Terms:

A sensible conventional sign,

expressive of an idea
 Types of signs:
• Formal signs: picturization of thing
(paintings, photographs, drawings etc.).
• Natural signs: smoke (signifies fire), pain
(disease) etc.
• Conventional signs: based on convention
• Sensible conventional signs: combination of
vowels and consonants (words or terms)
 Kinds of terms:

• Univocal: man, dog, sun

• Equivocal: coach (kendaraan, pelatih)
• Analogous: foot of the mountain, eye of the
mind (intellect)
• Fixed: triangle, man
• Vague: love, bright, abnormal
 Kinds of terms (continued)

• Positive (rose, pencil) and negative (darkness,

sterility)
• Concrete (man, white) and abstract (humanity,
whiteness)
• Simple (single word: law, mind) and compund
(the leader of tomorrow, the manager of the
company)
• Connex (mother-child) and disparate (man-
healthy)
 Kinds of terms (continued)
• Real (dog, house), logical (genus, predicate,
category)

• Singular
• Universal
• Particular
• Collective
…. (next slide)
 Supposition of a term is its use
for the thing which it signifies:

• Material or formal
• Formal: logical or real
• Real: absolute or personal
• Personal: distributive or collective
• Distributive: complete or incomplete
 Definition:
Is a statement which
explains what a thing is
 Two kinds of definition:
• Nominal: what a word means
(Alhamdullilah = Thanks God)
• Real: what a thing is
 Real definitions:
• Essential: proximate genus and specific differentia
(Man is a rational animal)
• Descriptive: enumerating positive, but non-
essential, element of its nature:
Distinctive: by properties (Oxygen = colorless,
odorless, tasteless gas)
Genetic: process of origin or production (water = a
body resulting from the combination of two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen)
 Descriptive definition (continued)

Causal: efficient cause (painting=a picture

in colors produced by an artist) or final
cause (watch=mechanical device to indicate
hours of the day)
Accidents: characteristics neither essential
nor necessarily connected with the essence
(Susi=wanita, 32 th, berbaju merah,
bersandal jepit)
 Terms incapable of defintion:

• Too simple: taste, heat, pain

• Too general: being, one, substance
 Rules of definition:
• Clearer than the thing defined (avoid:
metaphorism)
• Must not contain the idea to be defined
(circular definition)
• Must be convertible with the idea defined
• Must be positive, not negative
 Examples of definition:
• Manusia adalah mahluk Tuhan yang
berbudi luhur, beriman dan bertakwa
(metaphor)
• Manusia adalah manusia (circular)
• Manusia adalah mahluk rasional
(convertible)
• Manusia bukan binatang (negative)
 Division:
The resolving of a whole into its parts
 Kinds of Division:
• Real division
• Logical division
 Real division (natural,
independent of the mind):

• Essential (separable): man = body and soul; water

= hydrogen and oxygen
• Integral (not essential):
Homogeneous: water = drops; army = soldiers
Heterogenous: man = head, hands, body, legs
(essential inseparable): man = rational,
sentient, living, body, substance.
 Rules of Division:

• No part may be omitted

• No member of division may equal or exceed
the whole
• No member may include the other
Division should be clear (orderly)
Division should be limited in members
 Examples of division:
• Partai-partai di Indonesia: PDIP, Golkar, PKB,
PPP dan PAN (incomplete)
• Manusia: rasio dan hidup (equal & exceed the
whole)
• Pemakai jalan: pengendara, pejalan kaki,
karyawan, mahasiswa (overlapping, unclear)
• Mahasiswa UI: Rono, Susan, Tari, Rusman, Joko
…. (unlimitted)