Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER ONE
INTODUCTION TO COMPUTER
F ARHAN G UL
2
Experts
agree
that
the
best
type
of
computer
for
your
individual
needs
is
one
that
comes
on
the
market
about
two
days
after
you
actually
purchase
some
other
computer.
My
computer
must
be
broken:
whenever
I
ask
a
wrong
question,
it
gives
a
wrong
answer
Definition
of
Computer.
Computer
can
be
define
as
“It
is
an
electronic
device
which
accept
data
store
it
in
its
memory
(Temporary
,
Permanent)
process
that
data
and
give
the
output
of
the
entered
data.
A
computer
never
makes
a
mistake
the
processed
data
of
computer
depends
on
the
input
data.
Uses
of
computer
in
our
society
Computer
system
is
now
a
days
almost
used
in
every
field
of
life.
Some
examples
of
computer
application
in
society
are
as
follow.
Education,
Finance,
Government,
Health
care,
Science,
Publishing,
Travel,
Industry
Computer
system
basically
deals
with
four
types
of
data.
Which
are
as
follow
Video
Data
3
What
is
the
system
unit?
4
Components
of
a
Computer
System
• Data
is
a
set
of
information.
It
can
be
represented
in
different
forms.
The
basic
forms
of
data
are
textual
data,
graphic
data,
phonic
data
and
video
data.
• User
is
the
person
who
use
computer
to
solve
his
problem.
• Hardware
is
also
a
part
of
computer
that
is
used
to
communicate
to
the
computer
system.
Computer
hardware
is
of
three
types
*
input
devices
*
Output
Devices
*
I/O
Devices.
• Software
is
a
computer
program
or
we
can
say
software
is
the
set
of
instructions
that
tells
the
computer
what
to
do.
Software
are
also
of
three
types
*
Application
Software
*
System
Software
*
Language
Software.
Components
of
a
computer
system
are
Processor
C.P.U
Main
memory
Secondary
memory
Input
devices
Output
devices
1.
What
is
Processor
(C.P.U)?
Processor
or
Central
Processing
Unit
(C.P.U)
is
the
basic
part
of
a
computer
system.
Processor
is
also
called
the
brain
of
computer
system.
This
part
of
computer
is
an
important
component.
All
the
Operations
inside
a
computer
are
perform
by
Processer.
A
computer
processor
consists
of
three
basic
parts.
Which
are
AU,
LU
and
CU.
*
AU
stands
for
Arithmetical
Unit
*
LU
Stands
For
Logical
Unit
*
CU
stands
for
Control
Unit.
5
2.
What
is
Main
Memory?
Main
Memory
of
computer
is
normally
refers
to
Memory
of
computer.
Main
Memory
is
the
place
where
the
instruction
are
stored
that
are
to
be
executed
by
the
processor.
Primary
memory
is
directly
connected
to
the
processor.
6
What
is
RAM?
RAM
stands
for
Random
Access
Memory.
RAM
is
a
computer
Memory.
RAM
is
a
storage
location
from
where
the
data
can
be
access
in
any
order.
RAM
is
a
Temporary
Memory.
Ie
the
contents
of
the
RAM
are
store
as
long
as
the
computer
is
turned
ON
or
a
process
is
executing.
The
contents
of
RAM
washed
out
with
the
failure
of
electric
current.
RAM
is
also
called
Volatile
Memory.
Or
washable
Memory.
3.
Secondary
memory
The
type
of
computer
memory
except
Ram
is
called
secondary
memory.
Secondary
memory
is
permanent
memory
of
computer.
The
contents
of
secondary
storage
devices
remain
as
long
as
the
user
removes
it.
Hard
disk
is
a
secondary
storage
device
that
is
attached
to
CPU.
But
CPU
does
not
access
data
directly
from
secondary
storage
devices.
The
computer
usually
uses
input/output
channels
to
access
secondary
storage
devices.
There
are
too
many
types
of
secondary
storage
devices
that
will
be
discussed
in
chapter
computer
Memory.
7
4.
Input
Devices
Input
devices
are
used
to
communicate
to
computer
system.
These
devices
are
used
to
enter
data
to
computer.
There
are
a
variety
of
input
devices
that
are
explained
in
chapter
3
Computer
Hardware.
Some
basic
inputs
are
keyboard,
mouse,
scanner,
joystick,
light
etc
5.
Output
Devices
Output
devices
are
used
to
communicate
to
computer
system.
These
devices
are
used
to
show/
display
the
result
of
our
input
data.
There
are
a
variety
of
output
devices
that
are
explained
in
chapter
3
Computer
Hardware.
Some
basic
output
devices
are
Monitor,
Speaker,
Projector,
Printer,
Plotter
etc
8
Types
of
Computers
Computers
can
be
generally
classified
by
size
power
and
price.
Computer
types
can
be
divided
into
3
categories
according
to
electronic
nature.
Types
of
computers
are
classified
according
to
how
a
particular
Computer
functions.
The
basic
types
of
computer
are
given
below.
· Analogue Computers
· Digital Computers
· Hybrid Computers
1. Analogue Computers
Analogue
Computer
Works
on
analogue
signals.
Analogue
signals
are
represented
by
a
continuous
set
of
varying
voltages
analogue
computers
performs
calculation
in
a
single
process
that
is
why
there
is
no
need
of
storage
capability
in
these
computers.
Analogue
computers
are
now
a
days
used
for
scientific
research,
in
hospitals
and
in
flight
centers.
These
computers
measure
physical
quantities
such
as
Speed,
Velocity,
Acceleration,
time,
temperature
etc.
9
2. Digital Computer
Digital
computers
are
those
computers,
which
works
on
Binary
Language
(Binary
language
is
the
native
language
of
a
digital
computer).
There
are
two
inputs,
states
of
digital
computer
i.e
1=On
and
0=Off.
With
digital
type
of
computers
data
is
represented
by
digital
of
0
and
1
or
OFF
state
and
ON
state.
Digital
computers
are
high
speed
programmable;
they
compute
values
and
stores
results.
*
Digital
Signals
are
Discrete
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid
computer
are
very
unique
Computers,
Because
These
Computers
combines
the
best
features
of
both
Digital
and
Analogue
Computers.
The
digital
components
of
Hybrid
Computer
normally
serves
as
the
controller
and
provides
Logical
Operations,
while
the
analog
components
normally
serves
as
a
solver
of
differential
equations.
10
Uses
Of
Computer
A
computer
is
an
electronic
device,
which
executes
software
programs.
It
consists
of
2
parts-‐hardware
and
software.
The
computer
processes
input
through
input
devices
like
mouse
and
keyboard.
The
computer
displays
output
through
output
devices
like
color
monitor
and
printer.
The
size
of
a
computer
varies
from
very
small
to
very
big.
The
speed
of
computers
also
has
a
very
large
range.
Millions
of
people
use
computers
all
over
the
world.
There
are
several
uses
of
computers:
1.
Word
Processing
Word
Processing
Software
are
used
for
Typing
Purposes.
These
are
Basically
software,
which
automatically
corrects
spelling
and
grammar
mistakes.
If
the
content
of
a
document
repeats
you
don’t
have
to
type
it
each
time.
You
can
use
the
copy
and
paste
features.
You
can
printout
documents
and
make
several
copies.
It
is
easier
to
read
a
word-‐processed
document
than
a
handwritten
one.
You
can
add
images
to
your
document.
2.
Internet
It
is
a
network
of
almost
all
the
computers
in
the
world.
You
can
browse
through
much
more
information
than
you
could
do
in
a
library.
That
is
because
computers
can
store
a
large
amount
of
information.
Internet
is
a
rich
Source
of
information.
Through
E-‐Mail
you
can
communicate
with
a
person
sitting
thousands
of
miles
away
in
seconds.
There
is
chat
software
that
enables
one
to
chat
with
another
person
on
a
real-‐time
basis.
Video
conferencing
is
also
possible
with
the
help
of
Internet.
3.
Desktop
publishing
-‐
With
desktop
publishing,
you
can
create
page
layouts
for
entire
books
on
your
personal
computer.
4.
Digital
video
or
audio
composition
Audio
or
video
composition
and
editing
have
been
made
much
easier
by
computers.
It
no
longer
costs
thousands
of
Rupees
of
equipment
to
compose
music
or
make
a
film.
Graphics
engineers
can
use
computers
to
generate
short
or
full-‐length
films
or
even
to
create
three-‐dimensional
models
(3D).
Anybody
owning
a
computer
can
now
enter
the
field
of
media
production.
Special
effects
in
science
fiction
and
action
movies
are
created
using
computers.
5.
Computers
in
Medicine
You
can
diagnose
diseases.
You
can
learn
the
cures.
Software
is
used
to
examine
the
internal
organs
of
the
human
body.
Software
is
used
for
performing
surgery.
Computers
are
used
to
store
patient
data.
11
6.
Mathematical
Calculations
Using
a
computer
we
can
solve
the
complex
problems
of
mathematics.
Today’s
computers
are
fast
enough
to
calculate
millions
of
the
biggest
problems
of
mathematics
per
second.
7.
Travel
One
can
book
air
tickets
or
railway
tickets
and
make
hotel
reservations
online.
8.
Telecommunication
The
process
of
sending
information
from
one
location
to
another
location
is
possible
with
the
help
of
computer.
Software
is
widely
used
in
telecommunication.
Also
all
mobile
phones
have
software
embedded
in
them.
9.
E-Learning
Instead
of
a
book
it
is
easier
to
learn
from
an
E-‐learning
software.
One
can
access
information
using
E-‐Books
or
E-‐Generals.
E-‐Learning
is
Also
refer
to
CBT
• CBT
Stands
for
Computer
Based
Training
10.
Examinations-‐
You
can
give
online
exams
and
get
instant
results.
You
can
check
your
examination
results
online.
*WWW.BISEP.Com
is
the
Best
example
where
we
can
see
online
results
of
SSC
and
FA,
FSC.
11. ATM
machines
The
computer
software
authenticates
the
user
and
dispenses
cash.
12. News
There
are
many
websites
through
which
you
can
read
the
latest
or
old
news.
13. Robotics
Robots
are
controlled
by
software.
14. Washing
Machines
They
operate
using
software.
15. Microwave
Oven
They
are
operated
by
software.
16. Weather
analysis
Supercomputers
are
used
to
analyze
and
predict
weather.
12