,

(7) Plans for coordinating the development, implementation, review, and

revision of the plan with Federal, State, and local agencies and Indian tribes
that manage significant land and water areas within the State or administer
programs that significantly affect the conservation of identified species and
habitats.

(8) Congress also affirmed through this legislation that broad public
participation is an essential element of developing and implementing these
plans, the projects that are carried out while these plans are developed, and
the Species in Greatest Need of Conservation that Congress has indicated
such programs and projects are intended to emphasize.
Wildlife Diseases
Overview Wildlife diseases are a growing challenge for wildlife
professionals, particularly with the spread of emerging diseases such as
Chronic Wasting Disease and West Nile Virus. The Wildlife Society
believes it is important to work together with federal and state research and
management agencies to identify ways to address wildlife-human disease
problems and to encourage institutional support for reducing the impacts of
existing diseases and preventing future ones.
To this end, TWS is participating in the new National Fish and Wildlife
Health Initiative. BackgroundWildlife diseases are becoming an ever-
growing concern for wildlife managers, livestock producers, and the public
alike. The rapidly increasing number of threatened and endangered species
in North America means that disease has a greater potential for devastating
wildlife populations. As diseases mutate through generations of widespread
prevalence, the likelihood of transferring to domestic species and impacting
the livestock industry heightens. Human populations are also vulnerable
to zoogenic diseases, which possess the power to cause fast-spreading
epidemics if not caught in time. Combating disease in wildlife and livestock
populations requires the effort of wildlife management organizations on a
nation-wide scale. In order to account for the individual needs of different
regions and wildlife populations throughout the United States, disease
management must be carried out by state wildlife agencies. However,
resources should also be shared on a local, state, and federal level for
maximized efficiency and rapid response. The National Fish and Wildlife
Health Initiative was proposed in an effort to form a multi-discipline
collaboration of state, federal, university, tribal, corporate, and nonprofit
organizations. In September 2005, the International Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies endorsed a set of Guiding Principles for the initiative,
which emphasized the accessibility and implementation of adequate training
and strategies for wildlife managers.Wildlife diseases with significant risk
include:
- Plague
- Hemorrhagic disease
- Pasteurellosis
- Chronic wasting disease
- Botulism
- West Nile virus
- Whirling disease
- Bovine brucellosis
- Bovine tuberculosis
DISEASE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF WILDLIFE:

The International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies recommends

the following guiding principles for the States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, and their conservation partners to consider and apply while
developing Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Plans to meet their
obligations under the State Wildlife Grant (SWG) and the Wildlife
Conservation Strategies under the Wildlife Conservation and Restoration
(WCRP) programs. These Guiding Principles identify goals, objectives, and
actions to strive for over time. Few if any will be fully realized in any State
under what is hopefully just the first round of conservation program
development under SWG and WCRP. Some things must occur from the
outset, because they are legally required and/or because they are essential to
success. Clearly, broad-scale public participation is an example of one such
area. Among the diverse stakeholders in this effort are: private, local, State,
and Federal agencies and governments, NGOs, etc.
The Plan-Strategy provides an opportunity for the State wildlife agency to
provide effective and visionary leadership in conservation. The Plan-
Strategy can identify the measures that will be used, the results achieved,
and the threats and needs that remain with regard to wildlife and wildlife
habitat. It is also an opportunity to address broader issues and programs,
including environmental and wildlife-related education, outdoor recreation,
and wildlife-related law enforcement. These other areas can constrain, or
enhance, wildlife conservation efforts, and funding and public support for
wildlife conservation can be increased, or at least stretched, by involving
partners that share those interests.
A: Planning Process and Partnerships
1. Involve multiple staff levels within each agency, and broad public-private
partnerships, to develop and implement the Plan-Strategy.
2. Involve partners that have the authorities necessary to ensure that the
PlanStrategy addresses the full range of issues at hand.
3. Build capacity for cooperative engagement among all partners in the
effort, and make sure that it is productive, so trust and confidence grow, and
organizational and interpersonal relationships become strengths of the Plan-
Strategy.
4. Share responsibility and credit for planning and implementation among all
partners, who collectively share responsibility for success of the Plan-
Strategy.
ALTERNATIVES FOR REDUCING WILDLIFE DAMAGE:

Prevention and control methods to reduce wildlife damage can be broken down
into the following categories:
1) exclusion of problem wildlife,
2) habitat modification,
3) frightening,
4) repellents,
5) toxicants,
6) fumigants,
7) trapping,
8) shooting,
9) non-traditional methods such as homemade remedies, and
10) proactive land use/ management planning that reduces the potential of certain
features to attract pest wildlife species.
The effectiveness of each control method depends upon the biology of the species,
timing, and skill of application. Some techniques that are effective for one species
may be totally ineffective for other species. In addition, it is important to
understand that some techniques for certain wildlife may not be legal. Before
attempting any control method it is vital to check federal and state regulations, as
well as local ordinances, that govern the use of various control methods.
Depending on the species, a depredation permit may be required from the South
Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) to remove problem wildlife.
Some species may also be protected from control measures by federal
and/or state law.
PROBLEMS FACED BY WILDLIFE:

T he ecosystem approach to dealing with wildlife conflicts is a comprehensive way

of understanding a wildlife species and its habitat, and then identifying the most
effective solution to your particular problem. This approach will help you
successfully balance the needs of people and wildlife, and enjoy the beauty and
diversity of your habitat management efforts.

How do I deal with wildlife problems?

If you are experiencing problems with a particular wildlife species around your
home or grounds, it’s likely that your first question is: What can I do to solve it?
Before you jump to a quick-fix solution, it’s worth asking a few additional
questions that will help you take the most effective action. The ecosystem
approach to dealing with wildlife problems asks not just “what is the problem?”
but “why is it occurring?” What are the conditions and natural life supports that are
sustaining the wildlife species? How might current management practices or
landscape conditions actually be contributing to the problem?

What is the cause?

No wildlife species exists in a vacuum. Every species is connected to a life support
system made up of food, cover, and water sources, and exists within a complex
food web that includes natural enemies and predators. When you find out more
about the habitat and life habits of your “problem” wildlife species, you’ll better
understand why the species is causing you trouble. Better still, you’ll be able to
identify a variety of control options, such as altering the food, cover, or water
sources that sustain the species or increasing natural predators and competitors.
You also may discover underlying conditions that are at the root of the problem
and find ways to correct them. In addition, keep in mind that human values, needs,
and perceptions provide a context for all wildlife conflicts. Indeed, there would
be no wildlife problems without people. As you try to solve wildlife problems,
evaluate your own needs and goals, and define your tolerance for living with
various species.
A Step-by-Step Approach

1. Understand the species and its habitat.

Find out about the species’ preferences for food, cover, and water sources, as
well as breeding requirements, and territory size.

2. Evaluate and define the problem specifically.

What exactly is the problem? The more specific you can be, the easier it will
be to narrow down solutions. Try to define what, where, and when as well as
why the problem is occurring.
For example, “Canada geese on the property” is not a very informative
problem definition. “Canada geese are eating turf grass and interfering with
golf play as well as leaving a substantial mess during March and April” is
much more specific.

3. Survey your property— what are you doing to contribute to the

problem?
Review your landscape management practices to determine whether
something you are doing causes or exacerbates the problem.
For example, people feeding geese would be an obvious contributing factor.
Landscape management practices such as removing shoreline vegetation
around ponds or eliminating understory vegetation that may support natural
predators would be additional practices that favor geese.

4. Review solutions and choose the most effective.

Evaluate a variety of control options. Consider your needs, the nature of the
wildlife species, and your property— along with short and long-term
effectiveness— when choosing your response to the problem.
For example, you might choose to increase pond vegetation to deter geese,
enhance habitat overall, and get a dog to discourage geese from breeding on
the property.

5. Communicate about the species and your actions.

Share your knowledge about the wildlife species and the nature of the
problem. This will provide a valuable context for the control measures you
choose. People are apt to support you when they know you fully understand
the problem and are taking action to solve it.
Conservation and Preservation:

Wildlife conservation helps ensure future generations can enjoy our resources.
Conservation can include consumptive (involve taking or harvesting natural
resources) activities such as hunting, fishing, trapping, and harvesting timber as
well as non consumptive activities such as bird watching, photography, and hiking.
Both impact wildlife issues between populations.
Conservation must balance issues between wildlife and human populations.
Conservation of wildlife implies insuring threatened and endangered species
receive special management to protect their presence in the future.
Conservation may include preservation (protection of natural resources that
emphasizes non-consumptive activities). A habitat or ecosystem can be preserved
by manipulation. An area also may be managed by doing nothing at
all. For example, when a forest is allowed to mature without any human
manipulation such as timber harvest, grazing, or tree planting. IDNR concentrates
preservation efforts in areas where quality native habitat remains intact– creating
state preserves, historical sites, or refuges for species with specialized habitat
requirements.
ARTICLES RELATED TO CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF
WILDLIFE:
Jaguars, a Disappearing Treasure

The jaguar population is declining severely because of deforestation &

crowding;some are even shot as pests. However, many organizations are here to
help.

Even though the jaguar was worshipped as a god in the past, the jaguar now faces
many threats. Habitat destruction is one of these threats. As stated in an article, the
logging, mining, and housing industries pose a major threat to the jaguar and its
habitat by cutting down trees and defacing the jaguar’s natural habitat. In fact,
statistics show that by the year 2030, 55% of the jaguar’s habitat could disappear.
According to another source, international trafficking and illegal hunting have been
the cause of death to many jaguars over the years. They are captured and smuggled
on the Black Market for the exotic pet trade and for their beautiful fur. Once article
states that during the 1960s and 1970s, 15,000 or more jaguars were killed every
single year for their unique fur to be sold. According to an article, jaguars are often
killed by farmers because they sometimes prey on domestic livestock. In some
countries, jaguars can be shot on site if farmers believe their livestock are being
attacked. In Big Cats: Kingdom of Might, it states that even though jaguars are an
endangered species, they can be shot, trapped, or poisoned if they are considered a
pest.

Squeezed into Danger

Another threat of the jaguar is isolation. As the jaguar’s habitat becomes smaller
and smaller, they are forced to live closer and closer together. When this occurs,
mutations can appear. According to a recent article, melanistic(black) and white
jaguars have been known to exist. Black jaguars have been observed in Venezuela,
Brazil, and Paraguay while white jaguars have only been seen in Paraguay. White
jaguars are said to have pure snow white fur with little to almost invisible rosettes.
These mutations occur when both parents possess a dominant gene which is then
passed on to their offspring. Therefore, the offspring may express the genes that
produce black or white fur. I also learned at the zoo that some jaguars are getting
killed by townspeople because they are coming into villages.

Help is on the Way

Over the past forty years, national and international laws have been created to help
protect the jaguar and its habitat. According to a source, the World Wildlife Fund
and the Friends of Animals Association worked together to pass the Endangered
Species Conservation Act of 1973. This act inspired almost 80 countries to help
monitor the exportation and importation of exotic animals and furs. The act states
that any animal that is endangered and likely to be extinct soon cannot be traded.
This makes any trading of their skins or body parts illegal. Tom Brakefield
explains in his book, Big Cat: Kingdom of Might, how one international
association has helped the jaguar species. He states that CITES(Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) protects
jaguars from being killed for their skins for international trade by adding jaguars to
their worldwide endangered species list. Sadly, though, the association’s impact
cannot be fully proven to totally protect jaguars from harm. The true number of
skins traded is not known because of illegal trading and poaching. In recent years,
many sanctuaries have been built to help preserve the jaguar’s natural habitat.

Belize to the Rescue

According to Brakefield, the Cockscomb Basin Jaguar Preserve in Belize is the

world’s first and only protected sanctuary for jaguars. In the same source, other
countries have created sanctuaries and safe havens for the remaining jaguar
populations. These countries include: Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, Surinam,
Colombia, Guyana, and the French Guiana. I learned from my volunteer
experience at Mesker Park Zoo that there are certain programs made to help the
jaguar populations. One of these programs is the SSP(Species Survival Plan). SSPs
were created to help animal populations increase by breeding select individuals in
captivity among sanctuaries, zoological parks, and any other AZA(Association of
Zoos and Aquariums) accredited institutions.

The jaguar is truly one of the world’s amazing animals. In my opinion, it is such a
shame to know that some people in our world have absolutely no respect for the
natural world and its inhabitants. They will do almost anything to become rich or
to satisfy aesthetic wishes of others. I agree with a recent article that if we can save
the jaguars from human greed then we can possibly save the jaguar species and its
lush diverse habitat.
ENDANGERED WILDLIFE:

"Our ancestors viewed the Earth as rich and bountiful, which it is. Many people in
the past also saw nature as inexhaustibly sustainable, which we now know is the
case only if we care for it. It is not difficult to forgive destruction in the past which
resulted from ignorance. Today, however, we have access to more information, and
it is essential that we re-examine ethically what we have inherited, what we are
responsible for, and what we will pass on to coming generations. Our marvels of
science and technology are matched if not outweighed by many current tragedies,
including human starvation in some parts of the world, and the extinction of other
life-forms. The exploration of space takes place at the same time as the Earth's own
oceans, seas, and fresh water areas grow increasingly polluted. Many of the Earth's
habitats, animals, plants, insects, and even micro-organisms that we know as rare
may not be known at all by future generations. We have the capability, and the
responsibility. We must act before it is too late."

What is Endangered Species? What caused them to be endangered? Well, to

answer the first question. Endangered species are animals or plants that are soon to
die out. This means that once they become extinct, they will never be seen on Earth
again. Many animals and plants become endangered or extinct each year. Recently,
however, the rate of them dying out increased dramatically. It is estimated that
27,000 species become extinct each year, about 3 an hour. Since 1996, scientists
calculated that 124 types of amphibians, 1,108 types of birds, 734 types of fish,
1,096 types of mammals, and 253 types of reptiles became endangered. This
statistics also apply to plants.
There are many reasons that can cause a species of animals or plants to become
endangered, or even extinct. First of all, the human population has exploded since
the last few decades. To accommodate the oversized human population more and
more lands are taken away from these animals or plants. The natural habitats are
snatched away from these species, leaving them only a small portion of the land,
which they once roamed freely. With the little amount of land these animals or
plants have, the food source become scarce. They have to fight among themselves
in order to remain alive. They also don't have enough room to live. Sometimes
animals or plants don't adapt to the limited space they now have, and die.

Animals and plants also become endangered because of the chemicals people use.
When people use pesticides to kill off insects and other pests, they are also
endangering the lives of other species around them. These chemicals may get into
the river or other water sources. Fish live in the water. They consume it. Then
when birds come along and prey on them, these birds are also contaminated with
the dangerous chemicals. The eagle, our national symbol, also experienced this
deadly scenario. DDT, a type of pesticide, caused the eggshells to become fragile.
When the female tries to incubate, sit on them, the shells just collapse. The
population of eagles had gone down rapidly with the use of DDT. When scientists
and environmentalists learn of this danger, they quickly ban the use of DDT. Now
the eagle population is rebuilding.

Hunting and trading are other reasons that threaten the lives of many innocent
living creatures on Earth. Thousands of years, people kill animals or plants just for
the fun of it, or for trading. Many of them do it illegally, or poaching. People kill
animals for their fur, oil, body parts, and many other things in order to fatten their
wallet. These things then, are turned into fur coat, cosmetics, perfume, oil for
lamps, and traditional medicines. The tiger has been overly hunted for its bone
because some people think that the bone has some magical healing power. Now the
worldwide population of tiger is not doing so well. Some exotic birds are dying out
because of trading. They get shipped around the world. While they are being sent,
some die. Others don't adjust to the new environment also die. An example of
people hunting animals just for sport and excitement was the American bison.
There were more than 60 million bison living in North America a few hundred
years ago. However, when the new settlers came over they hunted them for food
and clothing. Later the bison was just killed for the enjoyment of the hunters.
Millions of them die in just a short time. Now, there are only handfuls of them
remaining.

Lastly, pollution is another huge factor causing these animals or plants to become
endangered. By dirtying our environment, we don't only hurt ourselves, but other
living creatures around us. They too need a clean habitat to survive. By innocently
eating our garbage they might get poisoned or choked to death. Many incidences
have been reported where birds got choked or entangled in six-packs bottle
holders. Fish and birds get entangled in our fishing lines and die. Toxic waste in
the water system also has caused a large number of fish to die out. By polluting our
planet, other innocent creatures also suffer.

Houston Toad

The Houston toad's habitat includes ponds, flooded fields, lakes, roadside ditches
and pastures. The Houston toad is currently numerous in the Bastrop County in
Texas where there are 1500 individuals.
The Houston toad is brown with black spots covered with warts. The females are
larger than the males; the females measuring from 2.1 inches (5.3cm) to 3.1 inches
(7.9cm), and the males from 1.8 inches (4.6cm) to 2.7 (6.9cm) inches with the
males.

The diet of the adults differs from those of the tadpoles. The adults eat insects such
as ants and beetles while tadpoles feed on ants and pine pollen.

Breeding occurs in late January when the temperature is around 57°F (14°C).

The Houston toad was discovered in the late 1940s and was thought to
be extinct because of severe droughts in Texas in the 1950s. It was found again in
Bastrop State Park in 1965. There are many reasons for the decline of
its population: droughts, clearing of its habitats, use of pesticides, and weather
changes. The existing populations are being protected and there is a search for
other suitable habitats.
Tiger
Panthera tigris

A century ago, tigers can be seen from eastern Turkey and the Caspian Sea through
all parts of Asia. Now at the close of this century, their number is dwindling
rapidly. They can only be found in sporadic areas of India, Nepal, Manchuria,
China, and South East Asia. Tigers live in various types of habitat. They can
survive in rainforests, mangrove swamps, grasslands, savannas, and mountain
countries. There were about 100,000 tigers in existence, but now there are only
3,250 - 4,700 left in the wild. The South Chinese tiger is on the verge of extinction.
It is estimated that there about 30 -80 of them left.

Tigers are the largest cats in the world. They weigh between 250 - 700 pounds
(113.4 - 317.5kg). At shoulder height, tigers measure about 3 feet (.91m). The
length of tiger, including the tail and depending on the subspecies, is 7 -12 feet
(2.13 - 3.65m). Living in the wild they can exist for 15 years, but in captivity they
can live up to 20 years. The famous of all tigers are the Bengals. The body is
orange with widely spaced black stripes. The belly part of it is white.

Tigers usually live alone. They are only together when mating time comes or when
raising up cubs. The usual gestation period is 100 - 105 days. The females give
birth to 2 - 4 cubs each time. The cubs weigh about 2 pounds (.91kg) at birth. At
this time the cubs are totally dependent on the mother for food and protection.
After 2 months they start to mature, but still rely on the mother. During this time
the cubs play with other cubs of the territory. As the cubs become young tigers,
they don't adhere to their mother any more. At this stage they learn to be good
hunters as well as find new habitats. When they are 2 years old, the tigers are ready
to set off on their own.

If there were 100 cubs born, 50 would not survive to be independent. They would
either be killed by poachers or burned by local villagers. Of the 50 that do live to
adulthood, maybe 30 of them will never establish territories.

Tigers tend to prey on large hoofed animals. They usually hunt by areas where
there is a water source and a lot of grass. Deer, pigs, and antelopes most of the time
spend they day there. The tiger would hide behind tall bushes where they can
be camouflaged. Once they spot their prey, they furtively approach it within a
radius of 30 - 60 feet (10 - 20m).

When the prey does not notice them, they quickly rush toward it in top speed and
bring it down. There are many methods when it comes to killing their prey. Tigers
either bite in the throat, suffocate, or crush the neck and vertebrate of their victim.

Tigers are endangered because of the loss of habitat. Humans are clearing forests
to ease the stress of population growth. By doing so tigers have less and less room
to live and hide from hunters. Also tiger parts are sold for traditional medicine
used. Parts like bone, blood, and skins are highly priced. A tiger is worth at least
$60,000. In 1972 the World Wildlife Fund join up with the Indian government to
save the dying tigers. This project was called "Operation Tiger." They plan to set
aside reserves where tigers can grow and reproduce naturally without the fear of
being killed. As a result the population of Bengal Tigers doubled from 2,000 to
4,000 since the last 20 years. In 1994 the United States had a trade sanction against
Taiwan to stop tiger trading. In 1993 alone 1,100 pounds (500kg) of tiger bones
were confiscated in New Delhi. Conservationists are still working hard to set up
more reserves so the tiger population will increase in the future.
STRATEGIES RELATED TO SPECIES CONSERVATION.

Focus conservation resources on species that might become extinct.

Translocation or assisted dispersal of species

Establish captive populations of species that would otherwise go extinct

Reduce pressures on species

Develop dynamic landscape conservation plans

Ensure that wildlife and biodiversity needs are considered as part of the broader
societal adaptation process.

Review existing laws, regulations, and policies regarding wildlife and natural
resource management

Propose new legislation and regulations

Increase the amount of protected areas

Improve representation and replication within protected area networks

Manage and restore existing protected areas to maximize resilience

Design new natural areas and restoration sites to maximize resilience

Manage and restore ecosystem function, rather than focusing on specific

components

Improve the matrix—increase landscape connectivity and permeability to species

movement

Reduce non-climate stressors on natural areas and ecosystems

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972

Wild Life, which is a part and parcel of the environment, constitutes wealth of the
nation. it included wild animals, birds, plants etc. However, man, in the process of
progress and development and also for his selfish ends, is causing much damage to
the forests and wild life. Wild life is nature's gift and its decline has an adverse
effect of ecology and hence there is an urgent need to protect the wild life.
Therefore, in order to protect the wild life from destruction, the Indian Parliament
passed the Wild Life (Protection) Act in the year 1972.

Object
The main object of the Act is to proved protection to the wild animals birds and
plants. The Act empowers the Central Govt. to declare certain areas as Sanctuaries
or National Parks. The Act prohibits hunting of wild animals; birds etc. and impose
punishment for violating the same.

Salient Features
The Act contains 66 Sections divided into seven chapters and six schedules.
Chapter- I ( Secs. 1 and 2 ) contains short title and definitions. Chapter - II deals
with Authorities under the Act. Chapter - III deals with the protection of Specified
Plants. Chapter - IV provides for declaration of sanctuaries, National Parks and
Closed Areas. Chapter - IV - A deals with Central Zoo Authority and Recognition
of Zoos. Chapter- V deals with Trade or Commerce in Wild Animals, Animal
Articles and Trophies. Chapter - V- A deals with prohibition of Trade or
Commerce in Trophies, Animal Articles etc. Chapter- VI relates to Prevention and
Detection of offences and finally Chapter- VII contains Miscellaneous Provisions.
Penalties: (Section 51 of Wild Life Protection Act)
Any person who contravenes any provision of the act [except chapter V-A
(prohibition of trade or commerce in trophies or Animal articles) and section 38 J
(prohibition of teasing of animals)] or any rule made there under, or who commits
a breach of any conditions of any licence or permit granted under this act shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to Three years or with
fine may extend to Twenty Five Thousand rupees or both .

If any offence committed in relation to any animal specified in Schedule-I or Part-

II of Schedule-II on where offence relates to hunting in a Sanctuary or National
Park or altering the boundaries of Sanctuary or National Park such offence shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than Three
years but may extend to seven years and also with fine which shall not be less
than Ten Thousand rupees.

For second & subsequent offence, the term of imprisonment shall not be less
than Three years & may extend to Seven years and also fine which shall not be less
than Five Thousand rupees.
ORGANIZATION WORKING FOR WILDLIFE:

What Animal Welfare Organizations Do

But for the relentless efforts being made by the animal welfare
organisations, humane societies, charitable trusts, societies for prevention of
cruelty to animals (SPCA) and some kind-hearted individuals, the condition of
animals would have been far worse that it is at present. It goes to the credit of
these organisations that despite formidable odds, such as financial constrains and
indifference of the government agencies, they are doing an excellent work to
ameliorate the living conditions of the creatures in distress.

Different organizations focus on different aspects of animal welfare. Some

of them profess vegetarianism and create public awareness for being kind to the
animals. Some others are engaged in establishment of rescue homes, animal
shelters, sanctuaries, pinjarpoles, and gaushalas, where animals and birds in
distress stay under protection.

Many organisations are running hospitals and health care centers for animals
and birds, maintaining mobile dispensaries and keeping ambulance vans for
transporting ill and injured animals. Sterilization of stray animals and offering pets
for adoption are also amongst the activities of some of the organizations.

However, despite different fields of activities of different animal welfare

bodies and humane societies etc., the basic objective of their efforts is the same: to
prevent unnecessary pain and suffering to the animals and to promote their
welfare.

The animal welfare organisations, societies and charitable trusts are

generally non-profit bodies funded by donations, grants and sponsorships. Any
responsible citizen who has a soft corner for animals, birds and wildlife, and is
concerned about their welfare, can support the cause of these organizations by
acquiring their membership, making donations or supporting them in some other
way.

We give below the particulars of animal welfare organizations, societies for

prevention of cruelty to animals (SPCA), charitable trusts and other bodies
engaged in animal welfare, located in the various cities of India. More additions
will be made to the list as and when we come to know about other such
organizations.
 LIST OF ANIMAL RIGHT ORGANIZATIONS:

 AnimaNaturalis
 (ASPCA against animal cruelty)
 Animal Aid (UK)
 Animal Defense League (ADL)
 Animal Equality
 Animal Liberation Leagues
 Animal Liberation Press Office
 The Animal A.R.K.
 Anonymous for Animal Rights
 Center on Animal Liberation Affairs (CALA)
 Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT)
 Compassion Over Killing (COK)
 Equanimal
 Friends of Animals (FoA)
 In Defense of Animals (IDA)
 International Primate Protection League (IPPL)
 Italian Horse Protection Association (IHP)
 Libera!
 Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition (MARC)
 Party for the Animals USA
 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
 Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC)
 Western Animal Rights Network (WARN)
 World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA)
 Uncaged Campaigns
PETA:

Before PETA existed, there were two important things that you could do if you
wanted to help animals. You could volunteer at a local animal shelter, or you could
donate money to a humane society. While many of these organizations did useful
work to bring comfort to animals who are used by humans, they didn't question
why we kill animals for their flesh or their skins or why we use them for tests of
new product ingredients or for our entertainment.

PETA's founders sought to give caring people something more that they could do
and to provide them ways to actively change society. They wanted to promote a
healthy vegan diet and show how easy it is to shop cruelty-free. They wanted to
protest, loudly and publicly, against cruelty to animals in all its forms, and they
wanted to expose what really went on behind the very thick, soundproof walls of
animal laboratories.
Aided by thorough investigative work, consumer protests, and international media
coverage, PETA brings together members of the scientific, corporate, and
legislative communities to achieve large-scale, long-term changes that improve
animals' quality of life and prevent their deaths.
PETA's first case—the precedent-setting 1981 Silver Spring monkeys case—
resulted in the first arrest and criminal conviction of an animal experimenter in the
U.S. on charges of cruelty to animals, the first confiscation of abused laboratory
animals, and the first U.S. Supreme Court victory for animals in laboratories. And
we haven't stopped fighting—and winning—in our efforts for animals since.
OUR MISSION STATEMENT

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the largest animal rights
organization in the world, with more than 2 million members and supporters.

PETA focuses its attention on the four areas in which the largest numbers of
animals suffer the most intensely for the longest periods of time: on factory farms,
in the clothing trade, in laboratories, and in the entertainment industry. We also
work on a variety of other issues, including the cruel killing of beavers, birds, and
other "pests" as well as cruelty to domesticated animals.

PETA works through public education, cruelty investigations, research, animal

rescue, legislation, special events, celebrity involvement, and protest campaigns.
CONSERVATION AS POLITICS:

Wildlife conservation in India, as in most parts of the world, is complex and often
contentious.
What on the surface appears to be a simple issue of protecting wild animals and
plants from forces beyond their control, on closer inspection quickly dissolves into
a complex tangle of conflicting issues: human rights versus the protection of
animals and forests, the exclusion of all humans from protected areas versus the
possibility of human coexistence with wildlife and the exclusive state control over
protected areas versus increased local participation in protected area management.
Indeed, beyond the broad objective of preserving nature, there is often little in
common among the various positions adopted by conservationists as to the
specifics of what is to be protected, for, by and from whom.
Conservation practice necessarily entails the imposition of regulations over access
to certain resources with specific people or institutions attempting to define who
has access to those resources and on what terms. The outcome of negotiated access
to resources is largely a reflection of power relations at the local, regional or
national level. There are critical questions revolving around our understanding of
how ecosystems work and the need to employ accurate science in the management
of protected areas, but here too the links between power and knowledge influence
our perception of the natural world and the optimal means of managing it.
Conservation practice is, therefore, a profoundly political process. I will make a
simple point in this essay: what gets conserved, and by whom, will ultimately be
determined by social and political processes as much, if not more, than by the
scientific knowledge we bring to bear on resource management.
HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT:

Wildlife Human conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and people
and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or wild animals or
their habitat. It occurs when wildlife needs overlap with those of human
populations, creating costs to residents and wild animals.

In efforts to reduce human wildlife conflict, WWF has partnered with a number of
organizations to provide solutions around the globe. Their solutions are tailored to
the community and species involved. For example, in Mozambique, communities
started to grow more chili plants after making the discovery that elephants don’t
like spicy foods. This creative and effective method prevents elephants from
trampling community farmers’ fields as well as protects the species. Potential
solutions include land use planning, community-based natural
resource management (CBNRM), compensation, payment for environmental
services, ecotourism, wildlife friendly products, or other field solutions
HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT COLLABORATION:

Human-wildlife conflict is as much a conflict between humans and wildlife, as it is

a conflict between humans about wildlife. Wildlife issues at the center of
conversation conflicts may serve as surrogates for underlying conflicts involving
struggles for group recognition, identity, status, and other less tangible resources.
Unless these deeper patterns of conflict and the relationships embedded within
them are addressed, conservation solutions will be neither sustainable nor
successful. Fortunately, there are many relevant tools and approaches developed in
the field of conflict resolution that can be successfully adapted to benefit
conservation and communities around the world. By drawing on tools and lessons
learned from the conflict resolution field, conservation organizations and
professionals will become more effective and be better prepared to address this
deeper level of human-wildlife conflict.

The Human-Wildlife Conflict Collaboration (HWCC) is the only organization

working with conflict prevention and reconciliation specialists to adapt conflict
resolution practices and processes to the field of conservation. Through a practical
training program for its members, conservation professionals, often skilled in the
science of wildlife, but less so in the art of the human dimensions of their work,
will be empowered to be more effective in achieving their conservation goals.
Often, underlying dynamics and conflicts mean that human-wildlife conflicts are
more complex than they first appear.For example, as any conservation manager
knows, money alone is often insufficient when trying to compensate an angry
farmer for the cost of livestock killed by a predator or preventing retaliation against
the predator.
Any researcher who has time and again added up the “actual” damage done by
wildlife and found it was consistently considerably less than the “perceived”
damage reported by farmers or ranchers also knows that human-wildlife conflict
has deeper, more complex roots and a variety of symptoms that can not simply be
understood with a superficial attention to facts, figures and financial remuneration.
Any park manager who has attempted to work with communities surrounding
protected areas only to find that the community’s lack of trust and respect in the
conservation or park authorities impedes their efforts knows that the community is
likely harboring a conflict underneath the surface of their relationship. However,
through membership with HWCC, conservation professionals will develop the
skills and acumen to address and mitigate for these complicated, often non-
transparent, dynamics.

Given the ongoing relationship between conservation programs and surrounding

communities, sustainable conservation must develop conflict resolution and
prevention approaches that address these deeper conflict patterns and relationships.
HWCC provides members with the necessary conflict resolution skills to positively
transform local conflicts into healthy partnerships and enduring coexistence.
Approaches to People’s Involvement in Wildlife Management

It is widely recognized that where opportunities for public participation in wildlife

utilization are increased, and resulting benefits are made available to participants,
the public is likely to be more willing to contribute to the costs of controlling
wildlife, rather than considering wildlife as a competitor for resources. Other
advantages deriving from public participation in decision-making and
implementation are common to the management of other natural resources,
including people’s support to the measures adopted and consequent improved
implementation and enforcement. In line with these considerations, most recent
laws envisage some involvement of the interested or concerned public in wildlife
management, as well as protected area creation and/or management.

Various approaches may be taken. A basic prerequisite is that relevant available

information must be made accessible to the public. Some of the laws which have
been examined expressly require this. Tajikistan, for example, establishes that
citizens have a right to obtain complete information "on the conditions of the
animal world", and that the administration must arrange for the periodical
publication of information in this regard.

In some cases the interests of concerned people are simply required to be taken
into account, without further specifications as to how such interests should be
identified and interpreted. The regulations of China on nature reserves, for
example, require that local economic activities and the "every day life" of residents
must be properly considered in the creation and management of nature reserves, in
addition to requiring initiative by local authorities in the selection of areas (reg.
14).
In other cases, the law may require consultation of stake-holders or the public, or
foresees the creation of people-centred bodies with various wildlife management
responsibilities, or the possibility of managing areas under agreements between
interested people or communities and the administration. The devolution of
legislative and/or administrative powers from the central to the local level is
another way in which people may be involved in wildlife management. The
following sections are respectively devoted to these various options.
RESEARCH STUDY:
CONCLUSION:

Wildlife management involves political, social, and biological factors. IDNR

biologists must monitor wildlife through surveys and research to effectively
manage all wildlife species. Citizens also play an important role in wildlife
management by supporting conservation programs and legislation and creating
wildlife habitat. Wildlife management has restored wildlife populations, including
white-tailed deer, wild turkeys, otters, peregrine falcons, and more. Additional
wildlife species will benefit from future management efforts.
Providing quality habitat areas, large enough to support specialized wildlife
species,
is a challenge facing wildlife managers. Urban sprawl, intensive agriculture,
confinement livestock operations, and industrial development often decrease
wildlife habitat and threaten water quality. Non-profit groups (e.g., Nature
Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, Iowa Natural Heritage
Foundation, Trees Forever, and others) have emerged as leaders in conservation.
These groups work cooperatively with government agencies to accomplish
conservation goals. See the Resource Guide for more information. Management on
private lands using conservation incentives provides the most promising future.

Traditionally, fees paid by hunters and anglers, either as excise taxes on related
gear or in direct licenses fees, have funded habitat management, land acquisition,
education, and research. Deer license sales in Iowa generate more than $4 million
annually. Since 1934, the federal duck stamp program has provided more than
$406 million for wetland restoration and acquisition. Stable, long-term support
from a broader constituency is needed. Efforts to obtain federal funding for
nongame wildlife, recreation, and education programs may provide such support.