1.

(i) Dative / co-ordinate (1) 1

(ii)

C O

6 electrons between atoms (1); correct electrons and arrangement

between atoms (1);one lone pair / two electrons on each not between atoms (1) 3

(iii) Theory: electron pairs / groups / regions around central atom / carbon (1);
Electrons repel (1); get as far away possible / minimize repulsion / energy (1);
Application to OCS:
two double bonds / regions of electron density (1);
molecule / CO2 linear / bond angle 180° (1); (diagram can score both) 5
[9]

2. (i) Cl2 = 0 (1);

HOCl = +1 (1). 2

(ii) Oxidation / redox (1) NOT ecf 1

(ii) Oxidation state of C / has increased 1

or Cl has lost electrons(s) (1) ecf.
[4]

3. (i) N: (very) electronegative N atom/ lone pair on the nitrogen (1); 2

H: a delta positive H / H attached to a more electronegative atom(1)
(ii) 3

or
d-

correct atoms hydrogen bonded with a dashed/dotted line (1);

lone pair on relevant N or O (1);
partial charges shown for relevant atoms (1)
N–H–O straight NOT required
[5]

4. (i)

Bishop Thomas Grant School 1

 H
+
+ + +
H + C N N H
+ + +
H H H shared pairs (1); can be “side by side” eg + •
lone pairs (can be same or different symbols) (1) 2

(ii) A 109 ± 2 (1); B 107 – 110 (1) degree sign need not be shown. 2
[4]

5. (i)
3 +
O 2H
2 H O O 2H
T i
H 2O H 2 O
O 2H

6 water molecules around Ti in correct shape and charge correct (1);

O shown bonded to Ti (1);
octahedral shape (1). 3

(ii) Two different arrangements/isomers of ligands around central ion (1);

show structures of the cis and trans isomers using diagrams/ describe
the two isomers e.g. chlorines may be adjacent or opposite or
describe cis-trans isomers (1). 2
[5]

6. (a) correct no. of non-bonding electrons on left N and O atom (1);

6 electrons(any) between N atoms (1);
2 electrons of same symbol between right N and O atoms (1);
correct symbols and no. across whole molecule (1)

N N O
4

Bishop Thomas Grant School 2

 (b) (i) energy to break bonds 2 × 481 + 2 × 167 (+1296) (1);
energy given out on bond formation 2 × 945 + 498 (–2388) (1);
correct processing sign from working (1);
–1
–1092(kJ mol ) scores 4 (allow four marks for –546 also)
ecf on first two marks
1092 on own (2); 1092 with working 2 or 3 (latter if process gives –) 4

(ii) Shorter/ smaller/very short/ bond in NO (1) 1

(c) More moles of products/molecules/particles (1)

allow idea of more ways two different molecules mix NOT temp 1
[10]

7. (i) δ+ on carbon, δ– on fluorine(s) (1) 1

(ii) mention of electronegativity or explanation (1); 2
comparison of fluorine and carbon(1)(iii)
(iii) Yes, the charges/dipoles do not balance (1); 2
shape is tetrahedral (1)
[5]

8. (i) four electrons between left O and S (1);

O S O lone pairs (ecf) on S and O’s (1)
dative pair from S to right O (1) 3
(ii) (three) sets of electrons (NOT bonds) (AW)round sulphur/central atom (1)
repel (electrons) (1)as far as poss/minimize electronic energy/repulsion (1) 3
[6]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 3

9. (i) permanent dipole−(permanent) dipole no others 1
(ii)

2
δ + , δ − correct (1); indication of attraction between correct groups (1)
[3]

10. (a) (i) one water molecule correctly hydrogen-bonded to O and one water
molecule correctly hydrogen bonded to the H or N of N–H (1); CON if
there is also an inappropriately hydrogen bonded water molecule
For any ONE water molecule hydrogen bonded to O AND ONE
hydrogen bonded to N-H (but not necessarily the same ones each time)
polarity shown on both sides of each hydrogen bond (1);
lone pairs shown pointing down hydrogen bond(1);
straight bonds O-H-O and N-H-O (1) 4

(ii) benzene (ring)/ arene/ phenyl (1) IGNORE references to alkyl groups 1

(b)
H

O N O

C2 H 5 +
N N a

anion (1); Ignore H2O etc

+ – +
Na (mark separately, unless N – Na which does not score this mark) (1) 2
[7]

11. (a) Halogenoalkanes / haloalkanes (1) 1

Bishop Thomas Grant School 4

 (b) (i)
O
δ +
H H

δ–
O
H H −
(δ can be shown on either O)
Water molecule shape drawn correctly (1);
(lose this mark if HO2 but can score others)
Lone pair on relevant O pointing along bond (1);
– +
Partial charges shown, one O (shown δ ) and one H (shown δ ) (1);
O–H–O straight (1) 4

(ii) Non-bonding/lone/unshared pair on oxygen / oxygen atom

small* & electronegative (1);
+
hydrogen with δ charge / H in polarised O–H bond (*or
very/high electronegativity) 2

(iii) Permanent dipole– (permanent) dipole 1

(iv) • Imf between chloromethane molecules are weaker than

imf/hydrogen bonds between water molecules (1);
• bromomethane imf stronger than chloromethane imf (1);
These are i.d.–i.d./ caused by more electrons/bigger
molecules/ higher Mr (1) 3
[11]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 5

12. 5 from: 5
A Electron movements (1) stated or implied
B in the molecules create an uneven distribution of charge, leading to
a temporary/instantaneous dipole (1);
C The temporary/instantaneous dipole in one molecule
creates/induces a dipole in a neighbouring molecule, then attracts it (1);
D Compound C has stronger * instantaneous dipole – induced dipole forces than
myrcene because compound C is linear/straight chained/ unbranched ora (1);
E This allows greater surface contact/molecules closer together and
stronger * intermolecular forces between compound C molecules ora (1);
F Stronger * intermolecular forces mean that more energy is needed to
overcome them/ harder to break, therefore higher b.p. ora (1);
* allow “more” or “greater”. Allow “intermolecular bonds” 1
QWC: Logical, correct use in context of at least three terms below:
dipole * ; electron; intermolecular; charge; induces * ; molecule, branches
* but not in “instantaneous dipole- induced dipole”
[6]

13. (i) electronegativities (of S and O) similar/ equal sharing of electrons (1) 1

(ii) symmetrical (AW) shape (1); dipoles cancel (1) 2

(iii)
H

O δ–
H
δ+
H 3 C

S O δ–
H 3 C

O
H
two water molecules correctly hydrogen bonded (1)
pair of partial charges (1) lone pairs on at least one bond (1);
O-H-O straight twice (1) 4
[7]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 6

14. (i)
H S H
C H
C
H H
H eight electrons round S (1)
two lone pairs and two bonding pairs around S (1); 2

(ii) 100 – 112° ecf from (i) (1) (four) pairs of electrons/areas
of negative charge/ lone pairs and bonding pairs (1);
repel and get as far away from each other as possible/ explanation
of departure from angle because of lone pairs (1) 3
[5]

15. (i) (1, 1, 1 -)trichloromethane (1) 1

(ii)

(1) ignore δ + on
δ – on all chlorines
1

(iii)

one line, one dotted (or reverse wedge) and one wedge plus
one of these repeated (or two wedges and two dotted lines
lines must not be opposite; or shown as tetrahedron 1

Bishop Thomas Grant School 7

 (iv) Mention of electronegativity or explanation (1); 4
Comparison of chlorine and carbon (1);
Molecule’s shape is tetrahedral (1); allow if written on diagram above
Molecule has permanent dipole as the charges/ dipoles do not
balance/ not symmetrical (1).
QWC: At least 2 consecutive sentences which have correct spelling, 1
punctuation and grammar with only one error in all (1) see QWC sheet
[8]

16. (a) (i) circle round all except = O 1

(ii) –OH groups (1); hydrogen bond (1); indication that both molecules
have same shape/ fit receptor site (1) 3

(b) (i) computer modelling 1

(ii) two from:
no suitable alternatives;
good sleeping pill – with reason, eg few side-effects;
more stringent controls on release of GHB;
beneficial uses outweigh problems (1) 2
[7]

17. (a) δ+ on C and δ– on Cl (1)

ignore δ+ on Hs.
do not allow δ– on Hs
1

Bishop Thomas Grant School 8

 (b)
H

C
H C l
H
OR
H

C
C l
H
H (1)
allow other 3-D representations of the molecule.
allow chlorine in any position.
diagram needs to be as shown on the left or one bond in the
plane, with two going into the plane of the page and one
coming out (or vice versa).
do not allow two bonds in the same plane at 180º.
bond angle 109° (1)
ACCEPT bond angle values in the range 100 – 112º
2
[3]

18. (i) δ+ on carbon, δ- on fluorines (1) 1

(ii) Mention of electronegativity (1);
Fluorine more electronegative than carbon (1) 2
(iii) Yes, the charges do not balance (1);
Shape is tetrahedral (1) 2
[5]

good sleeping pill – with reason, eg few side-effects;

more stringent controls on release of GHB;
beneficial uses outweigh problems (1) 2
[7]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 9

19. (i) intermolecular bonds in chloromethane are weaker ORA (1);
answer must be a comparison.
do not allow less/fewer for weaker
ignore references to specific types of intermolecular bond
1

(ii) at least one intermolecular bond shown from Cl of one

molecule to C of another (1);
+ –
C and Cl of each molecule shown with δ / δ charge (1);
H
–
δ+ δ
H C C l H

H δ+
C– l C H
δ
H
intermolecular bond can be shown in other forms, but not as a
solid line.
+ –
there must be 2 δ on 2 carbons and 2 δ on 2 chlorines
+ –
ignore any δ / δ on hydrogen.
2

(iii) permanent dipole−(permanent) dipole (1);

do not allow pd-pd
1

(iv) 346 × 1000 (= 346000) (1);

23 – 19
answer / 6.02 × 10 = 5.748 × 10 J (1);
allow 2 or more sig figs
2
– 34
(v) answer to (c) (iv) / 6.63 × 10 (1);
14
evaluation of number divided by h (= 8.67 × 10 Hz) (1);
3 sf (1);
award sf mark for an answer that is the correct 3sf value of a
shown calculation.
3
[9]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 10

20. (i)
δ -
O
δ +
C 3 H C 2 H CH 2 H

δ -
O

C 3 H C 2 H H Cδ +
2 H
hydrogen bond between correct atoms (1)
lone pair on relevant O in line with H bond (1)
partial charges shown, δ– on each O and δ+ on each H (1)
O–H–O straight (1)
Hydrogen bond can be shown in other forms, but not as a solid
line.
Second mark, but NOT third mark, can be scored if the
hydrogen bond is between incorrect atoms.
4

(ii) Any three from:

1. intermolecular bond in propene is instantaneous dipole-induced
dipole (1)
allow van der Waals’
2. hydrogen bonds / intermolecular bonds (in propan-1-ol) are
stronger than those in propene (ORA) (1)
do not allow harder / easier
3. intermolecular bonds must be broken for the liquid to boil (1)
4. more energy is needed to break them (ORA) (1)
do not allow ‘higher temperature’ for ‘more energy’.
AND
QWC – mark for connection of ideas: idea of linking strength of
intermolecular bonds to amount of energy needed to break them (1)
4
[8]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 11

21. (i)
H
C O
H
two lone pairs on oxygen (1);
two crosses and two dots between C and O (1);
dot and cross between each C and H (1);
must look like pairs
too many electrons on C atom cons second mark
allow other variations of dots/crosses eg squares/triangles etc.
note: expected answer on left does not show difference clearly
nd rd
enough to score 2 and 3 marking points.
3

0
(ii) bond angle between 118 – 122 (1);
3 sets (AW) of electrons (1);
around C atom (1);
repel as far as possible/minimise electronic energy / repulsion (1);
planar/flat molecule (1);
Please tick marks awarded
allow regions/areas of (high) of electron density
allow reference to central atom
do not allow atoms repel but allow bonds repel.... (already
penalised on second marking point unless clear that bonds
refer to pairs of electrons – in which case both points scored)
ignore triangular / trigonal
con pyramidal structure (diagram or words)
5
[8]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 12

22. (a) (i) goes up(rises) then goes down(falls) (1);
allow high to higher then drops / falls
1

(ii) bonding: (one mark available)

metallic on left of period changing to covalent going
right(1); may be combined with later marks
structure: (three marks available)
(giant) metallic at start(1);
giant / large molecular / covalent or network / lattice in
middle(1);
(simple) molecular on right(1);
allow description using quoted elements eg Li, Be, (B) metallic.
etc
allow ‘carbon / C’ for middle marking point
4

(b) group 2 and period 4 (both needed)

1
[6]

23. (i) tetrahedral(1); 109°(1);

0
allow tetrahedron between 104 and 110
2

(ii) four sets / pairs of electrons / areas of negative charge / electron

density(AW)(1);
repel(1);
as far as possible/minimise electronic energy(1); (need not refer
to electrons)
note do not need around central atom (in stem)
do not allow four sets / four pairs on own without qualification
repel must refer to electrons not bonds or atoms etc
do not allow repel as much as possible
3
[5]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 13

24. must have:
1. instantaneous (dipole) – induced dipole bonds
(underlined part must be correctly spelt) (1);
plus four out of:
2. electron movements in the molecules create an uneven
distribution of charge (1);
3. adipole is induced in a neighbouring molecule leading to
attraction (1);
4. intermolecular bonds are stronger in bromine/Br2
ORA(1);
5. bromine has more electrons (ORA) (1);
6. more energy / higher temperature is needed to break
intermolecular bonds in bromine ORA (1);

allow references to intermolecular forces, rather than

intermolecular bonds.
1. allow anywhere in answer
allow van der Waals correctly spelt,
ignoring capitals
4. do not allow more / higher intermolecular bonds
5. do not allow references to electron density.
6. a clear statement referring to breaking the covalent bond in
bromine cons this point.
[5]

Bishop Thomas Grant School 14