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In heat exchanger the temperature of each fluid changes as it passes through the
heat exchanger ad hence the temperature of the dividing wall between the fluids
also changes along the length of the heat exchanger.
• For the heat exchange between two fluids, one fluid is sprayed through the
other. It cannot be used for transferring heat between two gases or
between two miscible liquids.
Here the heat transfer occurs between the two fluid stream that do not mix
and are usually separated by a metallic wall in the form of pipes aor tube
• The hot and cold fluids enter at same end of the heat exchanger,
flow through in same direction and leave at other end.
• The hot and cold fluids enter at the opposite ends of heat exchangers,
flow through in opposite direction and leave at opposite ends Figure
• This types of heat exchanger give a maximum rate of heat transfer for
a given surface area.
• Hence such heat exchangers are favored for heating and cooling of
fluids.
(iii) Cross flow:
o The cross flow heat exchanger is further classified as unmixed flow and
mixed flow depending on the flow configuration.
o If both the fluids flow through individual channels and are not free to
move in transverse direction, the arrangement is called unmixed as
shown in Figure a.
o if any fluid flows on the surface and free to move in transverse direction,
then this fluid stream is said to be mixed as shown in Figureb.
•
• According to Physical states of the fluid
Depending upon the physical state of the fluids, the heat exchangers are
classified as follows
(i) Condensers
• The hot fluid loses latent part of heat which is absorbed by the cold fluid.
(ii) Evaporators:
• In this case, the boiling fluid (cold fluid) remains at constant temperature
while the temperature of the hot fluid gradually decreases from inlet to
outlet
Logarithmic mean temperature difference
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is defined s that temperature
difference which, if constant, would give the same rate of heat transfer as actually
occurs under variable condition of temperature difference.
In order to derive the expression for LMTD for various types of heat exchanger ,the
following assumption are made
3. The specific heat and mass flow rate of both fluids are constant.
4. There is no loss of heat to the surrounding, due to heat exchanger being perfectly
insulated.
5. There is no change of phase either of the fluid during the heat transfer.
As a result of heat transfer dQ through the area dA, the hot fluid is cooled by dh,
whereas the cold fluid is heated up by dtc.
Integrating between the inlet and outlet condition (i.e. from A=0 to A=A ) we get
Now the total heat transfer rate between the two fluids is given by
Or
Or
The above equation can be written as as
Logarithmic mean temperature difference for COUNTER FLOW heat
exchanger.
In this case also, due to the heat transfer dQ through the area dA, the hot fluid is
cooled down by dth whereas the cold fluid is heated by dtc.
In a counter flow heat system ,the temperature of both the fluids decreases in the
direction of the heat exchanger length ,hence the negative signs
Substituting the values of dQ from equation (4) the above equation becomes
Integrating between the inlet and outlet condition (i.e. from A=0 to A=A ) we get
Now the total heat transfer rate between the two fluids is given by
Or
Or
The above equation can be written as as
When the temperature of the fluids are relatively small ,then the
temperature variation curves are approximately straight lines as
shown in the figure and adequately accurate results are obtained
by taking AMTD
However, practical consideration suggest that the LMTD should be invariably used when
θ1/θ2 >1.7
1. In a heat exchanger, during normal operation the tube surface get covered by
deposits of ash, soot ,dirt and scale etc
4. If hs1 and hs0 be the heat transfer coefficients for the scale deposited on the
inside and outsides surface respectively ,then the thermal resistance to scale
formation on the inside surface ( Rs1) and outside surface (Rs0) is given by
5. The reciprocal of scale heat transfer coefficient hS ,is called the fouling factor,
(Rf) or (F)
6. Fouling factors are determined experimentally by testing the heat exchanger
in both the clean and dirty conditions. The fouling factor Rf is thus defined as
Fouling processes
4. Corrosion fouling
5. Biological fouling
6. Freeze fouling
1. Velocity
2. Temperature
3. Water chemistry
4. Tube material
Prevention of fouling
A heat exchanger can be designed by the LMTD when the inlet and outlet
conditions are specified.
However, when the problem is to determine the inlet or exit temperature for
particular heat exchanger,the analysis is performed more easily ,by using a
method based on effectiveness of heat exchanger (concept first proposed by
Nusselt) and number of transfer units( NTU).the heat exchanger effectiveness is
defined as ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer.
Thus,
The actual heat transfer rate Q can be determined by writing an energy balance
over either side of the heat exchanger
The product of mass flow rate and the specific heat, as a matter of convenience is
defines as the fluid capacity rate c:
The maximum rate of heat transfer for parallel and counter floe heat exchanger
would occur if the outlet temperature of the fluid with smaller value of Ch or CC i.e.
Cmin were to be equal to the temperature of the other fluid.
The maximum possible temperature changes can be achieved by only one of the
fluids depending upon their rates, this maximum change cannot be obtained by
both the fluids except in the very special cases of equal heat capacity rates.
Once the effectiveness is known, the heat transfer rate can be very easily
calculated by using this equation
Number of transfer unit’s method (NTU method)
• This method also facilitates the comparison between the various types of
heat exchanger which may be used for a particular application.
• The effectiveness expressions for the parallel flow and counter flow cases
can be derived as follows
Let the temperature of the start of the elemental layer is Tn and Tc for the hot and
cold fluid.
We know,
Є=1-e-NTU
Solution
Derive any equation for effectiveness (parallel flow or counter
flow) then condenser for evaporator and condenser the ratio of
heat capacity.
We know,
• In heat exchanger ,during the normal operation the tube surface get
covered by deposits of soot, dirt and scale etc
• This phenomenon of rust formation and deposition of fluid impurities is
called Scaling and fouling
• The scale formed reduces the effectiveness of the heat exchanger and
thus it is undesirable and thus the thickness and thermal conductivity of
scale deposits are difficult to ascertain ,the effect of a scale on heat flow is
consider by specifying an equivalent scale heat transfer coefficient .
• If hsi and hso denote the heat transfer coefficient for the scale
formed on the inside and outside surface respectively then
It is denoted by Rf
Thus
2. Cost
3. Physical stock
In order to increase the overall heat transfer coefficient, the fluid may be
forced at higher velocity but this higher velocity results in a larger pressure
drop through the heat exchanger (meaning larger pump cost)
If the pressure drop is to keep minimum ,the surface area of the exchanger will
be larger due to lower value of overall heat transfer coefficient, but there is a
limit of physical size that can be accommodated and moreover a ,larger
physical size results in higher costs.
This suggest that a correct comprise between all these conflicting factors will
lead the proper design of a heat exchanger.
• These are also called tube in tube or concentric tube or double pipe heat
exchanger as shown in Figure .
• These are widely used in many sizes and different flow arrangements
and type.
• These are also called surface condensers and are most commonly used for
heating, cooling, condensation or evaporation applications.
• It consists of a shell and a large number of parallel tubes housing in it. The
heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows through the tubes and other fluid
flows outside the tubes through the shell.
• The baffles are commonly used on the shell to create turbulence and to keep
the uniform spacing between the tubes and thus to enhance the heat transfer
rate.
• They are having large surface area in small volume. A typical shell and tube
type heat exchanger is shown in Figure
The shell and tube type heat exchangers are further classified according to
number of shell and tube passes involved.
A heat exchanger with all tubes make one U turn in a shell is called one shell
pass and two tube pass heat exchanger.
Similarly, a heat exchanger that involves two passes in the shell and four passes
in the tubes is called a two shell pass and four tube pass heat exchanger as
shown in Fig.9
• These heat exchangers are used for liquid to gas heat exchange.
• The finned tubes are used in gas turbines, automobiles, aero planes,
heat pumps, refrigeration, electronics, cryogenics, air-conditioning
systems etc.
• The compact heat exchangers are usually cross flow, in which the
two fluids usually flow perpendicular to each other.
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transfers from one fluid to another
across a good conducting solid wall.
Thermal resistance
All the above equation are valid only for clean and uniform
surfaces.
Heat exchanger effectiveness
2. It is denoted by є