CATIONS

Ammonium NH4+1 Copper (II) Cu+2 Antimony (III) Sb+3

Copper (I) Cu+1 Iron(II) Fe+2 Arsenic (III) As+3
Hydronium H3o+1 Lead (II) Pb+2 Bismuth (III) Bi+3
Potassium K+1 Magnesium Mg+2 Chromium Cr+3
Silver Ag+1 Manganese (II) Mn+2 Gold Au+3
Sodium Na+1 Mercury (I) Hg2+2 Iron Fe+3
Barium Ba+1 Nickel (II) Ni+2 Platinum Pt+3
Calcium Ca+2 Tin (II) Sn+2 Silicon Si+4
Carbon (II) Ca+2 Zinc Zn+2 Tin Sn+4
Cobalt C+2 Aluminum Al+3 Tungsten W+6

ANIONS
Acetate C2H3O2-1 Nitrate NO3-1 Nitride N-3
Bicarbonate HCO3-1 Nitrite NO2-1 Phosphate PO4-3
Bisulfate HSO4-1 Permanganate MnO4-1 Phosphite PO3-3
Bisulfite HSO3-1 Carbonate CO3-2 Sulfide S-2
Bromide Br-1 Chromate CrO4-2
Chlorate ClO3-1 Dichromate Cr2O7-2
Chloride Cl-1 Manganate MnO4-2
Cyanide CN-1 Peroxide O2-2
Fluoride F-1 Sulfate SO4-2
Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4-1 Sulfite SO3-2
Hydroxide OH-1 Iodide I-

Ionic Bonding
  complete transfer of valence e- from metal to the non-metal
 bonding metal and non-metal
 metal becomes a cation ; non-metal becomes an anion

LEDS

 Gilbert Lewis
 Lewis Electron Dot Symbol
 Group number = number of dots

Octet Rule

 Eight electrons after bonding

Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds

I. Naming Stock System - name (metal) + suffix acid

A. Binary O.N in Roman numeral enclosed – ate - ic
1.) Name metal in parenthesis – ite - ous
2.) Name non-metal + -ide Ex. Copper (I)

B. Polyatomic Classical - using -ic (for higher II. Writing

1.) Name metal O.N.) and -ous (for lowest O.N.)
2.) Name polyatomic Ex. Cuprous Ax+ By- AyBx
Cupric
C. Metals with multiple oxidation The cross-over rule is followed in
numbers D. Binary Acids writing the chemistry formula of ionic
Cu – 1 and 2 - starts with letter H compounds
Hg – 1 and 2 - if it's aqueous , hydro___+-ic
Au – 1 and 3 acid (i.e. HCl acid) NOTE: Open and close parentheses are
Fe – 2 and 3 - not aqueous, hydrogen + used if:
Sn – 2 and 4 name +-ide  polyatomic
Pb – 2 and 4  subscript is greater than 1.
E. Polyatomic acids

Covalent Bonding
To find the lone pair:
1. Get the group number of the central atom
2. Add the charge (if there is)
3. Subtract the number of needed electrons from a single
attachment
4. Divide it by 2
Ex.:
NO2 –
5+ 1 – 2 (2) = 2/2 = 1 LP
+ 2 BP
3 (trigonal planar)
To find the formal charge:
1. Group number – # of lines - # of unshared electrons
Ex.:
NO2 –
FCN = 5 – 4 – 2 = -1
FCO = 6 – 2 – 4 = 0
Nomenclature of Covalent Compounds
The mono- prefix is usually not used for the first element in the formula. The "o"
and "a" endings of these prefixes are dropped when they are attached to "oxide."

Number of atoms Prefix

1 mono- (use only for oxygen)
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
Types of Reactions

 Combination Reaction (Synthesis Reaction)

two or more substances combined to form one product.
A+B AB
 Decomposition Reaction
AB A+B
one reactant

 Substitution Reaction ( Single Replacement) METALS HALOGENS

C + AB CB + A Lithium (Li) Fluorine (F)
reactant or product there’s only one monoatomic or diatomic Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl) element
Activity Series* Barium (Ba) Bromine (Br)
Calcium (Ca) Iodine (I)
NVR = No visible reaction
Sodium (Na)
 Double Replacement Reaction Magnesium (Mg)
AB + CD AD + CB Aluminum (Al)
compound + compound Manganese (Mn)
activity series Zinc (Zn)
Chromium (Cr)
Iron (Fe)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Tin (Sn)
Lead (Pb)
Hydrogen (H2)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Mercury (Hg)
Platinum (Pt)
Gold (Au)