양생조건이 내한촉진제를 사용한 모르터의 동결 및 강도특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

연구논문 연구논문

으로 양생온도가 낮을수록, 내한촉진제의 응결촉진 增進性狀と積算溫度關數式に關する檢討, コンクリ－ト

工學年次論文集, Vol.22, No.2.
Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete
효과가 우수한 것으로 평가되었으며, 염화물량은 공
히 KS F 4009의 관리규준을 만족하였다.
Beam during Fire
(3) 강도증진성상은 내한촉진제를 혼합한 경우, 로지스
틱 곡선식을 이용한 강도증진해석 결과와 거의 유사
한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 양생조건이 -5℃이고,
plain과 촉진형 감수제를 사용한 경우는 강도증진해
* Kang, Suk-Won ** Hong, Sung-Gul
석 결과의 표준오차가 상대적으로 매우 크게 나타
나, 강도증진해석을 목적으로 사용되는 로지스틱 곡
선이나 적산온도와 압축강도의 관계에서 적용성이 Abstract
낮은 것으로 평가되었다.
An analytical method is proposed for the thermal behavior of a reinforced concrete flexural member
(4) 내한촉진제를 혼합한 모르터가 압축강도 50kgf/㎠
subjected to fire. The analysis procedure can be subdivided into two different steps; sectional analysis and
을 발휘하게 되는 적산온도는 각각 20�30DD(K),
member solution. A segmentation scheme is employed in the analysis for a section. It implicates uniform
30�40DD(B), 40DD(S)이후인 것으로 나타나고 있 sectional properties and temperature distribution through the longitudinal axis of the member. The
어, 향후 현장에 적용할 경우에는 사전에 내한촉진 mechanical changes at the segmented section such as strain changes and corresponding stresses due to
제의 종류에 따른 성능검토가 선행되어야 할 것으 temperature increase are integrated into the member behavior at the member solution step. According to the
analysis results, there exist very severe nonlinear strain changes with the depth measured from the fire-
로 판단된다.
exposed surface, which are caused by a nonlinear temperature distribution at the section. Self-equilibrating
(5) 양생방법에 따른 한중콘크리트의 압축강도는 동일 stresses are manifested during heating just to let the section remain plane after deformation.
적산온도라 할지라도 정온양생보다는 실제 환경과
유사한 조건이라 할 수 있는 변온양생이 더 유리한 Keywords : Thermal behavior, reinforced concrete flexural member, sectional analysis, member solution, nonlinear
temperature distribution, segmentation, self-equilibrating stress
것으로 평가되었다.

참고문헌
INTRODUCTION thermal and the mechanical properties of materials,
1. 浜幸雄(1998) 耐寒促進劑による寒中コンクリ－ト施工 and thus, they must be the preconsiderations for the
In order to understand the behavior of the structures
指針に關する硏究, 北海道大學.
2. 浜�謙吉 外3人(1992) 耐寒用特殊混和劑ノンフリ－ズ subjected to elevated temperatures such as fire, an analysis. The mechanical changes such as
の特性について,
逃
力
エヌエムビ－硏究報告, No.9. information on the temperature distribution according deformations or partial failure during heating also
3. (주)대우건설 기술연구소(2002) 내한촉진제를 이용한
to external heat and a full comprehension on the may affect the temperature distribution. However, it is
겨울철 콘크리트의 개발 및 실용화 연구.
4. 日 本 建 築 學 會 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 寒 中 コ ン ク リ -ト 施 工 指 針 characteristics of the material at a given temperature almost true that their degrees are not remarkable and
同解說. therefore, it is assumed that the temperature
condition are needed. Temperature changes vary the
5. 한천구, 한민철(2000) 한중콘크리트의 초기동해방지
를 위한 초기양생기간의 산정, 한국콘크리트학회논문 distribution is not affected by the mechanical changes
집, 제12권 3호, pp.47�55. * Research Engineer, Daewoo E&C, of the member in the real applications.[1,6,11,&12] Thus,
sharkang@mail.dwconst.co.kr
6. 三森敏司 外3人(2000) 氷點下でのコンクリ－トの强度
** Seoul National University, sglhong@snu.ac.kr the analysis for the fire response of the structures can

20 �대우건설기술 DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �21


연구논문
Figure 1. General procedure of thermal analysis
be subdivided into two major sequences for the
reasons mentioned above; a nonlinear temperature
analysis and a successive structural analysis as briefly
shown FIGURE 1. It should be noted that the material
properties are also subdivided into two categories
following the analysis type in this study. The density,
the specific heat, and the thermal conductivity are
used in the temperature analysis and called as thermal
properties in this study. Whilst, the thermal expansion
coefficient, the initial elastic modulus, the strength,
and etc. are included in the mechanical properties for
the successive structural analysis.
Recent rapid progress in the personal computer
technology enables the structural engineers to solve
many complicated nonlinear problems by means of
finite element method. However, the solution for a
thermal response problem is still intricate and time-
consuming because the solution procedure essentially
requires iterative procedures for the calculation of
stresses, strains, displacements, and etc. at the section
and the temperature-dependent material properties of
22 �대우건설기술
the element should be updated with the corresponding
temperature. Besides, large displacement problems
should be considered at higher temperature level in
some cases. Thus, it is not unnatural to seek a more
simple analysis technique for the members, and a
simple numerical method to calculate the structural
behavior during heating will be very useful for the
engineers. Lie et al.(1993) suggested proposed a
simple calculating the fire resistance of a vertical
member by a simple illustrative way.[3] The calculation
procedure is quite simple compared to finite element
analysis, and the understanding of the behavior of a
column under fire is very easy and clear.
This paper aims to propose a simple numerical
process to analyze the thermal behavior of the
horizontal members during heating. The motive is
Poh’s action-deformation concept and Lie’s member
solution method. Poh et al. suggested an analytical
formulation by their action-deformation relationships
and solution procedure.[11] The solution is achieved by
action and deformations with the iterative procedures.
The behavior of the cross section is determined in the
first loop (section analysis) and the behavior of the
member is determined in the second loop (member
analysis). The member solution approach for the
vertical member by Lie has a similar procedure. The
strength of the column is calculated by a method on
the load-deflection relation.
In this study, the simple member solution procedure
proposed by Poh et al. with consideration of Lie’s
method was extended to the horizontal members with
the newly added concepts. The proposed method
takes into account the material deterioration, the
material nonlinearity, and nonlinear strain changes of
concrete with temperature increase.
The proposed analysis procedure has some benefits.
It can replace a full-scale analysis with a little effort. It
can efficiently describe the structural response during
heating with a simple illustration. On the other hand,
the proposed method presumes a fixed shape of the
section with the uniform material properties.
Figure 2. Thermal analysis procedure using with segmentation
Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
DEVELOPMENT OF
AN ANALYSIS MODEL
The thermal response of the structure is obtained by
three procedures. The temperature analysis and the
stress-strain analysis at the section are carried out at
the segmented section at first. Finally, the structural
behavior is achieved by the member solution by
integrating the section analysis result. It is assumed
that the temperature distribution and the structural
behavior are mutually independent. FIGURE 2 is an
analysis procedure of the proposed method.
Following assumptions are made before the
structural analysis at elevated temperatures.
■ Uniaxial behavior of the segmented elements
■ Plane section remains plane after deformation
■ Perfect bond between concrete and steel
Temperature analysis at an arbitrary segmented
section is treated as a 2 dimensional problem. It has
DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �23

연구논문
Figure 1. General procedure of thermal analysis
be subdivided into two major sequences for the
reasons mentioned above; a nonlinear temperature
analysis and a successive structural analysis as briefly
shown FIGURE 1. It should be noted that the material
properties are also subdivided into two categories
following the analysis type in this study. The density,
the specific heat, and the thermal conductivity are
used in the temperature analysis and called as thermal
properties in this study. Whilst, the thermal expansion
coefficient, the initial elastic modulus, the strength,
and etc. are included in the mechanical properties for
the successive structural analysis.
Recent rapid progress in the personal computer
technology enables the structural engineers to solve
many complicated nonlinear problems by means of
finite element method. However, the solution for a
thermal response problem is still intricate and time-
consuming because the solution procedure essentially
requires iterative procedures for the calculation of
stresses, strains, displacements, and etc. at the section
and the temperature-dependent material properties of
22 �대우건설기술
the element should be updated with the corresponding
temperature. Besides, large displacement problems
should be considered at higher temperature level in
some cases. Thus, it is not unnatural to seek a more
simple analysis technique for the members, and a
simple numerical method to calculate the structural
behavior during heating will be very useful for the
engineers. Lie et al.(1993) suggested proposed a
simple calculating the fire resistance of a vertical
member by a simple illustrative way.[3] The calculation
procedure is quite simple compared to finite element
analysis, and the understanding of the behavior of a
column under fire is very easy and clear.
This paper aims to propose a simple numerical
process to analyze the thermal behavior of the
horizontal members during heating. The motive is
Poh’s action-deformation concept and Lie’s member
solution method. Poh et al. suggested an analytical
formulation by their action-deformation relationships
and solution procedure.[11] The solution is achieved by
action and deformations with the iterative procedures.
The behavior of the cross section is determined in the
first loop (section analysis) and the behavior of the
member is determined in the second loop (member
analysis). The member solution approach for the
vertical member by Lie has a similar procedure. The
strength of the column is calculated by a method on
the load-deflection relation.
In this study, the simple member solution procedure
proposed by Poh et al. with consideration of Lie’s
method was extended to the horizontal members with
the newly added concepts. The proposed method
takes into account the material deterioration, the
material nonlinearity, and nonlinear strain changes of
concrete with temperature increase.
The proposed analysis procedure has some benefits.
It can replace a full-scale analysis with a little effort. It
can efficiently describe the structural response during
heating with a simple illustration. On the other hand,
the proposed method presumes a fixed shape of the
section with the uniform material properties.
Figure 2. Thermal analysis procedure using with segmentation
Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
DEVELOPMENT OF
AN ANALYSIS MODEL
The thermal response of the structure is obtained by
three procedures. The temperature analysis and the
stress-strain analysis at the section are carried out at
the segmented section at first. Finally, the structural
behavior is achieved by the member solution by
integrating the section analysis result. It is assumed
that the temperature distribution and the structural
behavior are mutually independent. FIGURE 2 is an
analysis procedure of the proposed method.
Following assumptions are made before the
structural analysis at elevated temperatures.
■ Uniaxial behavior of the segmented elements
■ Plane section remains plane after deformation
■ Perfect bond between concrete and steel
Temperature analysis at an arbitrary segmented
section is treated as a 2 dimensional problem. It has
DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �23

연구논문
nothing to do with its position because the section
properties and the shape are assumed uniform. The
mechanical changes such as strain increases and
corresponding stresses are obtained in the section
analysis. Assumption 1 is used at the structural
analysis of the section. Only uniaxial deformation is
allowed and the transversal deformations and their
affections are ignored. Assumptions 2 to 3 are used at
the member solution procedure for the estimation of
the curvature by the thermal effect.
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS
AT THE SECTION
The temperature information of the elements with
time is essential for the successive solution of the
structural analysis. There exist three types of the heat
transferring; convection, radiation, and conduction. In
general, the heat flux from the fire to the structure at
fire-side is governed by convection and radiation,
while the heat flow inside the element is determined
by conduction.
From the first law of thermodynamics and Fourier’s
law, the heat conduction within the material is
represented as
1 1 ∂T(x,y,t)
∇ T(x,y,t)+
2
Q (x,y,t)= (1)
k α ∂t
where
k = Conductivity [W/m∙K]
Q (x,y,t) = Internal heat generation [W/m ] 3
ρ= Density of the material [kg/m ] 3
cp = Specific heat of the material [J/kg∙K]
24 �대우건설기술
α= Thermal diffusivity (=k/ρcp) [m2/sec]
The left side of the heat conduction equation is the
second order function, which requires appropriate
conditions at boundaries. The boundary conditions in
this study consider convection and radiation heat flux
from fire and are expressed as
β
Ω =α(Te-Ts) +νδ(εe Te4 - εs Ts4) (2)
where α, β, γ, δ, and εare convection factor,
convection power, radiative view factor, Stefan-
Boltzman constant, and emissivity coefficient,
respectively. Terro’s research data are used for the
values of the coefficients.[12]
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Constitutive relationships at high temperature
It is generally accepted that the creep due to
temperature change becomes more critical with
temperature. Recently, it has been reported that at
higher temperature level the creep strain of concrete
can be modeled by using Dorn’s theorem. They
employed an Arrhenius plot in order to derive the
activation energy of concrete for the thermal creep.[3&4]
For the simplicity of the numerical model, the strain
components are assumed to be uncoupled. Then, the
total strain of concrete (ε ) at high temperature is
total
assumed as the sum of three different components and
can be written as
εtotal=εth(T)+εσ(σ, T) +εcr(σ, T,t) (3)
where εth, εσ, εcr, T and t represent free thermal
strain, stress-induced strain, thermal creep strain,
temperature and time, respectively. The free thermal
strain and the thermal creep strain are originated with
the temperature change. Whilst, the stress-induced
strain is generated by the external loads. Inelastic
strain change due to moisture in concrete is neglected
in this study for the reason that it is so small compared
to thermal creep strain at high temperature and its
effects are getting disappear at more than 400℃.[5&10]
The thermal expansion of concrete is calculated by
the following simple equation.
εth=∫ αc (T)dT
T2
T1
(4)
where αc(T) is the coefficient of the thermal
expansion of concrete, and it varies with temperature.
The thermal creep strain of concrete can be defined as
m m n
∙ t
εcr =C,∙δ(x)δ(o)∙θ and θ=∫exp (-ΔH/RT)dt
0
(5)
where C , m and n are the thermal creep constants.
The term θin the equation is the representative of the
effective time intensified by temperature change and
the internal energy of molecular phase transformation
for creep behavior. It is usually called as a temper-
ature compensated time. The coefficients, ΔH and R,
are the activation energy of concrete and gas constant,
respectively. They are obtained from the logarithmic
graph of Arrhenius plot. More details on the thermal
creep of concrete at high temperature are described in
other researcher’s paper. [3,4,&6]
Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
Structural behavior at the section
The total strain in equation (3) can also be described
by an illustrated way as shown in FIGURE 3. The
strain of the heated flexural member is regarded as the
sum of three components and represented as
εtotal = εel + εthermal + εse (6)
where εel, εthermal and εse are the strain by the external
loads, the thermal strain due to the temperature
change and a virtual self-equilibrating strain. The
load-induced strain is simply calculated from the
elastic beam theory. The thermal strain is obtained by
assuming the virtual curvature. The virtual strain is
derived from the planeity condition after the
deformation by the nonlinear temperature gradient
and gives rise to the self-equilibrating stress. It does
not affect the structural behavior and just change the
stress distribution at the section. In this study, the
virtual thermal curvature is calculated from either the
temperature difference or the strain difference. The
explanation for the curvature calculation is written in
the example analysis.
εthermal = �thermal∙y (7)
where �thermal and y are the thermal curvature due to
temperature or strain gradient and the distance from
the top of the member. For a reinforced concrete
flexural beam, it is not easy to derive the curvature
due to the nonlinearity of the temperature distribution
at the section. The differences of temperatures, strains
or stresses between the top and bottom of the member
DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �25

연구논문
nothing to do with its position because the section
properties and the shape are assumed uniform. The
mechanical changes such as strain increases and
corresponding stresses are obtained in the section
analysis. Assumption 1 is used at the structural
analysis of the section. Only uniaxial deformation is
allowed and the transversal deformations and their
affections are ignored. Assumptions 2 to 3 are used at
the member solution procedure for the estimation of
the curvature by the thermal effect.
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS
AT THE SECTION
The temperature information of the elements with
time is essential for the successive solution of the
structural analysis. There exist three types of the heat
transferring; convection, radiation, and conduction. In
general, the heat flux from the fire to the structure at
fire-side is governed by convection and radiation,
while the heat flow inside the element is determined
by conduction.
From the first law of thermodynamics and Fourier’s
law, the heat conduction within the material is
represented as
1 1 ∂T(x,y,t)
∇ T(x,y,t)+
2
Q (x,y,t)= (1)
k α ∂t
where
k = Conductivity [W/m∙K]
Q (x,y,t) = Internal heat generation [W/m ] 3
ρ= Density of the material [kg/m ] 3
cp = Specific heat of the material [J/kg∙K]
24 �대우건설기술
α= Thermal diffusivity (=k/ρcp) [m2/sec]
The left side of the heat conduction equation is the
second order function, which requires appropriate
conditions at boundaries. The boundary conditions in
this study consider convection and radiation heat flux
from fire and are expressed as
β
Ω =α(Te-Ts) +νδ(εe Te4 - εs Ts4) (2)
where α, β, γ, δ, and εare convection factor,
convection power, radiative view factor, Stefan-
Boltzman constant, and emissivity coefficient,
respectively. Terro’s research data are used for the
values of the coefficients.[12]
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Constitutive relationships at high temperature
It is generally accepted that the creep due to
temperature change becomes more critical with
temperature. Recently, it has been reported that at
higher temperature level the creep strain of concrete
can be modeled by using Dorn’s theorem. They
employed an Arrhenius plot in order to derive the
activation energy of concrete for the thermal creep.[3&4]
For the simplicity of the numerical model, the strain
components are assumed to be uncoupled. Then, the
total strain of concrete (ε ) at high temperature is
total
assumed as the sum of three different components and
can be written as
εtotal=εth(T)+εσ(σ, T) +εcr(σ, T,t) (3)
where εth, εσ, εcr, T and t represent free thermal
strain, stress-induced strain, thermal creep strain,
temperature and time, respectively. The free thermal
strain and the thermal creep strain are originated with
the temperature change. Whilst, the stress-induced
strain is generated by the external loads. Inelastic
strain change due to moisture in concrete is neglected
in this study for the reason that it is so small compared
to thermal creep strain at high temperature and its
effects are getting disappear at more than 400℃.[5&10]
The thermal expansion of concrete is calculated by
the following simple equation.
εth=∫ αc (T)dT
T2
T1
(4)
where αc(T) is the coefficient of the thermal
expansion of concrete, and it varies with temperature.
The thermal creep strain of concrete can be defined as
m m n
∙ t
εcr =C,∙δ(x)δ(o)∙θ and θ=∫exp (-ΔH/RT)dt
0
(5)
where C , m and n are the thermal creep constants.
The term θin the equation is the representative of the
effective time intensified by temperature change and
the internal energy of molecular phase transformation
for creep behavior. It is usually called as a temper-
ature compensated time. The coefficients, ΔH and R,
are the activation energy of concrete and gas constant,
respectively. They are obtained from the logarithmic
graph of Arrhenius plot. More details on the thermal
creep of concrete at high temperature are described in
other researcher’s paper. [3,4,&6]
Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
Structural behavior at the section
The total strain in equation (3) can also be described
by an illustrated way as shown in FIGURE 3. The
strain of the heated flexural member is regarded as the
sum of three components and represented as
εtotal = εel + εthermal + εse (6)
where εel, εthermal and εse are the strain by the external
loads, the thermal strain due to the temperature
change and a virtual self-equilibrating strain. The
load-induced strain is simply calculated from the
elastic beam theory. The thermal strain is obtained by
assuming the virtual curvature. The virtual strain is
derived from the planeity condition after the
deformation by the nonlinear temperature gradient
and gives rise to the self-equilibrating stress. It does
not affect the structural behavior and just change the
stress distribution at the section. In this study, the
virtual thermal curvature is calculated from either the
temperature difference or the strain difference. The
explanation for the curvature calculation is written in
the example analysis.
εthermal = �thermal∙y (7)
where �thermal and y are the thermal curvature due to
temperature or strain gradient and the distance from
the top of the member. For a reinforced concrete
flexural beam, it is not easy to derive the curvature
due to the nonlinearity of the temperature distribution
at the section. The differences of temperatures, strains
or stresses between the top and bottom of the member
DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �25
 Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
연구논문

Figure 4. Geometry of a simply supported beam(elevation and section at center Lin et al..(1981))

Temperature analysis on the segmented section was Case 2:

carried out as a 2 dimensional heat conduction фth = ( Δεbot -Δεtop ) /h
Δ (11b)
Figure 3. Thermal strains and curvature of a flexural member during heating
problem with the boundaries having convection and
radiation. Half of the section was analyzed with фth and h are the thermal curvature due to
where Δ
can be used to calculate the thermal curvature(refer to nonlinear temperature distribution at the section, and symmetry condition of the section. In the analysis, the nonlinear temperature distribution and the depth of
FIGURE 3). The locations of the two points to be the deflection at the section, respectively. The self- contribution of the steel was ignored as the the member. αbot and Tbot are and the average thermal
measured have the possibility to move depending on equilibrating stress at a given point is also determined reinforcement ratio is so small and the temperature expansion coefficient of the two successive time step
the severity of the nonlinearities of temperature, from the equation (6). drop at the interface between concrete and steel sets at the bottom of the member, respectively. The section
strains, or stresses. off the high conductivity of the steel. The thermal is discretized with uniform length as was done in
δse = E(T)∙(εtot - εel -�thermal ∙y) (10) properties needed for temperature analysis followed Poh’s method in order to make it easier to sum up the
Member solution procedure the numerical models presented in the ASCE total strain and stress at the section, which enables
If the thermal curvature is obtained, then the whole Recommendation . (2)
using the personal computer as shown in FIGURE 6.
structural response of the flexural member is achieved APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED The results of the temperature analysis are shown in The predicted deflections are compared with the test
from the simple beam theory. The prediction of the METHOD FIGURE 5. It is clearly shown that there exists a result (FIGURE 7).
structural behavior of the member is determined by A simply supported beam with 4-point loading was nonlinearity of temperature distribution with the depth As seen in the figure, the assessments by the
integrating the sectional response through the analyzed by the proposed method. The specimen was and the nonlinearity gradually increases with assumed curvatures are somewhat unstable in some
longitudinal axis. fire-tested at PCA by T. D. Lin et al. (1981). The[9]
temperature. cases and are not well associated with test result. The
geometry of the specimen is shown in FIGURE 4. The thermal curvatures are calculated in three ways. predictions according to the temperature difference
�total = �el + �thermal (8) Average yield strength measured is about 435.8MPa. The first and the second assumptions are the and the strain differences are about 46% and 69%
dν
2
M Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are temperature and the strain differences at both ends of higher than test result after 80 minutes. In order to
= = �total (9)
dx
2
EI 29.46MPa and 25.91Gpa, respectively. The span the member, respectively. improve the reliability of the assessment of the
loading is kept almost constant during fire test, and its deflection, more adequate assumption for the thermal
where �el,�thermal, and νare the curvature by external value is 20.0kN. Furnace temperature followed Case 1: curvature is needed and the following suggestion is
loads that are easily obtained, the curvature by ASTM E 119 specification. фth = ( αbot ∙ΔTbot - αtop ∙ΔTtop ) /h
Δ (11a) used.

26 �대우건설기술 DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �27

 Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
연구논문

Figure 4. Geometry of a simply supported beam(elevation and section at center Lin et al..(1981))

Temperature analysis on the segmented section was Case 2:

carried out as a 2 dimensional heat conduction фth = ( Δεbot -Δεtop ) /h
Δ (11b)
Figure 3. Thermal strains and curvature of a flexural member during heating
problem with the boundaries having convection and
radiation. Half of the section was analyzed with фth and h are the thermal curvature due to
where Δ
can be used to calculate the thermal curvature(refer to nonlinear temperature distribution at the section, and symmetry condition of the section. In the analysis, the nonlinear temperature distribution and the depth of
FIGURE 3). The locations of the two points to be the deflection at the section, respectively. The self- contribution of the steel was ignored as the the member. αbot and Tbot are and the average thermal
measured have the possibility to move depending on equilibrating stress at a given point is also determined reinforcement ratio is so small and the temperature expansion coefficient of the two successive time step
the severity of the nonlinearities of temperature, from the equation (6). drop at the interface between concrete and steel sets at the bottom of the member, respectively. The section
strains, or stresses. off the high conductivity of the steel. The thermal is discretized with uniform length as was done in
δse = E(T)∙(εtot - εel -�thermal ∙y) (10) properties needed for temperature analysis followed Poh’s method in order to make it easier to sum up the
Member solution procedure the numerical models presented in the ASCE total strain and stress at the section, which enables
If the thermal curvature is obtained, then the whole Recommendation . (2)
using the personal computer as shown in FIGURE 6.
structural response of the flexural member is achieved APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED The results of the temperature analysis are shown in The predicted deflections are compared with the test
from the simple beam theory. The prediction of the METHOD FIGURE 5. It is clearly shown that there exists a result (FIGURE 7).
structural behavior of the member is determined by A simply supported beam with 4-point loading was nonlinearity of temperature distribution with the depth As seen in the figure, the assessments by the
integrating the sectional response through the analyzed by the proposed method. The specimen was and the nonlinearity gradually increases with assumed curvatures are somewhat unstable in some
longitudinal axis. fire-tested at PCA by T. D. Lin et al. (1981). The[9]
temperature. cases and are not well associated with test result. The
geometry of the specimen is shown in FIGURE 4. The thermal curvatures are calculated in three ways. predictions according to the temperature difference
�total = �el + �thermal (8) Average yield strength measured is about 435.8MPa. The first and the second assumptions are the and the strain differences are about 46% and 69%
dν
2
M Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are temperature and the strain differences at both ends of higher than test result after 80 minutes. In order to
= = �total (9)
dx
2
EI 29.46MPa and 25.91Gpa, respectively. The span the member, respectively. improve the reliability of the assessment of the
loading is kept almost constant during fire test, and its deflection, more adequate assumption for the thermal
where �el,�thermal, and νare the curvature by external value is 20.0kN. Furnace temperature followed Case 1: curvature is needed and the following suggestion is
loads that are easily obtained, the curvature by ASTM E 119 specification. фth = ( αbot ∙ΔTbot - αtop ∙ΔTtop ) /h
Δ (11a) used.

26 �대우건설기술 DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �27

 Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
연구논문

behavior of a reinforced concrete flexural member at 141-147

Figure 5. Temperature distribution at the
segmented section with time
Case 3:
фth = (Δε’
Δ bot - Δε
’ ’
top) /h (11c)
where , Δε’
bot and Δε
’ ’the effective strains
top are h
and the distance between the points where the strains
are measured, respectively. The locations for the strain
calculations in case 3 by which the analysis lies the
nearest to the test result in the figure is not obtained
explicitly and determined by trial and error method
using an iterative procedure. The implicit iteration
procedure for the location should be repeated until the
total stress at the section is zero according to the
planeity condition. This iteration is two-folded for the
Figure 6. Discretized strain distribution at the
section
geometrical problem unlike others in a one-way
because it should find two optimum locations. In this
study, the iteration is stopped when the sum of the
stresses is the smallest due to the coarse discretization
of the section and another iteration is begun after the
location of one of them is changed. The structural
response according to case 3 has a consistent
compared to the test result and is about 25% higher
than that after 80 minutes.
DISCUSSIONS
This study presented a simple analysis model for the
elevated temperatures. The analysis process is
subdivided into temperature analysis of the section
and structural analysis of the member. The nonlinear
temperature distribution at the section causes a
nonlinear strain distribution which results in the
change of the curvature of the member with the self-
equilibrating stress. The successive structural
response of the member is obtained from the
integration of the curvature
An application of the proposed method shows a
relative good tendency compared to the experimental
results. The structural analysis of the member is
achieved as a 1 dimensional problem. The extension
of the method for 2 dimensional analysis of the
section will be more useful to the analysis of the
member in a real fire situation such as an unsteady or
3 sided fire. A more reliable temperature-dependent
material model, a more reliable temperature analysis,
a more finer discretization of the section, and a
comprehension of the effects of the failure of the
material during heating will also improve the
reliability of the analysis method.
REFERENCES
4. Dias W. P. S, Khoury G. A., and Sullivan P. J. E,
“The Thermal and Structural Effects of Elevated
Temperatures on the Basic Creep of Hardened
Cement Paste,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 23,
No. 1990, pp. 418-425
5. Kang S. W. and Hong S. G., “Thermal Stress of
Concrete Structure at High Temperature Considering
Inelastic Thermal Strain Change,” Proceedings of
the Korea Concrete Institute, 2000, pp. 1145-1150
6. Kang S. W. and Hong S. G., “Material Model and
Thermal Response Analysis of Concrete at Elevated
Temperatures, ”Journal of the Korea Concrete
Institute, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2001, pp. 268-276
7. Lie T. T. and Irwin R. J., “Method to Calculate the
Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Columns
with Rectangular Cross Section,” ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 90, No. 1, January-February 1993
8. Lin T. D., Ellingwood B., and Piet O., “Flexural and
Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
during Fire Tests,” PCA R&D Serial No. 1849,
December 1988
9. Lin T. D., Gustaferro A. H., and Abrams M. S.,“Fire
Endurance of Continuous Reinforced Concrete
Beams,”PCA R&D Bulletin RD072.01B, 1981
10. Noumowe A. N., Clastres P., Debicki G., and
Costaz J.-L., “Thermal Stresses and Water Vapour
Pressure of High Performance Concrete at High
Temperature,” 4th International Symposium on
Utilisation of High-Strength/High-Performance
Concrete, 1996, pp. 561-570
11. Poh K. W. and Bennetts I. D., “Analysis of
Structural Members under Elevated Temperature
Conditions,”Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
121, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 664-675
12. Terro M. J.,“Numerical Modeling of the Behavior of
Concrete Structures in Fire,”ACI Structural Journal,
March-April 1998, pp. 183-193

1. American Concrete Institute, Guide for Determining

the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements, ACI 216R-
89
2. American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural Fire
Protection, ASCE Manuals and Reports on
Engineering Practice No. 78
3. Dias W. P. S, Khoury G. A., and Sullivan P. J. E,
“ An Activation Energy Approach for the
Temperature Dependence of Basic Creep of
Figure 7. Deflections of the beam at the center Hardened Cement Paste,” Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 39, No. 140, September 1987, pp.

28 �대우건설기술 DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �29

 Analysis Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beam during Fire
연구논문

behavior of a reinforced concrete flexural member at 141-147

Figure 5. Temperature distribution at the
segmented section with time
Case 3:
фth = (Δε’
Δ bot - Δε
’ ’
top) /h (11c)
where , Δε’
bot and Δε
’ ’the effective strains
top are h
and the distance between the points where the strains
are measured, respectively. The locations for the strain
calculations in case 3 by which the analysis lies the
nearest to the test result in the figure is not obtained
explicitly and determined by trial and error method
using an iterative procedure. The implicit iteration
procedure for the location should be repeated until the
total stress at the section is zero according to the
planeity condition. This iteration is two-folded for the
Figure 6. Discretized strain distribution at the
section
geometrical problem unlike others in a one-way
because it should find two optimum locations. In this
study, the iteration is stopped when the sum of the
stresses is the smallest due to the coarse discretization
of the section and another iteration is begun after the
location of one of them is changed. The structural
response according to case 3 has a consistent
compared to the test result and is about 25% higher
than that after 80 minutes.
DISCUSSIONS
This study presented a simple analysis model for the
elevated temperatures. The analysis process is
subdivided into temperature analysis of the section
and structural analysis of the member. The nonlinear
temperature distribution at the section causes a
nonlinear strain distribution which results in the
change of the curvature of the member with the self-
equilibrating stress. The successive structural
response of the member is obtained from the
integration of the curvature
An application of the proposed method shows a
relative good tendency compared to the experimental
results. The structural analysis of the member is
achieved as a 1 dimensional problem. The extension
of the method for 2 dimensional analysis of the
section will be more useful to the analysis of the
member in a real fire situation such as an unsteady or
3 sided fire. A more reliable temperature-dependent
material model, a more reliable temperature analysis,
a more finer discretization of the section, and a
comprehension of the effects of the failure of the
material during heating will also improve the
reliability of the analysis method.
REFERENCES
4. Dias W. P. S, Khoury G. A., and Sullivan P. J. E,
“The Thermal and Structural Effects of Elevated
Temperatures on the Basic Creep of Hardened
Cement Paste,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 23,
No. 1990, pp. 418-425
5. Kang S. W. and Hong S. G., “Thermal Stress of
Concrete Structure at High Temperature Considering
Inelastic Thermal Strain Change,” Proceedings of
the Korea Concrete Institute, 2000, pp. 1145-1150
6. Kang S. W. and Hong S. G., “Material Model and
Thermal Response Analysis of Concrete at Elevated
Temperatures, ”Journal of the Korea Concrete
Institute, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2001, pp. 268-276
7. Lie T. T. and Irwin R. J., “Method to Calculate the
Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Columns
with Rectangular Cross Section,” ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 90, No. 1, January-February 1993
8. Lin T. D., Ellingwood B., and Piet O., “Flexural and
Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
during Fire Tests,” PCA R&D Serial No. 1849,
December 1988
9. Lin T. D., Gustaferro A. H., and Abrams M. S.,“Fire
Endurance of Continuous Reinforced Concrete
Beams,”PCA R&D Bulletin RD072.01B, 1981
10. Noumowe A. N., Clastres P., Debicki G., and
Costaz J.-L., “Thermal Stresses and Water Vapour
Pressure of High Performance Concrete at High
Temperature,” 4th International Symposium on
Utilisation of High-Strength/High-Performance
Concrete, 1996, pp. 561-570
11. Poh K. W. and Bennetts I. D., “Analysis of
Structural Members under Elevated Temperature
Conditions,”Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
121, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 664-675
12. Terro M. J.,“Numerical Modeling of the Behavior of
Concrete Structures in Fire,”ACI Structural Journal,
March-April 1998, pp. 183-193

1. American Concrete Institute, Guide for Determining

the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements, ACI 216R-
89
2. American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural Fire
Protection, ASCE Manuals and Reports on
Engineering Practice No. 78
3. Dias W. P. S, Khoury G. A., and Sullivan P. J. E,
“ An Activation Energy Approach for the
Temperature Dependence of Basic Creep of
Figure 7. Deflections of the beam at the center Hardened Cement Paste,” Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 39, No. 140, September 1987, pp.

28 �대우건설기술 DAEWOO CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY REPORT �29