TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18

THERMOCHEMISTRY

1 The equation for the precipitation reaction between potassium sulphate and lead(II)
nitrate solution is given below.

Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4  PbSO4 + 2KNO3

a) State the meaning of heat of precipitation.

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b) An experiment was carried out by a student to determine the heat of precipitation.
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate solution was reacted with 50 cm3 of 0.5
mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate. The results were recorded in a table.
(Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2Jg-1 oC -1)

Initial temperature of potassium sulphate solution.(oC) 29.9

Initial temperature of lead(II) nitrate solution. (oC) 29.0
Highest temperature of the reacting mixture(oC) 32.0

i) Calculate the number of moles of the following ions

a) Pb+2 ions b) Sulphate ions (SO4-2)

ii) Calculate the heat given out in this experiment.

iii) Calculate the heat of precipitation for the reaction

iv) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

v) Write the ionic equation from this experiment.

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TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18
THERMOCHEMISTRY

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vi) Explain why the heat of precipitation for the following reactions are the
same.

AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3 ; ∆H = -65.5 kJmol-1

AgNO3 + KCl  AgCl + KNO3 ; ∆H = -65.5 kJmol-1

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2 Diagram 1 shows the set -up of an experiment to determine the heat of displacement
of copper from copper(II) chloride solution by zinc. In this experiment, excess zinc
powder was added to 100 cm3 of copper(II) chloride solution. The heat of
displacement in this experiment was -168 kJmol-1.

Thermometer

Zinc powder

Copper(II) Polystyrene cup

chloride solution
Diagram 1

a) What is meant by “heat of displacement”?

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b) i) Why must zinc powder be added in excess?.

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ii) State one observation of the experiment.

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c) i) Based on the given information, calculate the total heat energy released if
the change in temperature was 80C.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1 oC -1, density of water = 1gcm-3)

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TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18
THERMOCHEMISTRY

ii) The number of moles of copper displaced.

iii) The molarity of copper(II) chloride solution.

d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

3 A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization.

Diagram 12 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment.

Thermometer

100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3 Polystyrene cup

Sodium hydroxide solution

100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3

hydrochloric acid

Diagram 2
The following data was obtained;

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 28oC

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28oC
Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 41oC

a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment?

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b)

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TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18
THERMOCHEMISTRY

Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the
density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3.
i Calculate the change of heat in the experiment

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ii Calculate the heat of neutralization t in the experiment.

c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation?

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e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with
ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged.

i Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation?

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Ii Explain why?

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f) If the experiment is repeated using sulphuric acid to replace hydrochloric acid
and all other conditions are the same, predict the heat change. Explain your
answer.

4 A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol

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TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18
THERMOCHEMISTRY

using the set-up of apparatus as shown in diagram 3 below

thermometer

Beaker

water
wire gauze xxxxxxxxx

tripod stand lamp with ethanol

Diagram 3

a It was found that the heat of combustion of ethanol obtained from the experiment
was lower than the theoretical value. Suggest four methods in which the set-up
of apparatus in diagram above can be improved to obtain more accurate result.

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b After correcting his set-up of apparatus, the student found that the heat of
combustion of ethanol obtained from the experiment is 1200 kJ mol-1, still less
than the theoretical value of 1370 kJ mol-1. Identify two other sources of error
that may have caused this.

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c The heat of combustion of four types of alcohols are given in Table 1
Alcohol Number of Relative Heat of
carbon molecule Combustion
atom per mass kJ mol-1
molecule

Methanol 1 32 710
Ethanol
2 46 1370
Propanol 3 60 2000
Butanol 4 74 2670
Pentanol 5 88

TABLE 1

i Plot a graph of heat of combustion against the number of carbon atom per

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TUISYEN IBNU SINA CHEMITRY MODULE 18
THERMOCHEMISTRY

molecule on the graph paper provided.

ii Estimate the heat of combustion of pentanol from the graph in (c) (i)

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iii Briefly explain the trend of change of the heat of combustion of alcohols in
the homologous series.

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d i Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

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ii Using the value in Table 1 calculate the mass of ethanol that is required to
increase the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 500C. [Specific heat of water
= 4.2 Jg-1C-1; water density = 1 g cm-3]