Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AGRICULTURE
Dr.M.D.Reddy
Dr M D Reddy
Head
Water Technology
gy Centre,,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030.
2
z According to Molden (1997), water
productivity is the physical mass of production
or the
h economici value
l off production
d i measuredd
against gross inflows, net inflows, depleted
water,
t process depleted
d l t d water
t or available
il bl
water
3
Multiple uses of water at basin
level
z Crop production
z Livestock production
p
z Tree production
z Fisheries production
z Ecosystem services
z Domestic,
i industrial,
i d i l power generation
i
z Tourism and recreational
4
The growing scarcity and rising
value of water in a basin
5
ISSUES
7
Two approaches for Increasing
Productivity in Agriculture
8
Water productivity and efficiency
Water
W t productivity
d ti it (WP),
(WP) like
lik land
l d productivity,
d ti it is i a
partial-factor productivity that measures how systems
convert water into g
goods and services
9
z Classic irrigation efficiency measures are useful for
managers of water system to
(a) Assess how much water they were losing in the storage,
conveyance, distribution, and application sub-systems
(b) Identify
d if interventions
i i to improve
i performance
f
z Classic
Cl i efficiency
ffi i f il to capture the
fails h water re-use
aspect
10
W t productivity
Water d ti it and
d water
t saving
i
11
The rationale for increasing water
productivity
• Global imperatives
• Basin Level
• System Level
• Farm Level
12
Global Imperatives
z “Blue Revolution
“Bl R l ti in
i agriculture
i lt th t focuses
that f on increasing
i i
productivity per unit of water – ‘more crop per drop”
(Annan, 2000).
13
Basin-level
z Increase water availability to users and uses that are
disadvantaged
z Reduce overall water demand and develop additional
water resources
• Dam development
• Groundwater exploitation
• Water transfers from regions with excess water to regions that
experience water scarcity
z Increase total basin level water benefits through more
productive use of the available water resources
p
14
System level
15
System level
16
Farm level
z Reduce water costs (costs of pumping, delivering
water or water fees)
z Reduce loss of land productivity associated with
• Soil erosion
• Water logging
• Salinization
z Expand irrigated areas with the same amount of
irrigation water available
z I
Increase agricultural
i lt l output,
t t food
f d security
it andd
profitability
17
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
At system level
• Agronomic practices
• Choice of salt tolerant crops varieties
• Deficit irrigation
• Efficient management of Rain water
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Options for Improving Water
Productivity
At Plant level
• Varietal improvement
p through
g pplant breedingg
and molecular biology
• The development
p of short-season varieties,,
reducing the growing time from 5 months to
3.5 – 4 months, has also been a major source
of water savings
19
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
Farm level
• Adoption of yield-increasing and water-saving
technologies
h l i
• Farmers water management under water scarcity-
warabandi, crops and cropping systems
• Improved agronomic practices, introduction of salt
tolerant crop varieties and saline water aquaculture
• Water saving irrigation (WSI) practice
• To produce “more rice with less water”
20
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
Basin level
z Response to water scarcity and sustainability
a) As the competition for water increases and river
basins become closed for all or part of the year,
WP and economic efficiency (EE) are typically
increased by shifting to higher-valued crops
21
Options
p for Improving
p g Water
Productivity
Policies and Institutions
z Publicly managed, irrigation systems are being poorly
managed and that policy and institutional reforms
z Improved management of canal irrigation systems require
1
1. Reforms in pricing and charging users for water or water
services
2. Greater participation in the O&M of systems by local user
groups
3. Establishment of water rights
22
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
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Options for Improving Water
Productivity
z Conjunctive use
a) Talend problems
b) Over exploitation
c) Salinity could be greatly reduced with improved
conjunctive
j i management off surface-water
f and
d
groundwater resources
24
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
Remote sensing and GIS
z Development of a precision agriculture technology that relates spatio-
temporal changes in soil salinity and other edaphic properties to crop yield
z Development
D l off improved
i d RS technology
h l f rapid
for id measurement off salinity,
li i
water content, and soil properties important for the management of salt-
affected soil
25
z Development of irrigation systems which can vary
water application across the field according to the
water demands of the crop
z The development
p of more water efficient cropp
varieties
26
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
Aquaculture
z Brackish water aquaculture ( saline ground
water)
z Rice-fish
Rice fish farming
27
Inland fisheries
28
Options for Improving Water
Productivity
Forestry and Agro forestry
29
Options
p for Improving
p g Water
Productivity
Waste water use
30
Thank you
31