Richard Lindzen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen

Richard Lindzen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born February 8, 1940, Richard S. Lindzen

Webster, Massachusetts) is an American atmospheric Born 8 February 1940
physicist and Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Webster, Massachusetts
Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of
Fields Atmospheric physics
Technology. Lindzen is known for his work in the
dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and ozone photochemistry. He has published more Alma mater Harvard University
than 200 scientific papers and books.[1] He was a lead Doctoral
Richard M. Goody
author of Chapter 7, 'Physical Climate Processes and advisor
Feedbacks,' of the IPCC Third Assessment Report on Notable Siu-shung Hong, John Boyd, Edwin K.
climate change. He is a well known skeptic of global students Schneider, Jeffrey M. Forbes, Ka-Kit Tung,
warming[2] and critic of what he states are political Daniel Kirk-Davidoff, Christopher Snyder,
pressures on climate scientists to conform to climate Gerard Roe

alarmism.[3] Known for Dynamic Meteorology, Atmospheric tides,

Ozone photochemistry, quasi-biennial
oscillation, Iris hypothesis
Notable NCAR Outstanding Publication Award, Member
Contents awards of the NAS, AMS Meisinger Award, AMS
Charney Award, AGU Macelwane Award, Leo
1 Education Prize of the Wallin Foundation
2 Career
3 Early work (1964-1972)
3.1 Ozone photochemistry
3.2 Atmospheric tides
3.3 The quasi-biennial oscillation
3.4 The superrotation of Venus
4 Middle period (1972-1990)
5 Recent work (1990-present)
5.1 Climate sensitivity
5.2 NAS panel
5.3 IPCC activities
5.4 Kyoto Accord
6 Views on climate change
6.1 Third-party characterizations of
Lindzen
7 Awards and honors
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Education

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Lindzen attended the Bronx High School of Science and after winning Regents' and National Merit Scholarships,
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and then Harvard University.[4] From Harvard, he received an A.B. in
Physics in 1960, followed by an S.M. in Applied Mathematics in 1961 and then a Ph.D., also in Applied
Mathematics, in 1964. His thesis, entitled Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric
dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle
atmosphere.

Career
Lindzen has published papers on Hadley circulation, monsoon meteorology, planetary atmospheres,
hydrodynamic instability, mid-latitude weather, global heat transport, the water cycle, ice ages, seasonal
atmospheric effects. His main contribution to the academic literature on anthropogenic climate change is his
proposal of the iris hypothesis in 2001, with co-authors Ming-Dah Chou and Arthur Y. Hou.[5][6] He is a
member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Science, Health, and Economic Advisory Council at the
Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy. Educated at Harvard University (Ph.D., '64, S.M., '61, A.B.,
'60), he moved to MIT in 1983, prior to which he held positions at the University of Washington (1964–1965),
Institute for Theoretical Meteorology, University of Oslo (1965–1966), National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) (1966–1967), University of Chicago (1968–1972) and Harvard University (1972–1983). He
also briefly held a position of Visiting Lecturer at UCLA in 1967.[7] As of January 2010, his publications list
included 230 papers and articles published between 1965 and 2008, with five in process for 2009. He is the
author of a standard textbook on atmospheric dynamics, and co-authored the monograph Atmospheric Tides
with Sydney Chapman.[8]

Early work (1964-1972)

Lindzen's early work was concerned with ozone photochemistry, the aerodynamics of the middle atmosphere,
the theory of atmospheric tides, and planetary waves. His work in these areas led him to a number of
fundamental mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the discovery of negative equivalent depths in
classical tidal theory, explanations for both the quasi-biennial oscillation of the Earth's stratosphere and the four
day period of the superrotation of the Venus atmosphere above the cloud top.

Ozone photochemistry

His Ph.D. thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the
dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical
Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the Journal of the Atmospheric
Sciences between 1965 and 1966.[9][10][11][12] The first of these, Part I: Models for Radiative and
Photochemical Processes, was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former Ph.D. thesis advisor, Richard
M. Goody, who is well-known for his 1964 textbook Atmospheric Radiation.[13] The Lindzen and Goody
(1965) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone
photochemistry. This work was extended in 1973 to include the effects of nitrogen and hydrogen reactions with
his former Ph.D. student, Donna Blake, in Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling
rates in the stratosphere.[14]

Lindzen's work on ozone photochemistry has been important in studies that look at the effects that
anthropogenic ozone depletion will have on climate.[15]

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Atmospheric tides

Since the time of Laplace (1799),[16] scientists had been puzzled as to why pressure variations measured at the
Earth's surface associated with the semi-diurnal solar tide dominate those of the diurnal tide in amplitude, when
intuitively one would expect the diurnal (daily) passage of the sun to dominate. Lord Kelvin (1882) had
proposed the so-called "resonance" theory, wherein the semi-diurnal tide would be "selected" over the diurnal
oscillation if the atmosphere was somehow able to oscillate freely at a period of very close to 12 hours, in the
same way that overtones are selected on a vibrating string. By the second half of the twentieth century,
however, observations had failed to confirm this hypothesis, and an alternative hypothesis was proposed that
something must instead suppress the diurnal tide. In 1961, Manfred Siebert suggested that absorption of solar
insolation by tropospheric water vapour might account for the reduction of the diurnal tide.[17] However, he
failed to include a role for stratospheric ozone. This was rectified in 1963 by the Australian physicist Stuart
Thomas Butler and his student K.A. Small who showed that stratospheric ozone absorbs an even greater part of
the solar insolation.[18]

Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his
1966 paper, On the theory of the diurnal tide,[19] who showed that the solution set of Hough functions given by
Bernard Haurwitz[20] to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had
been omitted.[21] Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water
vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface
pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the
features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere.[22] In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague,
Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for Newtonian cooling due to emission of
infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes,[23] and then
in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to
variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the
surface.[24]

While holding the position of Research Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in
Boulder, Colorado, Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor Sydney Chapman, who had contributed to
the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s. This led to their joint
publication in 1969 of a 186 page monograph (republished in 1970 as a book) Atmospheric Tides.[25][26]

The quasi-biennial oscillation

Although it wasn't realized at the time, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was observed during the 1883
eruption of Krakatoa, when the ash from the volcano was transported around the globe from east to west by
stratospheric winds in about two weeks. These winds became known as the "Krakatoa easterlies". It was
observed again in 1908, by the German meteorologist Arthur Berson, who saw that winds blow from the west at
15 km (9.32 mi) altitude in tropical Africa from his balloon experiments. These became known as the "Berson
westerlies." However, it was not until the early 1960s that the ~ 26 month cycle of the QBO was first described,
independently by Richard J. Reed in 1960 and Veryhard and Ebdon in 1961.

Lindzen recalls his discovery of the mechanism underlying the QBO in the semi-autobiographical review article,
On the development of the theory of the QBO.[27] His interest in the phenomenon began in 1961 when his Ph.D.
advisor, Richard M. Goody, speculated that the 26 month relaxation time for stratospheric ozone at 25 km
(15.53 mi) in the tropics might somehow be related to the 26 month period of the QBO, and suggested
investigation of this idea as a thesis topic. In fact, Lindzen's, Radiative and photochemical processes in

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mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator, documented
the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO.[28]

Lindzen's work on atmospheric tides led him to the study of planetary waves and the general circulation of
atmospheres. By 1967, he had contributed a number papers on the theory of waves in the middle atmosphere. In
Planetary waves on beta planes, he developed a beta plane approximation for simplifying the equations of
classical tidal theory, whilst at the same time developing planetary wave relations. He noticed from his equations
that eastward-traveling waves (known as Rossby waves since their discovery in 1939 by Carl-Gustav Rossby)
and westward-traveling waves (which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as "atmospheric Kelvin waves")
with periods less than five days were "vertically trapped." At the same time, an important paper by Booker and
Bretherton (1967) appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest. Booker and Bretherton showed that
vertically propagating gravity waves were completely absorbed at a critical level.

In his 1968 paper with James R. Holton, A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation,[29] Lindzen presented his
theory of the QBO after testing it in a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model that had been developed by
Holton and John M. Wallace.[30] They showed that the QBO could be driven by vertically propagating gravity
waves with phase speeds in both westward and eastward directions and that the oscillation arose through a
mechanism involving a two-way feedback between the waves and the mean flow. It was a bold conjecture,
given that there was very little observational evidence available to either confirm or confute the hypothesis. In
particular, there was still no observational evidence of the westward-traveling "Kelvin" waves; Lindzen
postulated their existence theoretically.[31]

In the years following the publication of Lindzen and Holton (1968), more observational evidence became
available, and Lindzen's fundamental insight into the mechanism driving the QBO was confirmed. However, the
theory of interaction via critical level absorption was found to be incorrect and was replaced by attenuation due
to radiative cooling. The revised theory was published in the Holton and Lindzen (1972) paper, An updated
theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere.[32]

The superrotation of Venus

Since the 1960s a puzzling phenomenon has been observed in the atmosphere of Venus whereat the atmosphere
above the cloud base is seen to travel around the planet about 50 times faster than the rotation of the planet
surface, or in only four to five Earth-days.[33] In 1974 a theory was proposed by Stephen B. Fels and Lindzen to
explain this so-called "superrotation" which held that the rotation is driven by the thermal atmospheric tide.[34]
An alternative theory was proposed by Peter J. Gierasch in the following year which held instead that the
meridional (Hadley) circulation may transport the momentum by eddy-mixing.[35] The actual cause of this
phenomenon continues to be debated in the literature, with GCM experiments suggesting that both the
Fels/Lindzen and Gierasch mechanisms are involved.[36]

Middle period (1972-1990)

Recent work (1990-present)

Climate sensitivity

Lindzen hypothesized that the Earth may act like an infrared iris. A sea surface temperature increase in the
tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's

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atmosphere.[37] This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO2 warming
by lowering the climate sensitivity. Satellite data from CERES has led researchers investigating Lindzen's theory
to conclude that the Iris effect would instead warm the atmosphere.[38][39] Lindzen has expressed his concern
over the validity of computer models used to predict future climate change. Lindzen said that predicted warming
may be overestimated because of inadequate handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback. The
feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur
with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. Lindzen said that the water vapor feedback could
act to nullify future warming.[40] Contrary to the IPCC's assessment, Lindzen said that climate models are
inadequate. Despite accepted errors in their models, e.g., treatment of clouds, modelers still thought their climate
predictions were valid.[41] Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded
by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2. The IPCC (2007) estimates that the
expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.40 °F). Lindzen gave an estimate of
the Earth's climate sensitivity of less than 1 degree Celsius. Lindzen based this estimate on how the climate had
responded to volcanic eruptions. James E. Hansen, a climate scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies,
estimated a climate sensitivity of 3–4 degrees Celsius based on evidence from ice cores.[41].

NAS panel

In 2001 Lindzen served on an 11-member panel organized by the National Academy of Sciences.[42] The panel's
report, entitled Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions,[43] has been widely cited.
Lindzen subsequently publicly criticized the report summary for leaving out doubts about the weight that could
be placed on 20 years of temperature records.[44]

IPCC activities

Lindzen worked on Chapter 7 of 2001 IPCC Working Group 1, which considers the physical processes that are
active in real world climate. He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 "IPCC Second
Assessment." He described the full 2001 IPCC report as "an admirable description of research activities in
climate science"[45] although he criticized the Summary for Policymakers. Lindzen stated in May 2001 that it
did not truly summarize the IPCC report[46] but had been amended to state more definite conclusions.[47] He
also emphasized the fact that the summary had not been written by scientists alone. The NAS panel on which
Lindzen served says that the summary was the result of dialogue between scientists and policymakers.[48][49]

Kyoto Accord

Of the Kyoto Accord, he claims there is no "controversy over the fact that the Kyoto Protocol, itself, will do
almost nothing to stabilize CO2. Capping CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generated will have a negligible
impact on CO2 levels."[50] Although he accepts that the warming has occurred, he said in 2004 that "global
mean temperature is about 0.6 degrees Celsius higher than it was a century ago".[45] The IPCC Third
Assessment report (2001) stated that there had been 0.6 °C (1.080 °F) warming in the previous century.

Views on climate change

In a 2007 interview on the Larry King Show, Lindzen said:[51]

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"we're talking of a few tenths of a degree change in temperature. None of it in the last eight
“ years, by the way. And if we had warming, it should be accomplished by less storminess. But
because the temperature itself is so unspectacular, we have developed all sorts of fear of
prospect scenarios -- of flooding, of plague, of increased storminess when the physics says we
should see less.

I think it's mainly just like little kids locking themselves in dark closets to see how much they can
scare each other and themselves." ”
In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen points out that the earth was just emerging from the
"Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and concludes that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that. He goes
on to state that the IPCC claims were[52]

"based on the weak argument that the current models used by the IPCC couldn't reproduce the
“ warming from about 1978 to 1998 without some forcing, and that the only forcing that they
could think of was man. Even this argument assumes that these models adequately deal with
natural internal variability—that is, such naturally occurring cycles as El Nino, the Pacific
Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, etc.

Yet articles from major modeling centers acknowledged that the failure of these models to
anticipate the absence of warming for the past dozen years was due to the failure of these
models to account for this natural internal variability. Thus even the basis for the weak IPCC
argument for anthropogenic climate change was shown to be false." ”
Third-party characterizations of Lindzen

The New York Times article included the comments of several other experts. Jerry Mahlman, director of the
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said that
Lindzen had "sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound." Mahlman
did, however, admit that Lindzen was a "formidable opponent." William Gray of Colorado State University
basically agreed with Lindzen, describing him as "courageous." He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very
skeptical on the global warming thing." He added that whilst he regarded some of Lindzen's views as flawed, he
said that, "across the board he's generally very good." John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with
Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few
scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is."[40]

The November 10, 2004 online version of Reason magazine reported that Lindzen is "willing to take bets that
global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now."[53] James Annan, a scientist
involved in climate prediction, contacted Lindzen to arrange a bet. Annan and Lindzen exchanged proposals for
bets, but were unable to agree. Lindzen's final proposal was a bet that if the temperature change were less than
0.2 °C (0.36 °F), he would win. If the temperature change were between 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) and 0.4 °C (0.72 °F)
the bet would be off, and if the temperature change were 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) or greater, Annan would win. He
would take 2 to 1 odds.[54]

Lindzen has been characterized as a contrarian, in relation to climate change and other issues.[55][56][57]
Lindzen's graduate students describe him as "fiercely intelligent, with a deep contrarian streak." [58]

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Awards and honors

Lindzen is a recipient of the American Meteorological Society's Meisinger and Charney Awards, American
Geophysical Union's Macelwane Medal, and the Leo Prize from the Wallin Foundation in Goteborg, Sweden. He
is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters,
and was named Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the
Advancement of Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society. He is a
corresponding member of the NAS Committee on Human Rights, and a member of the United States National
Research Council Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. He was a consultant to the Global Modeling and
Simulation Group at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and a Distinguished Visiting Scientist at California
Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Lindzen is an ISI highly cited researcher,[59] and his
biography has been included in American Men and Women of Science.[60]

See also
Scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming

References
1. ^ "Curriculum Vitae of Richard Siegmund Lindzen" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf) . http://www-
eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
2. ^ Stevens, William K. (June 18, 1996). "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Richard S. Lindzen;A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting
Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model?" (http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-
s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-computer.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-
computer.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
3. ^ http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110008220
4. ^ Eilperin, J. (October 2007). "An Inconvenient Expert" (http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-
lindzen-1.html) . http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-1.html.
5. ^ "Publications" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html) . http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
6. ^ Lindzen, R.S., M.-D. Chou, and A.Y. Hou (2001). "Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared iris?"
(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf) . Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 82: 417–432.
doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0477%282001%29082%3C0417%3ADTEHAA%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf.
7. ^ "Curriculum Vitae, Richard Siegmund Lindzen" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf) . June 1, 2008.
http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
8. ^ "Richard Lindzen's Publications" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html) . http://www-
eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
9. ^ Lindzen, R.S. and R.M. Goody (1965). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I.
Models for radiative and photochemical processes" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf) . J. Atmos.
Sci. 22: 341–348. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0341:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0341%3ARAPPIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf. See also Lindzen, R.S. (1965). "The radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere
to fluctuations in radiation" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci.: 469–478.
http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf.
10. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part II. Vertical
propagation of long period disturbances at the equator" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf) . J.
Atmos. Sci. 23: 334–343. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0334:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281966%29023%3C0334%3ARAPPIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty

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/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf.
11. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part III. Stability of a
zonal vortex at midlatitudes to axially symmetric disturbances" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf) .
J. Atmos. Sci. 23: 344–349. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0344:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281966%29023%3C0344%3ARAPPIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf.
12. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part IV. Stability of a
zonal vortex at midlatitudes to baroclinic waves" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf) . J. Atmos.
Sci. 23: 350–359. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0350:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281966%29023%3C0350%3ARAPPIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf.
13. ^ Goody, R.M. (1964). Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
14. ^ Blake, D.W. and R.S. Lindzen (1973). "Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates
in the stratosphere" (http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-11-0783.pdf) . Mon. Wea. Rev. 101:
738–802. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-11-0783.pdf.
15. ^ See for instance the widely cited study Fels, S.B., J.D. Mahlman, M.D. Schwarzkopf and R.W. Sinclair (1980).
"Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response"
(http://www.gfdl.gov/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 37 (10): 2265–2297.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281980%29037%3C2265%3ASSTPIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://www.gfdl.gov
/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf. The Lindzen and Blake formalism is used in the parameterization of radiative-
photochemical damping (see Appendix A).
16. ^ Laplace, P. S. (1799). Méchanique Céleste. Paris.
17. ^ Siebert, M. (1961). "Atmospheric tides". Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.
pp. 105–182.
18. ^ Butler, S. T. and Small, K. A. (1963). "The excitation of atmospheric oscillations". Proc. Roy. Soc. A274:
91–121.
19. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1966). "On the theory of the diurnal tide" (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=res-
loc&uri=urn%3Anoaa%3Apdf%3Afile%3Amwr-094-05-0295.pdf) . Mon. Wea. Rev. 94: 295–301.
doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0295:OTTOTD>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281966%29094%3C0295%3AOTTOTD%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com
/perlserv/?request=res-loc&uri=urn%3Anoaa%3Apdf%3Afile%3Amwr-094-05-0295.pdf.
20. ^ Haurwitz, B. (1962a). "Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodenähe und ihre geographische Verteilung".
Areh. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A12: 426–434.
21. ^ It should be noted that S. Kato had independently made the same discovery at about the same time in the Soviet
Union. See Kato, S. (1966). "Diurnal atmospheric oscillation, 1. Eigenvalues and Hough functions". J. Geophys.
Res. 71: 3201–3209.
22. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1967). "Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com
/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0) . Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 93: 18–42.
doi:10.1002/qj.49709339503 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.49709339503) . http://www3.interscience.wiley.com
/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.
23. ^ Lindzen, R.S. and D.J. McKenzie (1967). "Tidal theory with Newtonian cooling" (http://www.springerlink.com
/content/n57x367018316l67/fulltext.pdf?page=1) . Pure & Appl. Geophys. 64: 90–96. http://www.springerlink.com
/content/n57x367018316l67/fulltext.pdf?page=1.
24. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1968). "The application of classical atmospheric tidal theory"
(http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/303/1474/299.full.pdf) . Proc. Roy. Soc. A303: 299–316.
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/303/1474/299.full.pdf.
25. ^ Lindzen, R.S. and S. Chapman (1969). "Atmospheric tides" (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen
/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf) . Sp. Sci. Revs. 10: 3–188. http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf.
26. ^ Chapman, S. and R.S. Lindzen (1970). Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Graviational (http://books.google.com
/?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC&printsec=frontcover) . Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Press. pp. 200. ISBN 9789027701138.
http://books.google.com/?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC&printsec=frontcover.
27. ^ Lindzen, R.S. (1987). "On the development of the theory of the QBO" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen
/devtheoqbo.pdf) . Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 68: 329–337. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<0329:OTDOTT>2.0.CO;2
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281987%29068%3C0329%3AOTDOTT%3E2.0.CO%3B2) .

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http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/devtheoqbo.pdf.
28. ^ Ibid., p. 329.
29. ^ Lindzen, R.S. and J.R. Holton (1968). "A theory of quasi-biennial oscillation" (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen
/qubieoscil.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 26: 1095–1107. http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qubieoscil.pdf.
30. ^ Wallace, J. M., and J. R. Holton (1967). "A diagnostic numerical model of the quasi-biennial oscillation"
(http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/25/2/pdf/i1520-0469-25-2-280.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci. 25: 280–292.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0280:ADNMOT>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0280%3AADNMOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com
/archive/1520-0469/25/2/pdf/i1520-0469-25-2-280.pdf.
31. ^ Actually, the evidence was coming in at the time, see Wallace, J. M., and V. E. Kousky (1967). "Observational
evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere" (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/25/5/pdf
/i1520-0469-25-5-900.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci. 25: 900–907.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0900:OEOKWI>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0900%3AOEOKWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com
/archive/1520-0469/25/5/pdf/i1520-0469-25-5-900.pdf. However, Lindzen says in his 1987 recollections that he did
not see this study until after the Lindzen and Holton (1968) paper was already submitted (1987, p. 330).
32. ^ Holton, J.R. and R.S. Lindzen (1972). "An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere"
(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qbicytrstr.pdf) . J. Atmos. Sci. 29: 1076–1080.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1076:AUTFTQ>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281972%29029%3C1076%3AAUTFTQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/qbicytrstr.pdf.
33. ^ Taylor, F.W. and C.C.C. Tsang (February 2005). "Venus super-rotation" (http://web.archive.org
/web/20070706210100/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html) . Archived from the original
(http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html) on July 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org
/web/20070706210100/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
34. ^ Fels, S.B. and R.S. Lindzen (1974). "Interaction of thermally excited gravity waves with mean flows"
(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf) . Geophys. Fl. Dyn. 6: 149–191.
doi:10.1080/03091927409365793 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03091927409365793) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf.
35. ^ Gierasch, P.J. (1975). "Meridional circulation and the maintenance of the Venus atmospheric rotation"
(http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf) (). J. Atmos. Sci 32: 1038–1044.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1038:MCATMO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281975%29032%3C1038%3AMCATMO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) . http://ams.allenpress.com
/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf.
36. ^ For example see Zhu, X. (2005). "Maintenance of Equatorial Superrotation in a Planetary Atmosphere: Analytic
Evaluation of the Zonal Momentum Budgets for the Stratospheres of Venus, Titan and Earth" (http://www.bu.edu
/csp/uv/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf) . SR SR A-2005-01, JHU /APL, Laurel, MD (2005).. http://www.bu.edu/csp/uv
/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf.
37. ^ Lindzen, R.S., M.-D. Chou, and A.Y. Hou (2001). "Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared iris?"
(http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf) . Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 82: 417–432.
doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0477%282001%29082%3C0417%3ADTEHAA%3E2.3.CO%3B2) . http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty
/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf.
38. ^ Bing Lin, Bing; et al. (2002). "The iris hypothesis: a negative or positive cloud feedback?". J. Climate 15: 3–7.
doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0003:TIHANO>2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0003%3ATIHANO%3E2.0.CO%3B2) .
39. ^ NASA (Jan 16, 2002). "NASA satellite instrument warms up global cooling theory" (http://www.nasa.gov/centers
/langley/news/releases/2002/02-005.html) . Press release. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases
/2002/02-005.html.
40. ^ a b Stevens, W. (June 18, 1996). "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Richard S. Lindzen;A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting
Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model?" (http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-
s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-computer.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-
computer.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
41. ^ a b Guterl, F. (July 23, 2001). "The Truth About Global Warming" (http://www.newsweek.com/id/78772/page/1) .

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Richard Lindzen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen

Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/78772/page/1. Retrieved 2009-07-26.

42. ^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Committee on the Science of Climate Change"
(http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange/committee.html) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu
/html/climatechange/committee.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
43. ^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions" (http://www.nap.edu/catalog
/10139.html?onpi_webextra6) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu/catalog
/10139.html?onpi_webextra6. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
44. ^ Lindzen, Richard S. (June 11, 2001). "Scientists' Report Doesn't Support the Kyoto Treaty" (http://eaps.mit.edu
/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf) (PDF). The Wall Street Journal. http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds
/LindzenWSJ.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
45. ^ a b Lindzen, Richard S. (February 23, 2004). "Canadian Reactions To Sir David King" (http://meteo.lcd.lu
/globalwarming/Lindzen/canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html) . The Hill Times. http://meteo.lcd.lu
/globalwarming/Lindzen/canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
46. ^ Lindzen, Richard S. (May 1, 2001). "Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen before the U.S. Senate Commerce
Committee" (http://www.lavoisier.com.au/articles/climate-policy/science-and-policy/Lindzen_McCain.pdf) (PDF).
Lavoisier Group. http://www.lavoisier.com.au/articles/climate-policy/science-and-policy/Lindzen_McCain.pdf.
Retrieved 18 March, 2009.
47. ^ Solomon, Lawrence (December 22, 2006). "The Deniers – Part V: The original denier: into the cold"
(http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0) . National
Post. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0. Retrieved
2007-04-05.
48. ^ The NAS panel said on the matter that "The committee finds that the full IPCC Working Group I (WGI) report is
an admirable summary of research activities in climate science, and the full report is adequately summarized in the
Technical Summary. The full WGI report and its Technical Summary are not specifically directed at policy. The
Summary for Policymakers reflects less emphasis on communicating the basis for uncertainty and a stronger
emphasis on areas of major concern associated with human-induced climate change. This change in emphasis
appears to be the result of a summary process in which scientists work with policy makers on the document. Written
responses from U.S. coordinating and lead scientific authors to the committee indicate, however, that (a) no changes
were made without the consent of the convening lead authors (this group represents a fraction of the lead and
contributing authors) and (b) most changes that did occur lacked significant impact."
49. ^ "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Summary" (http://www.nap.edu
/html/climatechange/summary.html) . National Academies Press. 2001. http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange
/summary.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
50. ^ Lindzen, Richard (09/17/2003). "A Mayor Mistake" (http://www.tcsdaily.com/Article.aspx?id=091703C) . TCS
(Tech Central Station). http://www.tcsdaily.com/Article.aspx?id=091703C. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
51. ^ CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/31/lkl.01.html. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
52. ^ Lindzen, Richard S. (November 30, 2009). "The Climate Science Isn't Settled" (http://online.wsj.com/article
/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400.html) . The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article
/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400.html.
53. ^ Bailey, Ronald (November 10, 2005). "Two Sides to Global Warming" (http://web.archive.org
/web/20070313204825/http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml) . Reason Magazine. Archived from the original
(http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml) on March 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070313204825/http:
//www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
54. ^ Bailey, Ronald (June 8, 2005). "Betting on Climate Change" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070313205023/http:
//www.reason.com/rb/rb060805.shtml) . Reason Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.reason.com
/rb/rb060805.shtml) on March 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070313205023/http://www.reason.com
/rb/rb060805.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
55. ^ "Climate change dissenters say they are demonized in debate - USATODAY.com" (http://www.usatoday.com
/weather/climate/2007-12-14-climate-change-skeptics_N.htm) . USA Today. December 17, 2007.
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/2007-12-14-climate-change-skeptics_N.htm. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
56. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (October 2009). "Richard Lindzen: An Inconvenient Expert" (http://outsideonline.com/outside
/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-3.html) . Outside. http://outsideonline.com/outside/culture/200710/richard-lindzen-
3.html. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
57. ^ Achenbach, Joel (June 5, 2006). "Global-warming skeptics continue to punch away"
(http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html) . The Seattle Times.

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Richard Lindzen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html. Retrieved December 8, 2009.

58. ^ "The Contrarian" (http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/) . Seed. August 24, 2006.
http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
59. ^ ISI record (http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Browse&link2=Results&id=2422)
60. ^ American Men & Women of Science, 25th ed. Vol. 4, P.909 (2008)

External links
Richard Lindzen's Home page at MIT (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen.htm)
A List of Publications (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html)
Profile at Physics World (http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/20/2/2/1)
Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen Before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works 2001
(http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Testimony/Senate2001.pdf)
Profile on Source Watch (http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_S._Lindzen)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen"
Categories: American physicists | Environmental skepticism | Harvard University alumni | Members of the
United States National Academy of Sciences | Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science | American meteorologists | 1940 births | Living people | Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty |
American climatologists | ISI highly cited researchers | Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

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