Protection Of Transmission Systems By Using The Global Positioning System:

This is a new technique for the protection of transmission systems by using the global
positioning system (GPS) and fault generated transients. In this scheme the relay
contains a fault transient detection system together with a communication unit, which is
connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors of the CVT.

Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. These detect the fault
generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time instant
corresponding to when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the
busbar.

The decision to trip is based on the components as they propagate through the system.
extensive simulation studies of the technique were carried out to examine the response to
different power system and fault condition.

The communication unit is used to transmit and receive coded digital signals of the local
information to and from the associated relays in the system. At each substation , the relay
determine the location of the fault by comparing the GPS time stay measured locally with
those received from the adjacent substations, extensive simulation studies presented here
demonstrate feasibility of the scheme.

Artificial Neural Networks Based Power System Restoration

Power System Restoration (PSR) has been a subject of study for many years. In recent years
many techniques were proposed to solve the limitations of predetermined restoration guidelines and
procedures used by a majority of system operators to restore a system following the occurrence of a
wide area disturbance.

This paper discusses limitations encountered in some currently used PSR techniques and a proposed
improvement based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This proposed scheme has been tested
on a 162-bus transmission system and compared with a breadth search transmission system.

The results indicate that, this is a feasible option that should be considered for real time
applications.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational techniques that try to obtain a performance
similar to that of human’s performance when solving problems.

The building block of ANN is Artificial Neuron, which has got structural & functional similarities
with biological neurons. ANN is also an efficient alternative for problem solutions where it is
possible to obtain data describing the problem behavior, but a mathematical description of the
process is impossible.

The proposed restoration scheme is composed of several Island Restoration Schemes (IRS). Each
IRS is responsible for the development of an Island Restoration Plan when the power system is
recovering from a wide area disturbance..

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