Acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid increase of immature blood cells.

This crowding
makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Immediate treatment is required in
acute leukemia due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill
over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. Acute forms of leukemia are the
most common forms of leukemia in children.

Chronic leukemia is distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still
abnormal, white blood cells. Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a
much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood.
Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for
some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Chronic leukemia mostly
occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group.

Pernicious anemia
is a blood disorder where the body is unable to use Vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. Pernicious anemia is a
disease where large, immature, nucleated cells (megaloblasts, which are forerunners of red blood cells) circulate in
the blood, and do not function as blood cells.Long term complications may include gastric
cancer and carcinoids. In pernicious anemia, the bone marrow cells that turn into blood cells are larger than
normal cells.

Sickle cell anemia:

Sickle cell anaemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the
body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent.

Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily
through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color.
Haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Sickle cells contain abnormal haemoglobin that causes the cells to have a sickle, or crescent, shape. These cells
don't move easily through your blood vessels. They're stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in the
blood vessels. (Other cells also may play a role in this clumping process.)

The clumps of sickle cells block blood flow in the blood vessels in the limbs and organs. Blocked blood vessels can
cause pain, serious infections, and organ damage. Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited, lifelong disease. People who
have the disease are born with it.

Heart (myocardial) Infarction:

Myocardial infarction (MI) commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to a
part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of heart muscle
becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack
of oxygen and begins to die.
Heart attacks occur most often as a result of a condition called coronary artery disease(CAD). In CAD, a fatty material
called plaque builds up over many years on the inside walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood
and oxygen to your heart). Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture, causing a blood clot to form on the surface of
the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the
part of the heart muscle fed by the artery.

Haemophilia is hereditary genetic disorders that damages the body's ability to control blood clotting
(coagulation) which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken. Patients with Hemophilia A or
B have a genetic defect which results in a deficiency in one of the blood clotting factors. In severe
haemophiliacs even a minor injury can result in blood loss lasting days or weeks, or even never healing
completely.Haemophilia is more likely to occur in males than females.
Note: The blood coagulation mechanism is a process which transforms the blood from a liquid into a solid,
and involves several different clotting factors. The mechanism generates fibrin when it is activated, which
together with the platelet plug, stops the bleeding.
Queen Victoria was a carrier (woman are only carrier of this disease from generation to generation, but
they do not get the disease)and passed the mutation to her son Leopold, and through several of her
daughters to members of the royal families of Spain, Russia, and Germany.

Pacemaker:
A pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device that helps your heart beat in a regular rhythm
(heartbeat). A pacemaker uses batteries to send electrical impulses to your heart to help it pump
properly.
Pacemaker is needed, If you have:
1) A too-fast or too-slow heartbeat.
2) An irregular heartbeat.
3) A blockage of you heart's electrical pathways.

VALVE REPLACEMENT: Blood is pumped through your heart in only one direction. Heart
valves play a key role in this one-way blood flow, opening and closing with each heartbeat.
Pressure changes on either side of the valves cause them to open their flap-like "doors"
(called cusps or leaflets) at just the right time, then close tightly to prevent a backflow of
blood. There are 4 valves in the heart:

• Tricuspid valve
• Pulmonary valve
 • Mitral valve
• Aortic valve

If valve damage is mild, doctors may be able to treat it with medicines. If damage to the
valve is severe, surgery to repair or replace the valve may be needed.

What is valve replacement?

Severe valve damage means that the valve will need to be replaced. Valve replacement is
most often used to treat aortic valves and severely damaged mitral valves. It is also used to
treat any valve disease that is life-threatening. Sometimes, more than one valve may be
damaged in the heart, so patients may need more than one repair or replacement.
he Pacemaker is a battery-powered implantable devices that function to electrically stimulate the heart to
contract and thus to pump b