Research of Super Capacitor Energy Storage System

Based on DG Connected to Power Grid

Kuang Honghai, and Wu Zhengqiu
Abstract-- With the world’s energy sources crisis and
environment pollution increasingly aggravating, distributed
generation (DG) based on renewable energy has become a
development trend for electric power industry in the 21 century.
But DG affected by natural conditions can not output power
continuously and steadily. So DG connected to grid system
certainly will bring a series of problems to the steady operation
of electric power system. In this paper it is presented using
energy storage system to solve problem on electrical power
quality result from DG connected to power grid. On the basis of
various energy storage technologies being contrasted, a
optimum solution of super capacitor energy storage system
(SCESS) based on DG connected to power grid is presented in
this paper. This solution may reduce disadvantage impact
caused by DG connected to grid system and ensure stability and
reliability of system operation.
Index Terms-- Distributed generation (DG), Super capacitor
energy storage system (SCESS), Converter, Inverter
I. INTRODUCE
ith people increasingly placing more emphasis on
sustainable development and reducing environmental
pollution, distributed generation (DG)) technology for its
unique environmental protection and economical efficiency is
attracting more and more attention. Many domestic and
foreign experts and scholars in this field have had an
extensive and in-depth study, they agree that DG system
penetrated into existing distribution system will be the future
development trend [1].
DG system incorporated into electric power system
provides flexible support for power supply, it has positive
significance for improving power system stability and power
quality. For instance, HUNAN province in January 2008
experienced a case of snow disaster which had been never
met in last 50 years, it result in such serious losses on the
electric power industry, one of the reasons was some load
centers without power source which led to a large area outage
of power grid in front of disaster. If there was corresponding
distributed generation (such as solar energy), it could reduce
the outage losses to some extent and even supply power
source for large grid black start under certain conditions.
Therefore electric power industries at home and abroad are
increasingly concerned about DG.
Kuang Honghai is with School of Electrical and Information Engineering.
Hunan University. Changsha, 410082, China. also with Hunan University of
Technology. Zhuzhou, 412000, China (e-mail: khhzyz@163.com)
Wu Zhengqiu is with School of Electrical and Information Engineering.
Hunan University. Changsha, 410082, China.
However, a variety of DG equipments in the process of
their work exist some defects, such as micro-turbines and
fuel cells responds slowly, wind power and photovoltaic
power can not output sustained and steady power, due to
natural conditions changes such as wind speed, wind
direction, intensity of sunshine and ambient temperature.
Usually DG is penetrated into electric power system at the
distribution network side, therefore it will bring a number of
adverse effects to distribution network system, such as effects
on line voltage, short-circuit current, active and reactive
power flow, this will lead to system stability problems, and it
is difficult to track well changes in load [2].
Consideration based on system stability and economy,
DG system needs to store a certain amount of electrical
energy to deal with emergencies. Therefore energy storage
system as a necessary energy buffer link of DG system plays
a increasingly important role, furthermore, it also plays a
very important role in power quality of distribution network
[3]. In recent years, the emergence of super capacitor and its
development in energy storage applications have brought
new opportunities for the development of energy storage
system based on distributed generation.
II. KINDS OF ENERY TECHNPLOGY DEVELOPMENT
DG incorporated into electric power system speeds up the
urgency of electrical energy storage technology development.
In order to improve energy efficiency and system reliability
and stability, often energy storage devices is added to DG
system. The main energy storage technologies are as
followed: battery energy storage, superconducting magnetic
energy storage, super-capacitor energy storage, flywheel
energy storage, compressed air energy storage and pumped
storage etc [4]. These energy storage technologies have been
applied to industrial field and have also obtained good results,
but they will be applied to DG, still need to make further
improvements in storage capacity, reliability and economy.
Increasing energy storage capacity of energy storage system
and ensuring energy storage systems security in a timely
manner to absorb and release electrical energy, which will
have an extremely important influence on system stability
and economy[5].
A. Pumped Storage
Pumped storage is large centralized electrical energy
storage, it needs high and low reservoir dam, long-distance
transmission, mature technology. About 65% to 70%
efficiency, in seconds it can rapidly respond in load; with
W
adjustable energy, can help future (after 2020) nuclear
energy, large-scale wind power and large-scale photovoltaic
power. In 2010-2020 whole pumped storage in Japan will be
24.3GW, more than 10% of nuclear power. In the long run,
Chinese plan data is too small, it will require 30 ~ 45GW
energy storage to deal with nuclear power (4% in 2020),
wind power and photovoltaic power generation [6].
B. Battery Energy Storage
With the development of power electronics technology,
DC batteries energy can be converted into AC and be
incorporated into power grid or be supplied to AC consumer.
Because battery energy storage compensation system covers
less area and is no environmental pollution, it can be installed
in the vicinity of load centers. Battery energy storage not
only compensates active power surplus and deficiency well
but also compensates reactive power, it can become reactive
power generator only by changing inverter trigger angle;
certainly it also can compensates reactive power at the same
time compensates part of the active power [7][8]. So battery
energy storage still is in a dominant position until now.
However, with the emergence of new energy storage
technologies, shortcomings of battery energy storage have
been exposed, such as batter being restricted by charge and
discharge current, generally long charge time more than a
dozen hours, the number of charge and discharge only a few
hundred times which limit their service life, high
maintenance costs. If over-charging or short-circuit easily
explosive, it is not the same security as super capacitor and
causes environmental pollution, because of using harmful
metals such as lead etc in battery [8].
C. SMES
The principle of superconducting magnetic energy storage
system (SMES) is using magnetic fields generated inside
superconducting coil to store power energy, it is a new
technology for transient and dynamic compensation.
SMES is a current source, high energy density, in a short
time period it can rapidly release an amount of energy.
Superconducting DC resistance is close to zero, so it has no
energy losses. Its energy releases very quickly, usually only
needs a few milliseconds, the conversion efficiency is as
high as 95%. As SMES can provide more instantaneous
power to grid, it is helpful for keeping system voltage
stability, increasing system damping, improving system
dynamic and static stability [7].
Shortcomings are needing a cooling system; high cooling
cost; very sensitive to magnetic field environment, current
strength and magnetic field changes, so its stability is worthy
of further study.
D. Flywheel Energy Storage
Flywheel energy storage uses inertia energy of large-scale
disk, it mainly relies on three breakthrough points:
electromagnetic suspension bearing, disc high sensitive
materials and power electronics technology [6].
Flywheel energy storage exchanges energy with the
outside world through motor/generator system. When
flywheel stores energy, it operates as generator, its speed is
increased. When flywheel releases energy, it operates as
motor, its speed is reduced. Flywheel energy storage system
generally is applied in peak-shaving and improving system
stability. Because of high efficiency (80%), long lifetime (15
to 30 years), fast response time (in microsecond), it is
facilitate for adjusting frequency by appropriately helping
distribution system operation. In the absence of batteries it is
used as UPS, and improves power quality [6].
Disadvantages are its structure and control complex, high
cost. High power flywheel energy storage needs to reduce
power consumption, at present there are a series of technical
problems to solve in using high temperature superconducting
magnetic bearings. As flywheel speed is very fast, needs
special materials with small density and large stress, but also
needs to strengthen system security and reliability [8].
E. Compressed Air Energy Storage
For compressed air energy storage, up to now, only
Germany (Hundorf station, 1978, 290MW, 2hours continued
operation), USA (Mcintosh, Alabama, 1991, 110MW,
continuous output 100MW for 26hours), Japan (Sunagawa
station, Hokkaido power company, 1997, 35MW, 6hours
continuous power output), and Israel have constructed such
project, but for demo. No such project in china [6].
Shortcomings are that it needs large storage cave to store
compressed air, depends on geographic condition and is
subject to its restrictions. It should be combined with gas
turbine and need gas as its fuel. It is suitable for load leveling
and peak load shaving, but the development of this kind of
energy storage is slow.
F. SCES
Super capacitor also known as double-layer capacitor, it
has excellent performance of pulse charge-discharge and
high-capacity energy storage, calling it as “super” because it
is different from conventional capacitors. At present, the
capacity of super capacitor made in china has achieved ten
thousand farad level, super capacitor is a new energy storage
component between battery and static capacitor [9].
Advantages are high power density, fast charging, long life
time, low-temperature performance, no need for full-charge
detection, no danger of overcharge, environmentally friendly
and so on. Because super capacitor is voltage source, easily
charged and inverted, energy is released through inverters. Its
charging voltage may exceed 400 V, super capacitor directly
charges through rectifiers. The whole control process is very
simple, compared with SMES in technology it is simpler.
Because it has no moving parts in the process of work, little
maintenance, compared with flywheel energy storage and
SMES, it is more reliable.
Compared with battery it has high charge-discharge
frequency, long life time, a wider range of voltage and may
directly be connected to the bus, though its energy density
less than battery, but its power larger than battery, which
makes super capacitor very ideal for short pulse power, it can
act as battery.
So super capacitor substituted for battery has become
reality. This sort of storage energy technology can be applied
in many domains, due to its low cost, low maintenance, long
life time, environmentally friendly, using SCES technology is
very suitable for system power quality and UPS.
III. SUPER CAPACITOR OPTIMIZATION
Super capacitor is a new energy device emerged in recent
years, also an electrochemistry element. Its pole material is
active carbon, with a very high specific capacitance and a
very large contact area between poles and electrolyte contact
interface. No dielectric exists in super capacitor, in order to
achieve electrochemical balance, charge spontaneously is
distributed between poles and electrolytical contact interface
to form anion-cation sheath for energy storage. But its energy
storage process does not occur chemical reaction, and is
reversible, thus super capacitor may repeatedly
charge-discharge hundreds of thousand times [10].
Monolithic super capacitor voltage is only 1~3V, limited
storage capacity, whether super capacitor is applied in high
power energy storage or large capacity storage occasions, in
order to meet the need of system voltage, power and energy,
it needs a number of monolithic super capacitors connected
in series and parallel to constitute storage energy module.
Determining the number of energy storage module can save
super capacitors, and further reducing volume, quality and
cost of the energy storage unit.
In charging and discharging process, the variations range
of super capacitor bank terminal voltage is very large, usually
using bidirectional DC-DC converter as interface circuit to
adjust energy storage and energy release of super capacitor.
The performance of super capacitor bank connected to a
constant power can be optimized through bidirectional
DC-DC converter [11].
It is assumed that each super capacitor is represented as an
equivalent resistance req and equivalent ideal capacitor ce in
series, R and C of super capacitor bank in Fig.1 respectively
is R=ns.req/np；C= np.ce/ns; we can see from Fig.1 Vc= Vin+IR;
Vin=Pin/I, thus we can derive an equation for the input current
to the converter:
R
RP V V
I in c c
2
4 2 − −
= (1)
The smallest capacitor voltage and the corresponding
maximum power point current can be acquired through
seeking extreme value.
The duration of capacitor bank supplying power to a
constant power load is:
) (
2
1 2 2
i f V V
W
C t − = (2)
in p
out p
l R
in V c V
Fig.1 Super capacitor bank connected to a constant power load
Capacitance Ca after super capacitor full charged and
discharged can be acquired by using voltage and current data
measured during the discharge:
2 2
) ( ) ( 2
i f
in
a V V
dt t i t v
C
−
= ∫ (3)
In the process of discharging, energy released by
capacitor bank is given by the following equation:
E= ] ) ( ) [(
2
2 2
i s f s e
s
p V n V n c
n
n
−
= ] [
2
1 2 2
i f e p s V V c n n − （4）
Using different converter, run time, energy storage
utilization and output power of capacitor bank are different.
So according to experience, set capacitor parameter and
designated converter output power, compared with the
simulation results, we can confirm whether run time,
efficiency and energy utilization of capacitor bank are
optimal.
IV. SCESS
A. System Basic Structure
The structure of SCESS is shown in Fig.2. Its circuit is
mainly composed of three parts: rectifier unit, energy storage
unit and inverter unit. Rectifier unit adopts three phase full
bridge rectifier to charge super capacitor and supply DC
power energy to inverter unit. Inverter unit adopts three phase
voltage inverter composed of IGBT, it connects to power grid
via transformer. When SCESS works normally, voltage at DC
side is converted into AC voltage with the same frequency as
power grid through IGBT inverter. When only considering
fundamental frequency, SCESS can be equivalent to AC
synchronizing voltage source with controllable magnitude
and phase [13].
Fig.2 Structure of SCESS
SCESS usually is parallel between power system and load,
through rectifier the surplus power energy is stored in super
capacitor, when needed, energy stored is sent into system.
When energy storage system is applied in external power
supply, power energy is converted into AC power energy via
inverter, energy is transmitted to power grid and load.
SCESS based on DG connected to power grid can be
divided into three function blocks: super capacitor arrays
components stored energy, power energy conversion system
in energy transformation and transmission, an integrated
control system.
B. Energy Storage Unit
Energy storage unit i.e. super capacitor energy storage
arrays is composed of many monolithic super capacitors. Due
to monolithic super capacitor voltage is lower, they must be
in series to meet the need of charging voltage. If a large
number of super capacitors in parallel, at the same time
improving capacity of power electronics devices in power
conversion system can be easily composed of more large
capacity SCESS, but operational reliability and control
flexibility will not be affected. Super capacitor is very easily
modularized, when required, it is very convenient in capacity
expansion.
SCESS stores energy in the form of electric field energy by
using super capacitor arrays. At the lack of energy emergency
or when energy needed, the stored energy is released through
control system, rapidly and accurately compensating system
active and reactive power, so as to achieve the balance of
power energy and stability control.
C. Power Energy Conversion System
The charge and discharge of SCESS is finished through
rectifier unit and inverter unit. And the choice of inverter
circuit has an important effect on working performance.
Inverter circuit can be divided into two sorts by different
nature of DC power: voltage source at DC side is called as
voltage inverter circuit, current source at DC side is called as
current inverter circuit. Current inverter circuit mainly exists
two defects: first, the output current contains larger ripple,
using filters to eliminate ripple will have an impact on
high frequency harmonic generation; second, it is not easy to
debug and stabilize. In addition there are also soft switch
inverter and resonant inverter and so on, but main circuit of
the sort of inverter and its control is too complicated, thus
usually using voltage inverter [14].
SCESS often is in parallel to DC bus of power grid, a
variety of DG equipments output power in the form of DC
through corresponding power converter and flow into the
system DC bus. Usually DC bus can supply power to AC
load through DC AC converter, and exchanges energy with
energy storage unit through DC DC converter, also can
exchanges energy with power grid through DC AC converter
[15].
Fig.3 connection of grid、DG、storage energy system and load
Power energy converting system using bi directional
converter technology to achieve bi directional flow of energy,
when outage occurs or voltage sags, super capacitor
discharge supplies power to load and power grid through it;
when voltage swells, super capacitor charge through it, so as
to maintain a certain DC voltage. Usually using bidirectional
DC DC converter and bidirectional DC AC DC converter to
exchange energy [16].
1) Bidirectional DC DC converter
Fig.4 Bidirectional DC DC converter
In general DC DC converters in SCES devices have no
requirements of isolation and insulation, so often selecting
Buck/boost DC DC converter as SCES devices shown in
Fig.4. L, C1 in Fig.4 is filter parameters. When switch tube
S1, D2 works, converter operates in conventional buck mode;
When switch tube S2, D1 works, converter operates in
conventional boost mode [17].
The advantages of bidirectional DC DC converter are: the
number of devices small, low cost, no losses of transformers,
high efficiency, easily packaged and integrated, control
circuit simple. It often is applied in the occasion of no
isolation required [18].
2) Bi directional DC AC DC converter
The basic principle of bi directional DC AC DC converter
is to configure a voltage adapter between super capacitor and
distributed DC electric network, namely indirect DC
converter circuit (DC AC DC circuit), so as to achieve
voltage stabilization. According to the requirement of DG
load, indirect DC converter circuit requires the capability of
regenerative feedback power, thus indirect DC converter
circuit using both rectifier and inverter circuits controlled by
PWM is required, namely bi directional DC AC DC
converter. The concrete structure of circuit is shown as the
box of dashed line in Fig.5 [19].
Fig5 Bidirectional DC AC DC converter
Bidirectional DC AC DC converter mainly is consists of
AC DC rectifier, high frequency transformer and DC AC
inverter. Both rectifier and inverter adopt full controlled
power electronic devices, and adopts PWM control mode to
achieve bidirectional flow of energy. According to the
difference of super capacitor total energy capacity, power and
load, the appropriate power electronic devices are selected.
Through the DC AC DC converter circuit to control the
direction of energy transmission, it can make super capacitor
store and release energy, so that DC bus voltage of DG
system is maintained at normal level.
Compared with other types of bidirectional DC DC
converters, bidirectional DC AC DC converter has larger
scope of adjusting the DC bus voltage to make system steady
operation through super capacitor energy storage or energy
release.
D. Integrated Control System
Integrated control system mainly includes data analysis
compute system, bidirectional converter output control
system and switch control system, its structure is shown in
Fig.6.
When system operates, detection circuit real time
measures the DC bus voltage of DG grid, the terminal
voltage of super capacitor, duty cycle of inverter and rectifier
in bidirectional converter, data analysis compute system can
quickly work out the operation state of DC electric network.
When DC electric network voltage occurs fluctuation and
flicker, the output control of bidirectional converter will
adjust operation state of bidirectional inverter and rectifier
according to the results of analysis compute system,
eliminating or weakening voltage fluctuation and flicker.
Fig.6 Structure diagram of integrated control system
When power grid voltage is over high, over low or
instantaneous outage, switch control system rapidly jumps to
the corresponding control status, it makes super capacitor be
in charged or discharged status, so as to maintain the DC bus
voltage in normal level. When power grid occurs other power
quality problems, integrated control system will rapidly
respond so as to effectively control power quality of the
controlled DC bus [19].
V.SCESS IMPROVING STABILITY OF DG CONNECTED
TO POWER GRID
From the above analysis we can see in the system of DG
connected to power grid, if power grid failure, DG system
will automatically disconnect power grid and form an
independent mode operation, the DC bus voltage of DG
System will be lower than steady operation voltage, SCESS
releases Energy. Through controller controlling bidirectional
converter, energy is transmitted from super capacitor to DC
grid side, by SCESS supplying necessary power to AC load.
once power grid returns to normal, system switches over to
the mode of DG connected to power grid. By power grid
supplying power to AC load. In the process of discharge,
even if terminal voltage of SCES arrays falls, also can
maintain a constant DC bus voltage, at the same time can
raise effective utilization of SCES arrays energy storage.
When power losses connected to load is less than a certain
range, the DC bus voltage of DG system will be higher than
steady operation voltage, the redundant generating capacity
of DG system flows into SCESS or using power grid to
supply power to SCESS. Through controller controlling
bidirectional converter, the energy of DC power grid flows
into super capacitor. Super capacitor is in the charging state,
so as to maintain normal operation value of the DC bus
voltage. It ensures the need of SCESS floating charge and
back up power supply.
VI. IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
As super capacitor specific energy is small, the specific
energy of super capacitor with the same weight only is 1/3 of
lead acid battery, when in the absence of natural resource or
peak consumption, people often only select battery as
independent energy storage system based on DG system so as
to ensure continuous basic power supply. But in practical
application, because wind power and solar energy is
instability, and the current controlled by transformer, AC/DC
rectifier and MPPT controller is not complete DC current,
thus it still contains some higher harmonic component. If it
directly supplies power to battery bank, frequently
fluctuation will increase cycle times of battery recharge and
higher harmonics losses, which will accelerate battery aging,
shorten service life, increase extra cost. And due to the
impedance of battery resistance, there will be power losses
of pulse component, the efficiency of whole energy system is
reduced.
So using super capacitor and battery respective advantages,
they are put in parallel as energy storage system based on DG
connected to power grid, through power electronic switching
control, which can ensure super capacitor absorb higher
harmonics component, only supply smoothed power to
battery. In other words, energy storage system by
performance optimization combination of super capacitor and
lead acid battery can absorb AC component of battery
fluctuant current and compensate battery current, so
smoothed current can be obtained by using super capacitor,
the proposed bidirectional topology and switching circuit,
avoided over charge and discharge, reduced cycle time of
recharge, reduced the power loss of AC of the whole energy
system, prolonged the service life of battery, reduced extra
cost, increased the efficiency .
VII. INCLUSION
Super capacitor in SCESS circuit is used as energy storage
device, so it can withstand voltage sag or short time
interruption up to 5s, and after discharge it can rapidly full
recharge. So it can effectively restrain voltage fluctuation
caused by load, also is very effective in improving capacity
and reliability of system power supply. On the basis of
various energy storage technologies being contrasted, a
optimum solution of SCESS based on DG connected to
power grid is presented in this paper. This solution may
reduce disadvantage impact caused by DG connected to
power grid and ensure stability and reliability of system
operation. The energy storage technology of super capacitor
connected with battery in parallel still needs further in depth
study.
With the manufacturing technology improvement of super
capacitor and the cost reduction in super capacitor, SCES will
be ideal energy storage devices in the future, SCES and its
application technology will be a promising research direction,
with great application value and market prospects. The
combination of super capacitor and other energy storage
devices is a major research hot spot in the future power
industry.
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IX BIOGRAPHIES
Kuang Honghai was born in Hunan province, south of china, in Nov 1972.
She obtained her Bachelor degree in Electric Power System and Automation
at the Changsha University of Electric Power in 1997. She obtained her
Master degree in Power System and Automation at the South China
University of Technology in 2005.
From August 1997 to September 2002 she worked as a teacher at the
Electrical Engineering College of the Nanhua University. From July 2005
she has been with the Hunan University of Technology where she currently
is as a assistant professor.
She is currently working on her PhD thesis at the Hunan university. Her
main research interests include outage management system in distribution
network, distributed generation technology.
Wu Zhengqiu was born in Hunan province, south of china, in Aug 1963.
From Jan 1993 to Jan 1994 he worked on research at the Strathclyde
University in England. From 1994 to 1998 he worked as a research Assistant
and obtained his Ph,D at the Southbank University in England.
Since 1998 he has been with the School of Electrical and Information at
Hunan university where he is currently a professor and doctoral tutor.
His main research interests include power system transients, dynamics
and stability, power system analysis and control, power system online safety
monitoring, power market, distributed generation technology.