Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environments
Georgios A. Dafoulas
School of Computing Science
Middlesex University, UK
G. Dafoulas@mdx.ac.uk
Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05)
0-7695-2338-2/05 $20.00 © 2005 IEEE
Content and Objectives – discussion, Student experience – there is evidence of greater
brainstorming, problem solving, collaboration, and spread of use of CMC amongst students in later
reflection are activities best suited to CMC. This years in their course [3]. This in agreement with
work is still at an early stage in order to early findings from undergraduate courses.
investigate the applicability of CMC to other However postgraduate courses can be comparable
disciplines and courses. only between two semesters.
Interactivity and Interaction Processes – message Clarity about task –consensus over what the task
exchange patterns support the perspective that involves is a major determinant of smooth online
communication patterns are more democratic and contact [2]. Tasks are clearly defined through
group discussion oriented than would be found in module handbooks and are highly structured.
classrooms. This can be testified by assessing the Ownership of task – students commonly become
impressive volume of discussion in several more active online as they negotiate roles for
modules, primarily due to the asynchronous nature themselves [1]. The suggested format in most
of communication and the use of participation as modules is for students to identify and allocate
an indexed repository. roles within their own groups.
Learning Strategies and Tactics – there is enough Need for system – use of conferencing resources
consideration of the actual differences on learning can be minimal or non-existent when students
styles when CMC is introduced. The analysed have little explicit reason for doing so [4]. The
modules are directly comparable with residential findings from this study show exactly the same
courses and an interesting finding is the time spent pattern. Use of communication tools is now
online compared to suggested study time for compulsory within the specification of learning
residential courses. activities for several modules.
Learner Control and System Control – CMC is Prior experience of CMC – all students
regarded as merely a supporting technique for participating in this study are highly experienced
learning, flexible to learner needs. The aims f this with communication tools both synchronous and
research is based on case studies that asynchronous.
communication is highly structured and becomes
part of the curriculum. 3. Initial case study
Outcomes and their Evaluation – a concern exists The foundation for this project is provided by an
with respect to the actual benefits of CMC on initial investigation involving a Computer-Supported
performance of students. This study attempts an Cooperative Work (CSCW) course delivered via a
analysis to online courses including assessment WebCT VLE to 16 groups of students. Each one of
before and after the introduction of these groups simulated the structure and behaviour of
communication tools linked to coursework and ‘virtual teams’, meaning that there was no
assessment. immediate/face-to-face interaction between members
who were hypothetically residing over different time
There is also enough work on factors associated zones. Among other tools, the teams were using a
with successful CMC resources in higher education discussion board to communicate over a number of
[9]: steps that were suggested by the instructors. Each step
Size of group – findings show small groups of six corresponded to specific tasks that were common for
students made more frequent, longer and balanced all groups. Group members were not allowed to alter
use of CMC [3]. In this study, all modules the series of project stages but could add further topics
including group work have a maximum of six as required. The resulting threaded discussion provided
members allowed. very interesting finding with respect to the
Knowledge of other participants – existing work communication patterns that existed both within each
showed that use of CMC for identical tasks was group and between different groups.
greater where participants were familiar with each As shown in figure 1, the same group could show
other [4]. Participants of residential courses are dramatic changes in the communication volume and
familiar with the most fellow learners. E-learning frequency based on the learning tasks assigned. It is
modules are supported by a Local Support Centres also obvious that two groups have significant
with a residential tutor and regular meetings, differences in the amount of effort they invest and the
providing the opportunity to group members at the communication patterns they follow even during the
beginning and throughout the project. same tasks. Eventually each group had to restructure
Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05)
0-7695-2338-2/05 $20.00 © 2005 IEEE
their discussion patterns based on consensus. For 4. Method
example, group 4 had 34 message exchanges regarding
the facilitation of the group and even had a topic Initially the number of posts, responses, views as
dedicated to a group member and his support during a well as the frequency of interaction, preferences to
task. On the other hand, group 6 needed a summary certain posters, lurking and even the text size of
topic for the first three tasks of the project. messages were used to classify each group and its
student members. The findings showed that the
Status GROUP 4 - Subject stronger students were more active during the later
1/1
stages of the assessment or closer to interim deadlines,
Assigning a facilitator
while weaker students had a more consistent
5/5
Task 1: Competition communication pattern. However, the most exciting
results involved the association of communication
49/49
Task 2: Job Advert patterns with learning tasks and group formation. It
28/28
became obvious that certain tasks attracted more posts
Task 3: Centrifugal Force... in the group discussion either for clarification or for
34/34
interaction to accomplish a specific task. Furthermore,
Facilitator
the threaded discussion not only became busier with
2/2
A specific group member more posts and a larger number of frequent posters, but
involved the creation of more sub-branches from
2/2
Group 4 Home Page initial, root topics. It seemed that certain tasks made
68/68
groups proactive, motivated and innovative. It also
Task 4: Groupware Investi... became obvious that certain groups had a maximum
Status GROUP 6 - Subject capacity of effective communication while others
5/17
Assigning a facilitator could side-track to endless discussions without
achieving the actual goals. The later groups were
53/54
Task 1: Competition usually quite heterogeneous, with personal and cultural
32/33
conflicts leading to failure to reach rapid consensus. A
Task 2: Job Advert communication protocol had to be invented in order to
11/13
make decisions and solve problems.
Task 3: Centrifugal Force...
A number of factors affecting these communication
4/5
The first Three Tasks, Gr... patterns (FaCP) are identified as included in table 1.
Key factors are: (T) the number of threads showing
2/2
Are group six ready to st... cohesion, (B) the number of branches per thread
0/1
showing communication richness, (I) number of
tasks' outcome. initiators, showing proactive members, (P) No of posts
47/47
Task 4: Groupware Investi... per thread, showing participation, (R) number of
Figure 1: Learning tasks and communication replies per thread, showing interactivity, (Rs) number
volume of responses per thread, showing reactive members,
(L) maximum and average level/depth of discussions
Following from the main findings of this study, in the same thread, linked to clarification and passion,
some guidelines regarding communication patterns (W) Total Text Size and (S) Average Text Size for
associated with learning tasks include: posts in a single thread, showing contribution, (A)
There are certain communication patterns that are number of unique authors in each thread showing
directly affected by difficulty of a learning task.G involvement.
Group formation is a factor affecting These factors lead to the suggestion of a formula
communication frequency. used to provide a break down of characteristics for
Demonstrator tasks can be used to identify any every single thread of each group. In such structured
communication conflicts in early stages.G assessment the norm is that a thread corresponds to a
Based on their use of computer-mediated specific task. Therefore the formula used for the first
communication tools, group members can be task of group one should look as follows:
classified in several categories such as starters,
followers, facilitators and lurkers
Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05)
0-7695-2338-2/05 $20.00 © 2005 IEEE
G1-T1 = Ȉ (T, B, I, P, R, Rs) + (L, D, W, S, A) Figure 2: Classifying group performance for a single
learning activity according to FaCP
The formula provides a detailed set of In figure 2 the 16 groups are classified following
characteristics and can be extended to provide details their performance for a single activity according to
of specific branches of the thread/task: different FaCP. An interesting observation relates to
G1-T1-B1 = the fact that there is no overlapping between group
total[P, R, D S(low) S(medium) S(high)] performances, indicating that most if not all of these
factors are linked. Figure 3 shows communication
These formulas are used to transform a rather patterns for a specific learning activity and the
unusable set of data from threaded discussions as differences between groups. It is apparent that there is
shown in figure 1 to a more meaningful graphical a number of clusters especially regarding posts, replies
representation of group behaviour and task efficiency and responses and there seems to be a regular interval
patterns shown in figures 2 and 3. between the different group clusters. This finding is
yet to be justified and seems to be linking to group
Factors affecting formation or even with individual participation to the
Communication discussion.
communication
elements
patterns
G15T1
(T) Threads Cohesion 350
G14T1
(RB) Root Branches Diversity 300
G13T1
250
(B) Branches Richness G12T1
200
G11T1
(I) Initiators Proactive 150 G10T1
(P) Posts Participation 100 G9T1
(R) Replies Interaction 50 G8T1
0
(Rs) Responses Reactive G7T1
G6T1
s
l
s
Clarification
es
s
(L) Max Level
rs
es
s
ve
ad
ie
se
or
st
to
ch
ch
pl
le
Po
th
re
on
G5T1
itia
Re
an
an
Au
ax
Th
sp
Interest
In
M
Re
G4T1
ot
Ro
4C
6C
2
G 4
G 5
G 6
5B
G B
4B
2T
2T
2T
2T
2T
2T
6
2T
2T
2T
2T
2T
G
G
G
1
T1
T1
T1
1T
3T
5T
7T
9T
11
13
15
G
Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05)
0-7695-2338-2/05 $20.00 © 2005 IEEE
6. The Global Campus program Acknowledgements
Following these initial efforts, it is currently The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of
attempted to integrate the project in the Global Noorminshah Iahad to this study.
Campus (GC) program of Middlesex University. The
GC program uses mostly Web technologies to offer a References
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Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05)
0-7695-2338-2/05 $20.00 © 2005 IEEE