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en1 tr0
.6 .6
10.5.2.0
Router
IP Multipath Routing
10.5.6.0
10.5.2.1
Router
scenario #2 10.5.6.111 and
ent1 Dead Gateway Detection
10.90.5.0
.67
ent2
.68 in AIX V 5.3
Cindy K Young
IBM Advanced Technical Support, Dallas
youngck@us.ibm.com
Dallas, TX June, 2005
©IBM 2005 - 1
IP Multipath Routing / Dead Gateway Detection
scenario #1
significant IP routing subsystem change
©IBM 2005 - 2
IP Multipath Routing and Route Cost
IP Multipath Routing
allows more than one route to the same destination - including multiple defaults
for all IP interfaces - regardless of network type
works with or without AIX routing protocols
enabled when a new route to the same destination is added - previously, flagged
as a duplicate route but only one route used)
for load balancing - or -
for failover to backup routes (in conjunction with Dead Gateway Detection)
implemented first in AIX V5.0, enhanced in AIX V 5.3
©IBM 2005 - 3
SMIT Configuration:
fastpath smitty mkroute
Add a Static Route
Note: The Network Mask field should be left blank for host and default routes. Use only
for non-default, network routes.
©IBM 2005 - 4
IP Multipath Routing for load balancing
# netstat -Cn
Routing tables
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use If Cost Config_Cost
scenario #1 Route tree for Protocol Family 2 (Internet):
default 10.5.6.1 UG 0 752 en1 0 0=>
default 10.5.2.1 UG 0 0 tr0 0 0
10.5.2/24 10.5.2.6 U 6 1820 tr0 0 0
10.5.6/24 10.5.6.6 U 3 2115 en1 0 0
10.90.5/24 10.5.2.1 UG 0 0 tr0 0 0=>
10.90.5/24 10.5.6.1 UG 0 0 en1 0 0
10.5.2.6 127.0.0.1 UGHS 0 58 lo0 0 0
en1 tr0
10.5.6.6 127.0.0.1 UGHS 0 137 lo0 0 0
127/8 127.0.0.1 U 0 542 lo0 0 0
.6 .6
Avoid HSH if set is comprised of host routes -or- if significant traffic to same IP
addr
policy is stored with the first route in set so a single change affects entire set
the mpr_policy (no option) sets system-wide behavior for all multipath routing
sets - individual route values override ©IBM 2005 - 6
Configurable IP Multipath Routing Example
# netstat -Cn two default routes
Routing tables are a multipath
Destination Gateway Flags Wt Policy If Cost Config_Cost routing set
Route Tree for Protocol Family 2 (Internet):
default 10.3.1.161 UG 3 WRR en0 0 0 => verify route usage
default 10.10.10.2 UG 2 -"- en1 0 0 via "Ref" and "Use"
10.3.1.160 10.3.1.172 UHSb 1 - en0 0 0 =>
10.3.1.160/27 10.3.1.172 U 1 - en0 0 0
columns in
10.3.1.172 127.0.0.1 UGHS 1 - lo0 0 0 netstat -rn
10.3.1.191 10.3.1.172 UHSb 1 - en0 0 0
10.10.10.0 10.10.10.4 UHSb 1 - en1 0 0 =>
10.10.10/24 10.10.10.4 U 1 - en1 0 0 fastpath smitty mkroute
10.10.10.4 127.0.0.1 UGHS 1 - lo0 Add
0 Static
0 Route
10.10.10.255 10.10.10.4 UHSb 1 - en1 0 0
127/8 127.0.0.1 U Type or
1 select
- values
lo0 in
0 entry 0fields.
[Entry Fields]
Destination TYPE net
DESTINATION Address [default]
Default GATEWAY Address [10.10.10.2]
COST [0]
first route in the set will be Network MASK (hexadecimal or dotted decimal) []
selected three times, then Network Interface []
the second route will be (interface to associate route with)
Enable Active Dead Gateway Detection? no
used twice before cycling Is this a Local (Interface) Route? no
back around Policy (for Multipath Routing Only) Weighted RR
Weight (for Weighted Multipath Routing Policy) [3]
Apply change to DATABASE only no
©IBM 2005 - 7
Dead Gateway Detection (DGD)
Functional Overview
allows a host to detect and adjust its IP routing tables when a local (first hop)
gateway goes down - previously, the host continually tried the dead gateway
assumes network gateways (IP routers) run routing protocols and can react to
other router failures
do not run routing protocols (e.g., routed or gated) and DGD on the same host
two discovery alternatives - both active and passive manipulate "route cost" value but
differ in the amount of overhead incurred
Router
10.5.6.1
Failure/recovery
behavior (both modes)
ARP entry is deleted and route cost set to "max" (2147483647) on all routes
to dead gateway
if available, backup routes are used
routes rechecked every five minutes and, when the gateway is restored, the
route cost value is returned to user configured values
©IBM 2005 - 9
AIX V5.3 Routing Table
# netstat -in
Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll
en0 1500 link#2 0.d.60.a.56.82 394952 0 68600 0 0
en0 1500 9.19.126 9.19.126.84 394952 0 68600 0 0
lo0 16896 link#1 33917 0 33946 0 0
lo0 16896 127 127.0.0.1 33917 0 33946 0 0
# netstat -rn
lo0 16896 ::1 33917 0 33946 0 0
Routing tables
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use If PMTU Exp Groups
©IBM 2005 - 11