EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Submitted by
• swathi nerella,y8ec917,
RVR&jc college of engineering,
swathi.nerella917@gmail.com
• venkata hanisha muvvala,y8ec928,
RVR&jc college of engineering,
itzhanimuvvala@gmail.com

Introduction
An Embedded system is a microprocessor based system i.e embedded as a
sub system in a larger system.

An Embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few

dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that
are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors.

Real- time computing constraints-

Operational dead lines from event to system response.

History:
One of the first recognisably modern embedded systems was the APOLLO
GUIDANCE COMPUTER ,developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
instrumentation laboratory,
Components:

1.Microprocessor/DSP
2.Sensors
3.Convertors(A-D and D-A)
4.Actuators
5.Memory(ON chip and OFF chip)
6.Communication Path with the interacting environment

Considerations:.Response time –Real time systems

 .Area
.Cost
.Portability
.Low power(battery life)

Design issues:

.System specification
.Hard ware synthesis
.Software synthesis and code generation
.Simulation
.Implementation
DESIGN:

Labelled parts include a

Microprocessor(4)
RAM(6)
Flash Memory(7)

Characteristics:

1.Debugging:

 Interactive resident debugging is provided by embedded

operating system.
  External debugging using serial port output is used to trace
the operation.
 An incircuit debugger,a hardware device connects to the
microprocessor

Via Nexus interface.

 This allows the operation of microprocessor to be

controlled externally.

2.Peripherals:

Embedded systems talk with the outside world via peripherals

such as
.Universal Serial Bus.
.Multi Media cards.
.Ethernets.

3.Reliability:

Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to

run continuously for years without errors, and in some cases recover by
themselves if an error occurs.
Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more
carefully.

4.User Interface:

Embedded Systems are dedicated only to one task.some systems

provide user interface remotely with the help of Ethernet connections .

Embedded Software architectures:

There are several different types of software architecture in use.

Simple controlled loop:
In this the software has a loop which calls sub routines,each of
which manages a part of hardware or software.

Interrupt control system:

 Some embedded systems are interrupt controlled which means
that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events.

Multi threading:

This is also called pre emptive multi tasking. In this type of system, a low
level piece of code switches between threads based on timer. This is the level at which
embedded system is generally considered to have an operating system kernel.

Microkernels and exokernels:

A micro kernel is a logical step up from a real time operating

system. Exokernels communicate efficiently by normal sub routine calls.

Classification of Embedded systems:

.Distributed and Non –Distributed

.Reactive and transformational
.Control dominated and Data dominated
Advantages:
Enables real-time ,determinstic scheduling.
.Improves product reliability,maintainability and quality.
.They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.
.The program instructions for embedded systems run with limited computer hard ware
resources,little memory.
.Embedded systems can be run on very limited hardware and do not require a lot of extra
stuff around.this makes them excellent candidates as mobile systems.
.It is very easy to change from one microcontroller to another.
.Stability and better responsiveness to the user.
.They are small in size and economical.

Disadvantages:

• Cant run programs built for windows on the operating systems.

• Cost and inflexibility limited.
• May increase function size so that it may not fit on the cache.
• They have very few resources at their disposal.
• They are very expensive to repair.
• They do not have any user interface(more often than not
Applications:

1.Automotive Electronics
2.Aircraft Electronics
3.Trains
4.Telecommunications
5.Medical Systems
6.Military Applications
7.Authentication
8.
Robotics and Unmanned Vehicles
From autonomous vehicles to mobile systems, NI LabVIEW and
CompactRIO provide a standard software and hardware
development platform for designing your robotic system.
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Renewable Energy and Green Engineering Solutions
Engineers and scientists around the world are using the graphical
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REFERENCES:
www.googlesearch.com
www.efymag.com