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연구논문 연구논문
참고문헌
INTRODUCTION thermal and the mechanical properties of materials,
1. 浜幸雄(1998) 耐寒促進劑による寒中コンクリ-ト施工 and thus, they must be the preconsiderations for the
In order to understand the behavior of the structures
指針に關する硏究, 北海道大學.
2. 浜�謙吉 外3人(1992) 耐寒用特殊混和劑ノンフリ-ズ subjected to elevated temperatures such as fire, an analysis. The mechanical changes such as
の特性について,
逃
力
エヌエムビ-硏究報告, No.9. information on the temperature distribution according deformations or partial failure during heating also
3. (주)대우건설 기술연구소(2002) 내한촉진제를 이용한
to external heat and a full comprehension on the may affect the temperature distribution. However, it is
겨울철 콘크리트의 개발 및 실용화 연구.
4. 日 本 建 築 學 會 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 寒 中 コ ン ク リ -ト 施 工 指 針 characteristics of the material at a given temperature almost true that their degrees are not remarkable and
同解說. therefore, it is assumed that the temperature
condition are needed. Temperature changes vary the
5. 한천구, 한민철(2000) 한중콘크리트의 초기동해방지
를 위한 초기양생기간의 산정, 한국콘크리트학회논문 distribution is not affected by the mechanical changes
집, 제12권 3호, pp.47�55. * Research Engineer, Daewoo E&C, of the member in the real applications.[1,6,11,&12] Thus,
sharkang@mail.dwconst.co.kr
6. 三森敏司 外3人(2000) 氷點下でのコンクリ-トの强度
** Seoul National University, sglhong@snu.ac.kr the analysis for the fire response of the structures can
shown FIGURE 1. It should be noted that the material some cases. Thus, it is not unnatural to seek a more It can replace a full-scale analysis with a little effort. It ■ Plane section remains plane after deformation
properties are also subdivided into two categories simple analysis technique for the members, and a can efficiently describe the structural response during ■ Perfect bond between concrete and steel
following the analysis type in this study. The density, simple numerical method to calculate the structural heating with a simple illustration. On the other hand,
the specific heat, and the thermal conductivity are behavior during heating will be very useful for the the proposed method presumes a fixed shape of the Temperature analysis at an arbitrary segmented
used in the temperature analysis and called as thermal engineers. Lie et al.(1993) suggested proposed a section with the uniform material properties. section is treated as a 2 dimensional problem. It has
properties in this study. Whilst, the thermal expansion simple calculating the fire resistance of a vertical
coefficient, the initial elastic modulus, the strength, member by a simple illustrative way.[3] The calculation
and etc. are included in the mechanical properties for procedure is quite simple compared to finite element
the successive structural analysis. analysis, and the understanding of the behavior of a
Recent rapid progress in the personal computer column under fire is very easy and clear.
technology enables the structural engineers to solve This paper aims to propose a simple numerical
many complicated nonlinear problems by means of process to analyze the thermal behavior of the
finite element method. However, the solution for a horizontal members during heating. The motive is
thermal response problem is still intricate and time- Poh’s action-deformation concept and Lie’s member
consuming because the solution procedure essentially solution method. Poh et al. suggested an analytical
requires iterative procedures for the calculation of formulation by their action-deformation relationships
stresses, strains, displacements, and etc. at the section and solution procedure.[11] The solution is achieved by
and the temperature-dependent material properties of action and deformations with the iterative procedures. Figure 2. Thermal analysis procedure using with segmentation
shown FIGURE 1. It should be noted that the material some cases. Thus, it is not unnatural to seek a more It can replace a full-scale analysis with a little effort. It ■ Plane section remains plane after deformation
properties are also subdivided into two categories simple analysis technique for the members, and a can efficiently describe the structural response during ■ Perfect bond between concrete and steel
following the analysis type in this study. The density, simple numerical method to calculate the structural heating with a simple illustration. On the other hand,
the specific heat, and the thermal conductivity are behavior during heating will be very useful for the the proposed method presumes a fixed shape of the Temperature analysis at an arbitrary segmented
used in the temperature analysis and called as thermal engineers. Lie et al.(1993) suggested proposed a section with the uniform material properties. section is treated as a 2 dimensional problem. It has
properties in this study. Whilst, the thermal expansion simple calculating the fire resistance of a vertical
coefficient, the initial elastic modulus, the strength, member by a simple illustrative way.[3] The calculation
and etc. are included in the mechanical properties for procedure is quite simple compared to finite element
the successive structural analysis. analysis, and the understanding of the behavior of a
Recent rapid progress in the personal computer column under fire is very easy and clear.
technology enables the structural engineers to solve This paper aims to propose a simple numerical
many complicated nonlinear problems by means of process to analyze the thermal behavior of the
finite element method. However, the solution for a horizontal members during heating. The motive is
thermal response problem is still intricate and time- Poh’s action-deformation concept and Lie’s member
consuming because the solution procedure essentially solution method. Poh et al. suggested an analytical
requires iterative procedures for the calculation of formulation by their action-deformation relationships
stresses, strains, displacements, and etc. at the section and solution procedure.[11] The solution is achieved by
and the temperature-dependent material properties of action and deformations with the iterative procedures. Figure 2. Thermal analysis procedure using with segmentation
nothing to do with its position because the section α= Thermal diffusivity (=k/ρcp) [m2/sec] where εth, εσ, εcr, T and t represent free thermal Structural behavior at the section
properties and the shape are assumed uniform. The strain, stress-induced strain, thermal creep strain, The total strain in equation (3) can also be described
mechanical changes such as strain increases and The left side of the heat conduction equation is the temperature and time, respectively. The free thermal by an illustrated way as shown in FIGURE 3. The
corresponding stresses are obtained in the section second order function, which requires appropriate strain and the thermal creep strain are originated with strain of the heated flexural member is regarded as the
analysis. Assumption 1 is used at the structural conditions at boundaries. The boundary conditions in the temperature change. Whilst, the stress-induced sum of three components and represented as
analysis of the section. Only uniaxial deformation is this study consider convection and radiation heat flux strain is generated by the external loads. Inelastic
allowed and the transversal deformations and their from fire and are expressed as strain change due to moisture in concrete is neglected εtotal = εel + εthermal + εse (6)
affections are ignored. Assumptions 2 to 3 are used at in this study for the reason that it is so small compared
the member solution procedure for the estimation of β
Ω =α(Te-Ts) +νδ(εe Te4 - εs Ts4) (2) to thermal creep strain at high temperature and its where εel, εthermal and εse are the strain by the external
the curvature by the thermal effect. effects are getting disappear at more than 400℃.[5&10] loads, the thermal strain due to the temperature
where α, β, γ, δ, and εare convection factor, The thermal expansion of concrete is calculated by change and a virtual self-equilibrating strain. The
convection power, radiative view factor, Stefan- the following simple equation. load-induced strain is simply calculated from the
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS Boltzman constant, and emissivity coefficient, elastic beam theory. The thermal strain is obtained by
AT THE SECTION respectively. Terro’s research data are used for the εth=∫ αc (T)dT
T2
T1
(4) assuming the virtual curvature. The virtual strain is
The temperature information of the elements with values of the coefficients.[12]
derived from the planeity condition after the
time is essential for the successive solution of the where αc(T) is the coefficient of the thermal deformation by the nonlinear temperature gradient
structural analysis. There exist three types of the heat expansion of concrete, and it varies with temperature. and gives rise to the self-equilibrating stress. It does
transferring; convection, radiation, and conduction. In STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The thermal creep strain of concrete can be defined as not affect the structural behavior and just change the
general, the heat flux from the fire to the structure at Constitutive relationships at high temperature stress distribution at the section. In this study, the
m m n
fire-side is governed by convection and radiation, It is generally accepted that the creep due to ∙ t
εcr =C,∙δ(x)δ(o)∙θ and θ=∫exp (-ΔH/RT)dt virtual thermal curvature is calculated from either the
0
(5)
while the heat flow inside the element is determined temperature change becomes more critical with temperature difference or the strain difference. The
by conduction. temperature. Recently, it has been reported that at where C , m and n are the thermal creep constants. explanation for the curvature calculation is written in
From the first law of thermodynamics and Fourier’s higher temperature level the creep strain of concrete The term θin the equation is the representative of the the example analysis.
law, the heat conduction within the material is can be modeled by using Dorn’s theorem. They effective time intensified by temperature change and
represented as employed an Arrhenius plot in order to derive the the internal energy of molecular phase transformation εthermal = �thermal∙y (7)
activation energy of concrete for the thermal creep.[3&4] for creep behavior. It is usually called as a temper-
1 1 ∂T(x,y,t)
∇ T(x,y,t)+
2
Q (x,y,t)= (1) For the simplicity of the numerical model, the strain ature compensated time. The coefficients, ΔH and R, where �thermal and y are the thermal curvature due to
k α ∂t
components are assumed to be uncoupled. Then, the are the activation energy of concrete and gas constant, temperature or strain gradient and the distance from
where total strain of concrete (ε ) at high temperature is
total respectively. They are obtained from the logarithmic the top of the member. For a reinforced concrete
k = Conductivity [W/m∙K] assumed as the sum of three different components and graph of Arrhenius plot. More details on the thermal flexural beam, it is not easy to derive the curvature
Q (x,y,t) = Internal heat generation [W/m ] 3
can be written as creep of concrete at high temperature are described in due to the nonlinearity of the temperature distribution
ρ= Density of the material [kg/m ] 3
other researcher’s paper. [3,4,&6]
at the section. The differences of temperatures, strains
cp = Specific heat of the material [J/kg∙K] εtotal=εth(T)+εσ(σ, T) +εcr(σ, T,t) (3) or stresses between the top and bottom of the member
nothing to do with its position because the section α= Thermal diffusivity (=k/ρcp) [m2/sec] where εth, εσ, εcr, T and t represent free thermal Structural behavior at the section
properties and the shape are assumed uniform. The strain, stress-induced strain, thermal creep strain, The total strain in equation (3) can also be described
mechanical changes such as strain increases and The left side of the heat conduction equation is the temperature and time, respectively. The free thermal by an illustrated way as shown in FIGURE 3. The
corresponding stresses are obtained in the section second order function, which requires appropriate strain and the thermal creep strain are originated with strain of the heated flexural member is regarded as the
analysis. Assumption 1 is used at the structural conditions at boundaries. The boundary conditions in the temperature change. Whilst, the stress-induced sum of three components and represented as
analysis of the section. Only uniaxial deformation is this study consider convection and radiation heat flux strain is generated by the external loads. Inelastic
allowed and the transversal deformations and their from fire and are expressed as strain change due to moisture in concrete is neglected εtotal = εel + εthermal + εse (6)
affections are ignored. Assumptions 2 to 3 are used at in this study for the reason that it is so small compared
the member solution procedure for the estimation of β
Ω =α(Te-Ts) +νδ(εe Te4 - εs Ts4) (2) to thermal creep strain at high temperature and its where εel, εthermal and εse are the strain by the external
the curvature by the thermal effect. effects are getting disappear at more than 400℃.[5&10] loads, the thermal strain due to the temperature
where α, β, γ, δ, and εare convection factor, The thermal expansion of concrete is calculated by change and a virtual self-equilibrating strain. The
convection power, radiative view factor, Stefan- the following simple equation. load-induced strain is simply calculated from the
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS Boltzman constant, and emissivity coefficient, elastic beam theory. The thermal strain is obtained by
AT THE SECTION respectively. Terro’s research data are used for the εth=∫ αc (T)dT
T2
T1
(4) assuming the virtual curvature. The virtual strain is
The temperature information of the elements with values of the coefficients.[12]
derived from the planeity condition after the
time is essential for the successive solution of the where αc(T) is the coefficient of the thermal deformation by the nonlinear temperature gradient
structural analysis. There exist three types of the heat expansion of concrete, and it varies with temperature. and gives rise to the self-equilibrating stress. It does
transferring; convection, radiation, and conduction. In STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The thermal creep strain of concrete can be defined as not affect the structural behavior and just change the
general, the heat flux from the fire to the structure at Constitutive relationships at high temperature stress distribution at the section. In this study, the
m m n
fire-side is governed by convection and radiation, It is generally accepted that the creep due to ∙ t
εcr =C,∙δ(x)δ(o)∙θ and θ=∫exp (-ΔH/RT)dt virtual thermal curvature is calculated from either the
0
(5)
while the heat flow inside the element is determined temperature change becomes more critical with temperature difference or the strain difference. The
by conduction. temperature. Recently, it has been reported that at where C , m and n are the thermal creep constants. explanation for the curvature calculation is written in
From the first law of thermodynamics and Fourier’s higher temperature level the creep strain of concrete The term θin the equation is the representative of the the example analysis.
law, the heat conduction within the material is can be modeled by using Dorn’s theorem. They effective time intensified by temperature change and
represented as employed an Arrhenius plot in order to derive the the internal energy of molecular phase transformation εthermal = �thermal∙y (7)
activation energy of concrete for the thermal creep.[3&4] for creep behavior. It is usually called as a temper-
1 1 ∂T(x,y,t)
∇ T(x,y,t)+
2
Q (x,y,t)= (1) For the simplicity of the numerical model, the strain ature compensated time. The coefficients, ΔH and R, where �thermal and y are the thermal curvature due to
k α ∂t
components are assumed to be uncoupled. Then, the are the activation energy of concrete and gas constant, temperature or strain gradient and the distance from
where total strain of concrete (ε ) at high temperature is
total respectively. They are obtained from the logarithmic the top of the member. For a reinforced concrete
k = Conductivity [W/m∙K] assumed as the sum of three different components and graph of Arrhenius plot. More details on the thermal flexural beam, it is not easy to derive the curvature
Q (x,y,t) = Internal heat generation [W/m ] 3
can be written as creep of concrete at high temperature are described in due to the nonlinearity of the temperature distribution
ρ= Density of the material [kg/m ] 3
other researcher’s paper. [3,4,&6]
at the section. The differences of temperatures, strains
cp = Specific heat of the material [J/kg∙K] εtotal=εth(T)+εσ(σ, T) +εcr(σ, T,t) (3) or stresses between the top and bottom of the member
Figure 4. Geometry of a simply supported beam(elevation and section at center Lin et al..(1981))
Figure 4. Geometry of a simply supported beam(elevation and section at center Lin et al..(1981))