Project Report

on

3 D STRESS ANALYSIS AROUND LARGE OPENINGS

IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

Submitted by
Shirkande Annasaheb S.
Roll No.M0910S04

Under The Guidance of

Mrs. V. B. Dawari

Applied Mechanics Division

Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering Pune-05

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Objective
4. General consideration for the concrete gravity dam and opening

5. Analysis of the dam

6. Result and discussion
7. Research plan
8. References

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Dams are very important structures, so it is very important that they should be
safe against all future damages as the influencing area under the dam is very large.
After the failures of some important dams in the recent past. It is being very necessary
to evaluate the safety status of earthquake performance of concrete dam. But it is very
costly to strengthening and retrofitting of the dam. Sometimes it is impossible to do so
if there are some major cracks inside it.
Opening through the dam and structural additions influences the theoretical
limits of the dam. Voids through this dam in the tangential direction considered are
inspection and drainage galleries. The layout, size, and shape of the outlet works are
based on hydraulic and hydrology requirements, regulation plans, economics, site
conditions, operation and maintenance needs, and interrelationship to the construction
plan and other appurtenant structures.
In this work we are comparing the influence of variation of size of the opening
on overall stability of dam and stresses around the opening as well as all over the
dam. Generally in practice we are not considering the opening into consideration as
they are not significant. They are insignificant when they are small and less in
number, but if they are large then Indian standards code says that the detailed 3-D
analysis of the dam should be carried out.

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Chapter 2

Literature Review

S. Malla, M. Wieland analysed an arch gravity dam with a horizontal cracks to

the galleries were extended over the whole length of the upper gallery and the crack
opening has been continually increasing.
Mohamed Abd El-Razek and Magdy M. Abo Elela stated that gravity dam
structures depend mainly upon its own weight to resist the effecting forces, especially
upward force. They optimized location of the drainage gallery underneath gravity dam
which maximum reduction in uplift force. They studied Effect of drainage gallery
dimensions on the forces considering 3 parameters diameter, spacing and parametric
depth.
Chen Jin, Masoud Soltani, Xuehui studied Experimental and numerical study
of cracking behavior of openings for waterways, such as spillways, outlets and
penstocks in concrete dams and the concentration of tensile stresses around the
opening due to applied stresses and the finite element simulation of cracking response
of such a structure is presented.
J.F. Da Silva performed numerical three-dimensional nonlinear flow analysis
which is a very efficient instrument for the optimization of the subsurface drainage
systems of concrete gravity dams. Post-mortem optimization analyses of the intake
and powerhouse structures of Isamu Ikeda dam indicated that the drains' lengths,
spacing and diameters used in design were very close to optimum.

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Chapter 3

Objective:

1) Study effect of variation of openings on the stability of the dam. Dam is

considered for three cases as dam without gallery, with regular sized gallery
and large openings.
2) Optimizing the shape, size, position and numbers of opening.

3) Comment over the safe cover around opening at downstream and upstream
side.

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Chapter 3

General consideration for the concrete gravity dam and opening

Dams constructed out of masonry or concrete and which rely solely on its self
weight for stability fall under the nomenclature of gravity dams. Masonry dams have
been in use in the past quite often but after independence. Normally, coursed rubble
masonry was used which was bonded together by lime concrete or cement concrete.
However masonry dam is no longer being designed in our country probably due to
existence of alternate easily available dam construction material and need
construction technology. In fact, gravity dams are now being built of mass concrete so
its accurate design is very essential.

Material properties:
Concrete:
The concrete data needed for the analysis are: Sustained modulus of elasticity,
Poisson’s ratio, Unit weight, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Coefficient of
thermal expansion. The sustained modulus of elasticity is used in the analyses of the
static loads to account for the creep effects. In the absence of long-term test data, a
sustained modulus of elasticity equal to 60 to 70 percent of the instantaneous modulus
may be used.

Foundation:
The foundation data required for structural analysis are Poisson’s ratio and the
deformation modulus of the rock supporting the arch dam. Deformation modulus is
defined as the ratio of applied stress to resulting elastic plus inelastic strains and thus
includes the effects of joints, shears, and faults. Deformation modulus is obtained by
in situ tests or is estimated from elastic modulus of the rock using a reduction factor
If more than one material type is present in the foundation, an effective deformation
modulus should be used instead. For non-homogeneous foundations, several effective
deformation modulus values may be needed to adequately define the foundation
characteristics.

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Loadings for concrete Gravity Dams:
The significant loadings on a concrete gravity dam include the self-weight or
dead load of the dam, the water pressure from the reservoir, and the uplift pressure
from the foundation. There are other loadings, which either occur intermittently, like
earthquake forces, or are smaller in magnitude, like the pressure exerted by the waves
generated in the reservoir that is the upstream of the dam face. The gravity dams are
designed in accordance with the requirement in IS 6512: 1984. In the design of
concrete gravity dam, it is essential to determine the loads required in the stability and
stress analysis the following forces affect the design.

1 Dead load
The dead load comprises of the weight of the concrete structure of the dam
body in addition to pier gates and bridges, if any over the piers. The density of
concrete may be considered as 2400 kg/m³. Since the cross section of a dam usually
would not be simple, the analysis may be carried out by dividing the section into
several triangles and rectangles and the dead load of each of these sections computed
separately and then added up.

2 Water pressure on dam

The pressure due to water in the reservoir and that of the tail-water acting on
vertical planes on the upstream and downstream side of the dam respectively may be
calculated by the law of hydrostatics. Thus, the pressure at any depth h is given by γh
kN/m² acting normal to the surface. When the dam has a sloping upstream face, the
water pressure can be resolved into its horizontal and vertical components, the vertical
component being given by the weight of the water prism on the upstream face and
acts vertically downward through the centre of gravity of the water area supported on
the dam face.

3 Uplift pressures
Uplift forces occur as internal pressure in pores, cracks and seams within the
body of the dam, at the contact between the dam and its foundation and within the
foundation. The recent trend for evaluating uplift forces is based on the phenomenon
of seepage through permeable material. Water under pressure enters the pores and
fissures of the foundation material and joints in the dam. The uplift is supposed to act
on the whole width plane, that is being considered, either at the base or at any position
within the dam. The uplift pressure on the upstream end of the considered horizontal
plane is taken as γhu where hu is the depth of water above the plane. On the
downstream the value is γhd where hd is again the depth of water above the plane.
Further it is also assumed that they remain unaffected by earthquakes.

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 Figure 1: Different forces on a concrete gravity dam
V1: gravity acting on mass of dam V2: gravity acting on mass of water on upstream
V3: uplift force V4: inertia force due to earthquake
H1: hydrostatic pressure due to U/S H2: inertia force of water due to earthquake
H3: silt pressure due to U/S H4: impact of wave
H5: hydrostatic pressure due to D/S H6: inertia force due to earthquake

4 Silt pressure
The weight and the pressure of the submerged silt are to be considered in
addition to weight and pressure of water. The weight of the silt acts vertically on the
slope and pressure horizontally, in a similar fashion to the corresponding forces due to
water. It is recommended that the submerged density of silt for calculating horizontal
pressure may be taken as 1360 kg/m³. Equivalently, for calculating vertical force, the
same may be taken as 1925 kg/m³.

5 Earthquake (seismic) forces

Earthquake forces are of two kinds that is Inertia force and hydrodynamic
forces. Earthquake or seismic activity is associated with complex oscillating patterns
of acceleration and ground motions, which generate transient dynamic loads due to
inertia of the dam and the retained body of water. Horizontal and vertical
accelerations are not equal, the former being of greater intensity. The earthquake
acceleration is usually designated as a fraction of the acceleration due to gravity and is
expressed as α⋅g, where α is the Seismic Coefficient. The seismic coefficient depends
on various factors, like the intensity of the earthquake, the part or zone of the country
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in which the structure is located, the elasticity of the material of the dam and its
foundation, etc.

Figure 2 : Worst combination of earthquake forces under reservoir empty condition

Figure 3: Worst combination of earthquake forces under reservoir full condition

HU: Horizontal earthquake force acting in the upstream direction

HD: Horizontal earthquake force acting in the downstream direction
VU: Vertical earthquake force acting upwards
VD: Vertical earthquake force acting downwards

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6 Wave pressure
The reservoir behind a dam is prone to generation of waves produced by the
shearing action of wind blowing over the surface. Of course, the pressure of the waves
against massive dams of appreciable height is not of much consequence. The height of
wave is generally more important in determination of the free board requirements of
dams to prevent overtopping of the dam crest by wave splash.

LOAD COMBINATIONS-
Depending upon the scope and details of the various project components, site
conditions and construction program one or more of the following loading conditions
may be applicable and may need suitable modifications. The seven types of load
combinations are as follows:
1. Load combination A Construction condition
2. Load combination B Normal operating conditions
3. Load combination C: Flood discharge condition
4. Load combination D: Combination of A and earthquake
5. Load combination E: Combination B, with earthquake
6. Load combination F: Combination C, (drains inoperative)
7. Load combination G: Combination E (drains inoperative)
The combination of transient loads such as those due to maximum flood and
earthquake are not considered because the probability of occurrence is very
negligible.

Stability Analysis:
The shape of a dam and curvature in its layout are pertinent in regard to the
stability and more favorable stress conditions. Where ever possible dam and
foundation designs should take advantage of the favorable conditions accruing from
curved shapes, gradual transitions and fillets.
The stability analysis of a dam section is carried out to check the safety with
regard to following:
1. The dam shall be safe against sliding on any plane or combination of planes
within the dam, at the foundation or within the foundation;
2. The dam shall be safe against overturning at any plane within the dam, at
the base, or at any plane below the base; and
3. The safe unit stresses in the concrete or masonry of the dam or in the
foundation material shall not be exceeded.

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Safety against Overturning:

∑ Righting Moments ∑ MR
FS = ----------------------------------- = ------------
∑ Overturning Moments ∑ M0

Safety against Sliding:

µ ( ∑ W- ∑ VU) / F ∅ + C A /FC
FS = ----------------------------------------------------
∑ FH

Quality and Strength of Concrete/Masonry:

The strength of concrete or masonry shall exceed the stresses anticipated in the
structure by a safe margin. The maximum compressive stresses occur at the heel or
toe and on planes normal to the faces of the dam. The strength of concrete and
masonry varies with age, the kind of cement and other ingredients and their
proportions in the work can be determined only by experiment.
The compressive strength of concrete should satisfy early load and
construction requirements and at the age of one year it should be four times the
maximum computed stress in the dam or 14 N/mm2, whichever is more. The
allowable working stress in any part of the structure shall not also exceed 7 N/mm2.
The compressive strength of masonry should satisfy early load and construction
requirements and at one year it should be five times the maximum computed stress on
the dam or 12.5 N/mm2 whichever is more.

Openings in the concrete gravity dam

The layout, size, and shape of the outlet works are based on hydraulic and
hydrology requirements, regulation plans, economics, site conditions, operation and
maintenance needs, and interrelationship to the construction plan and other
appurtenant structures. Opening through the dam and structural additions influences
the theoretical limits of the dam. Voids through the dam in the longitudinal direction
are spillways, access adits, and outlet works, in the tangential direction are adits,
galleries, and tunnels, and in the vertical direction are stairway wells and elevator
shafts.

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Purpose of openings:-
The need for galleries varies from dam to dam. Some of the common purpose
for which galleries are provided are as follows:
a) To provide drainage way for water seeping through the upstream face of the dam
and from the foundations;
b) To provide space for drilling holes and grouting the foundation in order to provide
a grout curtain;
c) To provide access to the interior of the dam for observing its behaviour after
completion;
d) To provide access to chambers like hoist chamber, pump chamber, pump well &
instrument niches, etc;
e) Visitors gallery to provide access routes for visitors.

Large openings in the dam:

For designing of gallery, it is necessary to determine the general stress field to

which the opening is subjected and stresses in dam due to the particular shape of the
opening. In IS:12966 (Part 2) : 1990 only small openings such as foundation gallery,
inspection gallery, adit to gallery etc have been considered.

The design of openings which are large in comparison with the size of the dam
is not considered in the standard IS 12966 (Part 2) : 1990. If d is the maximum cross-
sectional dimension of the gallery of the opening, it is considered large when either of
the following is complied with :
a) d >= 6m, or
b) concrete or masonry cover anywhere around it is less than d.

The openings such as inspection gallery, power sluices, temporary diversion

conduits, river outlets, penstocks and other similar openings are considered under
large openings. Opening Close to Surface, Multiple Openings, Three-Dimensional
Openings, Intersections of the dam also considered as special consideration of large
openings

DRAINAGE GALLERY:
The foundation drainage gallery is connected to all the vertical drains passing
through the body of the dam. This gallery, of a size large enough for a person to walk
comfortably, extends throughout the length of the dam at about the same height
above. A gallery for grouting the foundation cutoff will extend the full length of the
dam. It will also serve as a collection main for seepage from foundation drainage
holes and the interior drainage holes. The location of the gallery should be near the

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upstream face and as near the rock surface as feasible to provide the maximum
reduction in overall uplift.
A minimum distance of 5 feet should be maintained between the foundation
surface and gallery floor and between the upstream face and the gallery upstream
wall. It has been standard practice to provide grouting galleries 5 feet wide by 7 feet
high. Where practicable, the width should be increased to 6 or 8 feet and the height to
8 feet.

Figure 4: Vertical formed drain connected to drainage gallery

Apart from the gallery at the foundation level, there could be other galleries located at
intermediate levels.

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Figure 5: Galleries in non-overflow section of dam
Gate chambers and access or inspection galleries
Gate chambers are located directly over the service and emergency sluice
gates. These chambers should be sized to accommodate the gate hoists along with
related mechanical and electrical equipment and should provide adequate clearances
for maintenance. Access galleries should be sufficient size to permit passage of the
largest component of the gates and hoists and equipment required for maintenance.
Intermediate inspection galleries generally should be provided at every 30m extreme
intervals the size of these galleries should generally be 1.5 m X 2.25 m (rectangular).

Outlet Works.
Outlet works are a combination of structures and equipment required for the
safe operation and control of water released from a reservoir to serve downstream
needs. Outlet works are usually classified according to their purpose such as river
outlets, which serve to regulate flows to the river and control the reservoir elevation,
irrigation or municipal water supply outlets, which control the flow of water into a
canal, pipeline, or river to satisfy specified needs, or, power outlets, which provide
passage of water to turbines for power generation.

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Figure 6: Typical penstock opening.
Elevator Tower and Shaft.
Elevators are placed in concrete dams to provide access between the top of the
dam and the gallery system, equipment and control chambers, and the power plant.
The elevator structure consists of an elevator shaft that is formed within the mass
concrete and a tower at the crest of the dam. The shaft should have connecting adit
which provide access into the gallery system and into operation and maintenance
chambers.
These adits should be located to provide access to the various galleries and to
all locations at which monitoring and inspection of the dam or maintenance and
control of equipment may be required. Stairways and/or emergency adits to the
gallery system should be incorporated between elevator stops to provide an
emergency exit. Elevator towers should generally be provided at the end of spillway
portion to provide access to the galleries from top of the dam. Generally, only a lift
well should be provided for which a size of 3 m X 3 m should normally suffice

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Chapter 5

Analysis of the dam

In gravity dam, stresses are analyzed by either approximate simplified

methods or the finite element method depending on the refinement required for the
particular level of design and the type and configuration of the dam. For preliminary
designs, simplified methods using cantilever beam models for two-dimensional

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analysis or the trial load twist method for three-dimensional analysis are appropriate
as described in the Design of Gravity Dams. The purpose of FEM analysis is to
perform more accurate and realistic analysis by eliminating many assumptions made
in the traditional methods.

Method of Analysis.

The static analysis of dam should be based on the Finite Element Method. The
Finite Element Method is capable of representing the actual 3-D behavior of dam-
foundation system and can handle any arbitrary geometry of the dam and valley
shape. Furthermore, the method can account for a variety of loads and is equally
applicable to triangular sections as well as to slender and doubly curved arch dam
structures. A dynamic analysis is required to properly assess the safety of existing
concrete arch dams and to evaluate proposed designs for new dams that are located in
regions with significant seismicity. Dynamic analysis is also performed to determine
the adequacy of structural modifications proposed to improve the seismic
performance of old dams. The prediction of the actual dynamic response of arch dams
to earthquake loadings is a very complicated problem and depends on several factors
including intensity and characteristics of the design earthquakes, interaction of the
dam with the foundation rock and reservoir water, computer modeling, and the
material properties used in the analysis.

A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a

structure, while ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by time-
varying loads. A static analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as
gravity and rotational velocity), and time-varying loads that can be approximated as
static equivalent loads such as the static equivalent wind. Static analysis determines
the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or components caused by
loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping effects. Steady loading and
response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the structure's response are
assumed to vary slowly with respect to time.

Modal Analysis used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a
structure. Different mode extraction methods are available. Modal analysis is used to
determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure. The natural
frequencies and mode shapes are important parameters in the design of a structure for
dynamic loading conditions. They are also required for doing a spectrum analysis or a
mode superposition harmonic or transient analysis. Modal analysis is a linear analysis.

Any sustained cyclic load will produce a sustained cyclic response i.e. a
harmonic response in a structural system. Harmonic response analysis gives the
ability to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of the structures. Harmonic response
analysis is a technique used to determine the steady-state response of a linear structure
to loads that vary harmonically with time.

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Details of the dam

Gravity dams are 3-D systems consisting of a concrete dam supported by hard
strata foundation rock and impounding a reservoir of water. One of the most
important requirements in dam analysis is to develop accurate models representative
of the actual 3-D behavior of the system. An appropriate finite element mesh for dam
can only be achieved by careful consideration of the dam geometry and the type of
analysis for which the dam is modeled.

Height of the above the foundation = 32.34m

Height of the water at upstream = 30.34m
Length of dam =1939m
Freeboard = 2m
Base width of dam = 17.455 m
Top width = 2.740m
U/S slope = 1V : 0.05H
D/S slope = 1V : 0.405H

Material properties
Properties DAM BED ROCK

Young’s modulus (kg/cm^2) 250000 100000

Poisson’s ratio 0.15 0.15

Density (kg/cu.cm) 0.00242 0.0052

Following Dam models are considered for analysis for the comparing the
effect of size variation on the dam:
1) MODEL 1: Dam without any gallery,
2) MODEL 2: Dam with equal sized drainage and inspection galleries

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 3) MODEL 3: Dam with unequal sized drainage and inspection galleries
(large opening)

Figure 7: Dam without gallery (MODEL 1)

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 Figure 8: Dam with equal galleries (MODEL 2)

Figure 9: Dam Model with unequal galleries (MODEL 3)

Element type:-
The element used for the analysis of dam in ANSYS is SOLID185 (3-D 8-
Node Structural Solid). SOLID185 is used for 3-D modeling of solid structures. It is
defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in
the nodal x, y, and z directions. It allows for prism and tetrahedral degenerations
when used in irregular regions.

Nodes : I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
Degrees of Freedom: UX, UY, UZ

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Figure 10: Solid 185 (3-D 8-noded structural solid)

Details of openings in the dam:-

1) Drainage gallery:
The rect. foundation drainage gallery size = (1.5m X 2.25m)
Concrete cover on upstream = 2.0 m
Concrete cover below = 2.0 m
Same drainage gallery is provided in both MODEL-2 (with equal sized
galleries) and MODEL 3 (with unequal galleries large upper gallery).

2) Access or inspection galleries:

Inspection galleries sizes are as follows:
MODEL-2 (with equal sized galleries) = 1.5 m X 2.25 m
MODEL 3 (with unequal galleries large upper gallery) = 3.0 m X 3.50 m
Concrete cover on upstream (in both models) = 2.0 m

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Stability analysis:

Stability analysis of the concrete gravity dam is carried out by manual method
using IS codal provisions. Stability analysis gives following results.
Eccentricity = 6.557m

∑ V = -5485.53 KN/sq. m

∑ H = 4654.30 KN /sq . m

∑ M = -11907.38 KN.m

Vert. stresses @ heel = -394.04 KN /sq.m

Vert. stresses @ toe = 1922.59 KN /sq.m
Max. principal stress @ heel = -394.04 KN /sq.m
Max. principal stress @ toe = 1922.59 KN /sq.m
Factor of safety against overturning = 1.152
Sliding Factor = 1.405
Shear friction factor = 3.280

Chapter 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:-

Result showing stresses and deflection in dam in table below for all 3 models
considering 4 load combinations as follows:
1. Load combination A Construction condition
2. Load combination B Normal operating conditions

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 3. Load combination C: Flood discharge condition
4. Load combination E: Combination B, with earthquake

Stresses at following nodal points are tabulated below.

1) Stresses at heel,
2) @ A - stresses at nodal point at upstream- bottom of drainage gallery,
3) @ B - stresses at nodal point upstream- bottom of inspection gallery.

Figure 11: Dam Model showing position of nodes A and B

MODEL 1: Dam without gallery

STRESSES
MAX
LOAD
DEFLE-
COMBI-
STRESSES IN Y-DIR 1ST PRINCIPAL STRESSES CTION
NATIO
STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS
N
@ HEEL @ NODE @ NODE @ HEEL @ NODE STRESS @
IN DAM A B IN DAM A NODE B
1 1.04E+06 928391 579242 1.10E+06 981891 490910 0.001248
2 2.41E+06 1.71E+06 1.36E+06 2.75E+06 2.33E+06 9.10E+05 4.20E-03
3 2.46E+06 2.10E+06 1.03E+06 2.80E+06 2.40E+06 9.28E+05 4.42E-03
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 4 3.44 E+06 2.94E+06 2.03 E+06 3.92 E+06 3.43 E+06 1.04 E+06 1.23E-02

MODEL 2: Dam with equal galleries

STRESSES
MAX
DEFLE-
LOAD
STRESSES IN Y-DIR 1ST PRINCIPAL STRESSES CTION
COMBI-
NATION
STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS
@ HEEL @ @ NODE @ HEEL @ NODE @ NODE
IN DAM NODE A B IN DAM A B
1.30E+0 1.37E+0
1 6 966289 866247 6 974188 457050 0.001314
3.14E+0 2.00E+0 3.52E+0
2 6 6 920356 6 1.96E+06 6.04E+05 4.26E-03
3.09E+0 2.10E+0 3.45E+0
3 6 6 930276 6 2.13E+06 6.13E+05 4.24E-03
5.18E+0 3.56E+0 5.63E+0
4 6 6 2.35E+06 6 3.50E+06 1.70E+06 1.40E-02

MODEL 3: Dam with unequal galleries (large upper gallery)

STRESSES
MAX
DEFLE-
LOAD STRESSES IN Y-DIR 1ST PRINCIPAL STRESSES CTION
COMBI-
NATION
STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS
@ HEEL @ @ NODE @ HEEL @ NODE @ NODE
IN DAM NODE A B IN DAM A B
1.35E+0 1.11E+0 1.32E+0
1 6 6 472567 6 9.82E+05 5.27E+05 1.34E-03
3.13E+0 2.04E+0 3.50E+0
2 6 6 728379 6 2.16E+06 9.53E+05 4.65E-03
3.14E+0 2.10E+0 3.50E+0
3 6 6 740522 6 2.33E+06 9.73E+05 4.66E-03
4.93E+0 3.24E+0 5.30E+0
4 6 6 1.23E+06 6 3.51E+06 2.97E+06 1.37E-02

Discussion of result
The three models of the dam section having dam without any gallery, dam
with equal sized drainage and inspection galleries and dam with unequal sized

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drainage and inspection galleries i.e. large opening, are analyzed by ANSYS. The
results obtained by both method are given in table at three different location in dam.
From the result tabulated it can be seen that there are more stresses at heel,
around drainage galleryand inspection gallery in the dam model with unequal
openings than first and second cases in static(case 1, 2 and 3) as well as dynamic
cases(case no.4).
It is clear from table that deflection is Maximum at the top of dam in each
case. From the deflection at various nodes in dam it is observed that it is maximum at
dam model with large opening where it is very less (10mm) in dam without gallery.
The maximum deflection is more in dam with unequal galleries for flood discharge
condition.

Chapter7
References:-

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1) Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Taylor, R.L.,
“The Finite Element Method”, 5th Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK

2) Mohamed Abd El-Razek and Magdy M. Abo Elela“Optimal Position of Drainage

Gallery underneath Gravity Dam”
Sixth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 2001, Alexandria, Egypt

3) Martin Wieland and Sujan Malla

“Earthquake safety of an arch-gravity dam with a horizontal crack in the upper
portion of the dam.”
12th WECC 2000

4) Chen Jin a, Masoud Soltani b, Xuehui An c.

“Experimental and numerical study of cracking behavior of openings in concrete
dams”
www.sciencedirect.com Computers And Structures 83 (2005) (525-535)

5) Da Silva J.F.,
“Optimization of concrete gravity dams foundation drainage systems.”
22nd International Congress on Large Dams - ICOLD - Barcelona, Spain, June-2006

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