c




Sunday (son-dei)
Monday (mon-dei)
Tuesday (tus-dei)
Wednesday (uens-dei)
Thursday (zurs-dei)
Friday (frai-dei)
Saturday (sa-tur-dei)



  
January (llan-iu-e-ri)
February (feb-ru-e-ri)
March (march)
April (ei-pril)
May (mei)
June (llu-un)
July (llu-lai)
August (a-gost)
September (sep-tem-ber)
October (oc-tou-ber)
November (nou-vem-ber)
December (di-cem-ber)




1  3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 00 300 400 500 600 700 800
900 965 1000 1500 1891 1998 010

@ 

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U V W X Y Z
 

1 (uon)
 (tu)
3 (zri)
4 (for)
5 (faiv)
6 (siks))
7 (se-ven)
8 (eit)
9 (nain)
10 (ten)
11 (i-le-ven)
1 (tuelv)
13 (zur-ti-in)
14 (for-ti-in)
15 (fif-ti-in)
16 (siks-ti-in)
17 (se-ven-ti-in)
18 (eit-i-in)
19 (nain-ti-in)
0 (tuen-ti)
30 (zur-ti)
40 (for-ti)
50 (fif-ti)
60 (siks-ti)
70 (se-ven-ti)
80 (ei-ti)
90 (nain-ti)
100 (uon jon-dred)
1,000 (uon zau-sand)
1,000,000 (uon mil-ion)
    

    
 @ @

Tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words

  He speaks. action in the present taking always, every «,
  He does not speak. place   never, normally,
 Does he speak?  often, seldom,
facts sometimes,
actions taking place one after usually
another if sentences type I
action set by a timetable or (Ñ
Ñ

)
schedule
  He is speaking. 
  at the moment,
  He is not speaking. 
 just, just now,
 Is he speaking? action taking place only for a Listen!, Look!,
limited period of time now, right now
action arranged for the future
   He spoke. action in the past taking yesterday, 
 He did not speak. place   minutes ago, in
 Did he speak?  1990, the other
actions taking place one after day, last Friday
another if sentence type II
action taking place in the middle (Ñ
Ñ

)
of another action
   He was speaking. action  at a certain when, while, as
  He was not speaking. time in the past long as
 Was he speaking? actions taking place at the same
time
action in the past that is
interrupted by another action
  He has spoken. putting emphasis on the  already, ever, just,
  He has not spoken. action that is still going on never, not yet, so
  Has he spoken? action that stopped recently far, till now, up to
finished action that has an now
influence on the present
action that has taken place once,
never or several times before the
moment of speaking
  He has been speaking. putting emphasis on the  all day, for 4 years,
  He has not been speaking.    (not the result) since 1993, how
  Has he been speaking? action that recently stopped or is long?, the whole
still going on week
finished action that influenced
the present
   He had spoken. action taking place before a already, just,
  He had not spoken. certain time in the past never, not yet,
  Had he spoken? sometimes interchangeable with once, until that
past perfect progressive day
putting emphasis only on if sentence type III
the   (not the duration) (Ñ
Ñ
?



)
   He had been speaking. action taking place before a for, since, the
  He had not been speaking. certain time in the past whole day, all day
  Had he been speaking? sometimes interchangeable with
past perfect simple
putting emphasis on
the   of an
action
!"  He will speak. action in the future that cannot in a year, next «,
  He will not speak. be influenced tomorrow
 Will he speak?   decision If-Satz Typ I (Ñ

assumption with regard to the 




future 

X 
?
 )
: I
think, probably,
perhaps
!"  He is going to speak.  made for the future in one year, next
  He is not going to speak. conclusion with regard to the week, tomorrow
(going to)  Is he going to speak? future
!"  He will be speaking. action that is  at a in one year, next
  He will not be speaking. certain time in the future week, tomorrow
 Will he be speaking? action that is sure to happen in
the near future
!""  He will have spoken. action that will be  at a by Monday, in a
  He will not have spoken. certain time in the future week
 Will he have spoken?
!""  He will have been speaking. action taking place before a for «, the last
  He will not have been speaking. certain time in the future couple of hours,
 Will he have been speaking? putting emphasis on all day long
the  of an action
#    He would speak. action that  take place if sentences type II
"  He would not speak. (Ñ
Ñ



 Would he speak? Ñ
X




.)
#    He would be speaking. action that might take place
"  He would not be speaking. putting emphasis on
  Would he be speaking? the  /   of the
action
#    He would have spoken. action that  have taken if sentences type
""  He would not have spoken. place in the past III
 Would he have spoken? (Ñ
Ñ






Ñ
X
?

?.)
#    He would have been speaking. action that might have taken
""  He would not have been place in the past
 speaking. puts emphasis on
 Would he have been speaking? the  /   of the
action
 


$ 
ù action that takes place once, never or several times
ù actions that happen one after another

ù actions that suddenly take place

ù action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that
moment
 
ù actions taking place at the same time

ù action taking place before a certain moment in time

D ù puts emphasis on the result

ù action taking place before a certain moment in time

#% ù puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action
c 
 @&' 
Explanation Past Present Future
action that takes place once,
never or several times
actions that happen one after
another
state
   !"
He played football He plays football He will / is going to
every Tuesday. every Tuesday. play football every
Tuesday.
He played football He plays football He will play football
and then he went and then he goes and then he will go
home. home. home.
He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.

   !"

 
action going on at that moment He was playing He is playing He will be playing
football. football. football.
actions taking place at the He was playing He is playing He will be playing
same time football and she was football and she is football and she will
watching. watching. be watching.

   !""

 
action taking place before a He had won five He has won five He will have won five
certain moment in time; matches until that matches so far. matches by then.
emphasizes the result day.

   !""

  
action taking place before a He had been playing He has been playing He will have been
certain moment in time (and football for ten years. football for ten playing football for
beyond), emphasizes the years. ten years.
duration








 & 

!

Be
affirmative negative question
I I am. I am not. Am I?
he/she/it He is. He is not. Is he?
you/we/they You are. You are not. Are you?

Have
affirmative negative question
I/you/we/they I have got. / I have. I have not got. / I do not have. Have I got? / Do I have?
he/she/it He has got. / He has. He has not got. / He does not Has he got? / Does he
have. have?

Other Verbs
Affirmative Negative Question
I/you/we/they I play. I do not play. Do I play?
he/she/it He plays. He does not play. Does he play?

'

Exception Example
The verbs j



 remain the same in all forms. So he can, she may, it must
don't add -.
Verbs ending in  or a  (ch, sh, s, x) add - instead of . do - he does, wash - she washes
A final  after a consonant becomes - before . (but: don't modify 
worry - he worries (but: play - he
after a ) plays)

!
Affirmative Negative
I am English. = I( English. I am not English. = I( not English.
We are English.= We( English. We are not English. = We( not / We are( English.
He is English. = He( English. He is not English. = He( not / He is( English.
I have got a dog. = I( got a dog. I have not got a dog. = I( not got a dog. / I have( got a dog.
He has got a dog. = He( got a dog. He has not got a dog. = He( not got a dog. / He has( got a
dog.
I do not play tennis. = I do( play tennis
He does not play tennis = He does( play tennis.




)
Use Example
action in the present taking place once, never or several times Colin always plays soccer on
Tuesdays.
actions in the present taking place one after another She takes her bag and leaves.
facts (something is generally known to be true) The sun sets in the west.
action set by a timetable or schedule The train leaves at 9 pm.
verbs of possession, senses, emotions and mental activity I love her.

@
    
 always
 every ...
 often
 normally
 usually
 sometimes
 seldom
 never
 * 

!
Affirmative Negative Question
I I  play. I  not play.  I play?
he, she, it He  play. He  not play. " he play?
you, we, You  play. You  not  you
they play. play?

'

Exception Example
silent  is dropped before -ing (but:  is not changed) come - coming (but: agree - agreeing)
final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit - siing
 becomes - before ing lie - l
ing

!
Positive Negative
Ñ  playing. - I( playing. Ñ

 playing. - I( not playing.
º
 playing. - He( playing. º

 playing. - He( not playing. / He is( playing.
m
 playing. - Wew playing. m

 playing. - We( not playing. /We are( playing.

)
Use Example
actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now) He is playing football.
arrangements for the near future I'm going to the theatre tonight.
actions taking place only for a limited period of time Jim is helping in his brother's firm this
week.
actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of I'm studying for my exams.
speaking)
development, changing situations The population of China is rising very
fast.

@
    
 at the moment
 now / just now / right now
 Listen!
 Look!
  + ,
Exercises on Simple Past

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used
for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

! 
Positive Negative Question
  I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, nd column). For regular verbs, just
add ³ed´.

'- . w
Exceptions in spelling when adding  Example
after a final  only add  love ± loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit ± admitted
or  as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel ± travelled
final  after a consonant becomes  hurry ± hurried

) 
 Action in the past taking place once, never or several times
Example: He  his parents every weekend.
 Actions in the past taking place one after the other
Example: He j in,  off his coat and  down.
 Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action
Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly .
 If sentences type II (If I talked, «)
Example: If I
 a lot of money, I would share it with you.

    

 yesterday
 minutes ago
 in 1990
 the other day
 last Friday
 If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, «)
  + #,
Exercises on Past Progressive
The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.

!
Positive Negative Question
"%%% I was speaking. I was not speaking. Was I speaking?

%-%
You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking?

'

Exceptions in spelling when adding  Example
final  is dropped (but:  is not changed) come ± coming
(but: agree ± agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit ± sitting
 as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel ± travelling
final  becomes  lie ± lying

) 
 Puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past
Example: He 
 football.
 Two actions happening at the same time (in the past)
Example: While she 
 dinner, he 

 the dishes.
 Action going on at a certain time in the past
Example: When I 

 breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

    

 When
 While
 As long as


Exercises on Present Perfect
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an
influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

!
Positive Negative Question
"%
%-%
I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?
%% He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just
add³ed´.

'- . w
Exceptions in spelling when adding  Example
after a final  only add  love ± loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit ± admitted
or  as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel ± travelled
final  after a consonant becomes  hurry ± hurried

)
 Puts emphasis on the result
Example: She

 five letters.
 Action that is still going on
Example: School
 not  yet.
 Action that stopped recently
Example: She

j  dinner.
 Finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I

 my key.
 Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I
 never  to Australia.

   
 Already
 Ever
 Just
 Never
 Not yet
 So far
 Till now
 Up to now





 j


Exercises on Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts
emphasis on the duration or course of the action.

!
Positive Negative Question
"%
%-%
I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking?
%% He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking?

'
Exceptions in spelling when adding  Example
final  is dropped come ± coming
(but:  is not changed) (but: agree ± agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit ± siing
 as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel ± traveing
final  becomes  lie ± l
ing

)
 Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Example: She


 for two hours.
 Action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I


 here since 001.
 Finished action that influenced the present
Example: I


  all afternoon.

   

 all day
 for 4 years
 since 1993
 how long?
 the whole week

 
Exercises on Past Perfect Simple
The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

! 
Positive Negative Question
  I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs,
just add -.

'- *
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding  Example
after final , only add  love ± loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit ± admitted
or  as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel ± travelled
final  after a consonant becomes  hurry ± hurried




) 
 Action taking place before a certain time in the past
(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
Example: Before I came here, I

  to Jack.
 Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)
Example: If I

 him, I would have talked to him.

   
 Already
 Just
 Never
 not yet
 once,
 until that day (with reference to the past, not the present)
 If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, «)

 + #,

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a
certain time in the past.

!
Affirmative: He had been talking.
Negative: He had not been talking.
Question: Had he been talking?

)
 action taking place before a certain time in the past
 sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
 puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

   
 for
 since
 the whole day
 all day
 !"X 
Exercises on Future I Simple with 
m future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the
future that cannot be influenced.

!X !
positive negative question
  I will speak. I will not speak. Will I speak?

)X !
 A spontaneous decision
Example: Wait, I will help you.
 An opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future
Example: He will probably come back tomorrow.
 A promise
Example: I will not watch TV tonight.
 An action in the future that cannot be influenced
Example: It will rain tomorrow.
 Conditional clauses type I
Example: If I arrive late, I will call you.

   
 In a year
 Next «
 Tomorrow
 Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps

!"


Exercises on Future I Simple with 


 future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that
has already been planned or prepared.

!

!
positive negative question
" I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am I going to speak?

%-%
You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?
%% He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak?

)

!
 An action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared
Example: I 


 harder next year.
 A conclusion regarding the immediate future
Example: The sky is absolutely dark. It 


.
   
 in one year
 next week
 tomorrow

!"+!"#,

Future I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.

!
Affirmative: He will be talking.
Negative: He will not be talking.
Question: Will he be talking?

) 
 action that is going on at a certain time in the future
 action that is sure to happen in the near future

   
 in one year
 next week
 tomorrow


!""
Future II Simple expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.

!
Affirmative: He will have talked.
Negative: He will not have talked.
Question: Will he have talked?

)
 action that will be finished at a certain time in the future

   
 by Monday
 in a week
 !""+!""#,
Future II progressive puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action taking place before a certain
time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.
Future II progressive is not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.

!
Affirmative: He will have been talking.
Negative: He will not have been talking.
Question: Will he have been talking?

)
 action taking place before a certain time in the future
 puts emphasis on the course of an action

   
 for ...
 the last couple of hours
 all day long
 #  "
The conditional I simple expresses an action that might take place.

!
Affirmative: He would talk.
Negative: He would not talk.
Question: Would he talk?

)
 action that might take place
 if clause type II (If I were you, I would go home.)


#  "+#  "
#,
The conditional I progressive put emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.

!
Affirmative: He would be talking.
Negative: He would not be talking.
Question: Would he be talking?

)
 action that might take place
 puts emphasis on the course of an action

#  ""
The conditional II simple expresses an action that could have taken place in the past.

!
Affirmative: He would have talked.
Negative: He would not have talked.
Question: Would he have talked?

)
 action that could have taken place in the past
 if causes type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)
 #  ""+#  ""
#,
Conditional II Progressive puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the
past.

!
Affirmative: He would have been talking.
Negative: He would not have been talking.
Question: Would he have been talking?

)
 action that could have taken place in the past
 puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action
 
Exercises on Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of
gerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible.
One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is
looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by
heart (study tips).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

&@
English Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in months / seasons in August / in winter
time of day in the morning
year in 006
after a certain period of time Ô
 in an hour
at for 
 at night
for   at the weekend
a certain point of time Ô
 at half past nine
since from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980
for over a certain period of time (past till now) for  years
ago a certain time in the past  years ago
before earlier than a certain point of time before 004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till / marking the beginning and end of a period of from Monday to/till Friday
until time
till / until in the sense of







He is on holiday until Friday.

by in the sense of 


 I will be back by 6 o¶clock.
up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

& +  c,

English Usage Example
in room, building, street, town, country in the kitchen, in London
book, paper etc. in the book
car, taxi in the car, in a taxi
picture, world in the picture, in the world
at meaning 



j at the door, at the station
for  at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
 English Usage Example
place where you are to do something typical (watch a at the cinema, at school, at work
film, study, work)
on attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface on the table
for a certain side (left, right) on the left
for a floor in a house on the first floor
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for 
 on TV, on the radio
by, next to, left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside
beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something the bag is under the table
else
below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface
over covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning 

 over 16 years of age
getting to the other side (also j) walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake
across getting to the other side (also ) walk across the bridge
getting to the other side swim across the lake
through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel
to movement to person or building go to the cinema
movement to a place or country go to London / Ireland
for  go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
towards movement in the direction of something (but not go 5 steps towards the house
directly to it)
onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table
from in the sense of 

 a flower from the garden

r 
English Usage Example
from who gave it a present from Jane
of who/what does it belong to a page of the book
what does it show the picture of a palace
by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on walking or riding on horseback on foot, on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by rise or fall of something prices have risen by 10 percent
travelling (other than walking or horseriding) by car, by bus
English Usage Example
at for  she learned Russian at 45
about for topics, meaning 

 we were talking about you