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The direction of
plus the cornactness of the target area made bomb spillage in the
refinery w~l1 nigh Thevitable. On 30 Pay 1944,8 the Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Forces was given Ploesti as a secondary target. On 8 June, an informal communication, subsequently
confirmed officially, from General a aatz to General Eaker, set forth that the primary objective of' the Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Forces was to deny oil to Germany and that the Fifteenth Air Force wos to have as its first priority the complete destruction of the Rumanian oil refineries. 9 (Extent of dargage to transport facilities during attncc on ricesti appeared to have been severe. The Rimnanian Railway Ministry estiiited that catacity of the railways had been reduced by 45 , locorxtive repair capacity by 70Z.-'"otes on Certain Effects of Bombing RR Transport in Ruimania" - 033, 15 Sept 194+. 830 May 1944, COSSED, No. 117. 9 Personal message from Gen. Spaatz to Gen. Ehr, June 1944.
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A. Ploesti.
Ploesti, the chief town of the department of Prahova, allachian plain and is Transylvanian Alps. It lies in the
hedged on the North end the West by the foothills of the is 30 miles north of the capital city of Bucharest and owes its central location amid the hnnanian oil
A considerable network of rail lines serves the refinery area and rail routes fan out in many directions from Ploesti. Bucharest,
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and to the North a main all-rail route rune to Germcany via Sinais and fraeov
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Vertical Photograph Showing Town of Ploesti and the Refineries Around 3ts Perimeter. Taken on 24 December 1943 with 12" Focal Length Camera at 29,000 Feet.
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results
'alct
in .P .CI~ I
rcrric.In'-lj
The Board was unable to ascertain the rnumber of sorties and' directed against any particular target. August 1943, and April 1941+, a large f ind er, offset, or Estimate W4ith the exce vi ,r<
ombtonrx-, 'e
thf
act-uaL2y
attacks
of
percentage,
The smoke screen which made visual bombhing so difficult, also prevented strik~e photos or accurate crew observation. cases refinerip:- were hit on dayrs Available information shows that in some
when
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tevalu5atn Ins
the
resul
the
Plo
bobi
it
is
eseta
to
rea
finin
cr5d
oi
than
the
regio ardce.
.:
Ther a
as a
refinery
aait
datain
thi:s
repot
dea ad
an
esimte
norma
mtl
cpa
it
of
602 ::
tons
of
of
fact
hupu tha
caact
ws~
rbal
lage
tha estate.d
abv
was
evdece
augus 194
atak
Duin
gst
it
haed
10,0
ton
of
crd
tohep
:edu:;ie
in
crde
Through5put.
Dag
to
the
reiere
was
immediatelyreflected
in
readucio
Sw
t;:e 194
to
14
ep
te
toal5:
thogpt
ef
th
re
f s
i are u
r not e
aSe
man
of
the
iniida
:a
aeieis
e:
reiere
a
limi-ed
ee
the
al effct
-cibt
ato
achav
of:
whe ah 1
Auus
cotiu
primaril0o
ao
aate;
tesacks, thst
"month.0::
Vi,
7,
8,
and :
aolwn
ahi
sectio:n
tos:er moth
Fr => tons fiin aer
reinn
ls soures capaiy
caact
forai: siae
all
reiere
t
in 1
Crud fttl oi
Ruai
is5
750,000
caact
som
ae
as enueae beow
prodsctio
al
tonnae
fiue
a. gallos) a2 in
heei
ar
in
metric
Thr
are
-
' :5S a: *
;
: a.3.:s a tosn. s
... :el
:
5
~
' -M
a/
es A-
A%.--
~tt1
~s;:
x:--
--
-- "_
hi
etimtn of Apri of
the -cud
in
throughput
resultig
fro
theB
atak
thrupu
from fge
-he
194 :. with a
th th wa-.
app ea
reoe 143
quc an for
reasonable as atac
coplt
o
far
eve
compare posibl
th
thr
an
perio
as
thug
apprn
effcs
indiate
cite
-n
abovgem Mac .1
at
;
of
a nin
riiagfe
th as
made
aver:ua
use
all
-e
averag
toa
mtl
Crud
thogptws36
tons
-Bcas
of
the
inlso
of **
e
h
Thrugpu
average
figre
t
houhpt tegcar
nentie
e
thisa
sandrd
194 aac
Refineri:
(Exhibit-
believed tha
th
* leve
from
whic
oil
lose
:ar
msue
03
coeva
tiv
FrmApi of1-
basis.
*a
reieis
3
wer
-v shu
to ,0 ton
23 .of
Augu:*stg crs
194wer
whe refne
th
-dwn
an ;n
, whc
was
8% of
th
a~ thi
'62 los
to me
a
and toa
he esiate
aie.
th of 1,
Au3
03cio t
fiue
2340
000
ton
of
crd so
thogpta
reul
of
attck
reue
on
Plei
(i
is
10
11
I2
and
r3)
These
figures
do relaiel
no
incud unortn
acivt
inoino
Plet
refinerie00s5, ar avial
whic
reinris0uc
ar
an
fo
Prv
hc
no
figre
were
**3; lae
o3r3
* as
tau 0oan
an
All3 ar of frmte
th
-whc
ousd
fro
th;
imedat Juy 93
P*-
o0sti
are.
fiue
on
rein
thghu
to
Jue14
soitino
umna
Perlu
,-a
Reucio
ass
in
a:.
(E
hiit
js
a-
-~
anda
lb)
-
Durin
10erlu
U%
60%
of
the
toa
an *
perlu of
products
3was*
exotd 3
in
1943,
in
th
fis
the
moth
a9
an
-In
for
Auus
is
bae
on.l
ont 0
ve
though:
reiere
wer
onl
acti:
unst-il
Au.
whe
Rusa
to
conro
beam
eff0ective3.58'0
atenve
exprt
Gemn
are-------- reere
to
cars
are:3 fr:
I3
0n
(Rom.
ach
7,:3
arlo *:slle
th
to
asn Germ-
organzatin
refneie
that *and ths
ca
rod s
und00emr
Rusia
coto,
wer
avial
as
sorc :*-ateral
mS:
It atog
isbeie0
the60mris ot fro
In0~
-
acurt
on
Gran Perlu
purchae
3u3 Inutre alhog
-*0
exor
delivery
wer difrecs als
fiue
0viabe Th
0.e
a geea
-eai reod
066cato
Ruaian
th 0ge mor tw
to
there
July
are
w0 od
19o
mino
reors
ema
on: typ
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aa
of,'
E.
'-iton
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an
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reo
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TOA
EXORTS FRl
19
UMNI
BY DETNTO
In
Meri
tos
JAN
3 "0
Iii
UEJI
U.SFOT
0.IIA
*EI:I
0R,
65
7995 0921
5v8255
02
794:
593
596
330
8,2
SLOAKI
020660
2,91
1202,23378
,2
SWTELN 2,7
6,9
7,3
,9
,35
342
512
,1
0,5
CRAI,08
02
70
82
146
0,9
,7
*0
0OA
EXPORT
0RDRji'I
BY DESTIATI0
JAN.~~~3AGS,14 --
GE*1N
1837
1140
6629
6487 05,7
0933
8,08
0LVAI
206
50069
SITEU
573
380
0,
1900
1,605
06
00.EC
3.3
84
3,8080,1
11
108
SEBA40
36
907
205
03
TOA
26m;4
26,0
13U4
2,5
728
13966
8,2
04,9
a
-
ae
"8 .:.. ...
-o
*,
__0
.,
r;a . Pe ,>
In
.sa
ka _ :::;
a.
0o
T
htne
on0a
th
8i
aF'
0ote' sons +
eZ
50- to
a
..
,ad
do
s;d
* s;-one
ig
--
in.8
0;.;s
aa
'l
5r @ p:.,.._
-:nthsS 5'.-
t 05
to* s",: _
;5
a 1 .
;
-
o d r,~ '(fo
~
sa
0 r
2
;
a
0
te.
; 5 .
8
a
S5
' U6 ts 08
tB
-
a;
;*e ar
; ;e
a a a.
Y00 a
& porchs
In
en tqe
-.
:. ;
...
Au
P~5;'
fi
l,
85
.'
. mm
4a
It
0e a
z
8ac
y;;
'oni
d fo at c Cp ;b
s
reinr
rep
8 Prah.
'*;
-ma t
covre
uh
et
fi
.;-50
ni
sub
a
.
l~
g508
rto s
a-ule
-a
amere
a.
z8;
with
..
re gts-
*o
s
ere600
three
mot
~
b
'. -
~
tao ai
of i~ f
;
193
8rt
194-.
In
mesuin
apeae
0
r
th
snal
AP
is se-
It
ve
a
08
decrease5
d
as5 94rS
ecut
aiue
*v
for 6-;
*a
11
ar were
0' tot
208
k: 0h ~t,
--
44
a
ags.
a-
aa
:.
7'
~
to fiue
3: ..
;- ." @
. ,a NC?
y: k_{
t'
do a30
exor
;i o;
pe
poms
o
o f crdeass
g--
s.;
oi
an ev
-
"
Kl
;r
rev~s
55 refne
tn aS as ,
0 5
the
al
8
st
*menu
as
crd
shpet
and a fro thu wa
mer
33
A
,00
It
;s a
nth
in-
*r Jan a.
verigo tong c r
tonas:
Api
fairl
as
exot
cosata"
xotw
220,
0 -Z
08
.80 nt
are
to
of_000
pi
Augst.s
'eral
edsc
atoal
xpotswas.
e0
C.
Dobestic Consuntion. Domestic consumption in Ruania in 1943 totaled 2,001,713 tons, an average of 167,000 tons a month. This accounted for approximately 40% of the total oil production. The first three months of 1944, Rumania consumed an average of 164,000 tons a month, but April August consumption only averaged 71,000 tons, an estimated decrease of 57%. As discussed previously, this 57% Rhuanian reduction and the overall export reduction of 56% indicate that Germany and Rumania shared their loss of oil on an equal basis. (Exhibit 17).
D.
Oil Shipments. An analysis of rail and barge shipments was made to determine, if possible, the effects on oil shipments of attacks on railroads and marshalling yards and of the mining of the Danube. This investigation was limited to an attempt to determine whether the damage to shipping facilities forced shipping by one means or the other to such an extent that a definite change in method of shipping was established. The 1944 export figures of Rumin were examined. Daily shipments were recorded by the number of tank cars and barges and the country of destination. Tons of petroleum products per tank car or barge were not given. Correspondence of Schenker & Co., subsidiary organization under Rumin which handled all rail shipments, gave sufficient data for an estimated tank car capacity of 16 tons to The tonnage would vary be assumed with reasonable accuracy. somewhat with type of product. Other correspondence which dealt with brge shipments indicated an average barge capacity of 800 A calculation using these averages and actual shipment tons. figures accounted for total exports from Jan. - 23 August 1944, with an overall error of only one percent although two monthly variations on this basis were 9%. In the table below, tank car shipments were based on this.average of 16 tons per car and the balance of each month's exports were credited to barge shipments. Jan. Feb. 100 48% 118732 52%
Mfar. A
June 35936
July
52000
Aug.
Tnk
Car
wports
125824
62144 24%
55T6"i
59% 37636 41%
34384
% Total
Barge
53%
112529
31%
79063
42%
71159
41%
47615
191694 76%
% Total wsorts
47%
69%
58%
59%
Although Intelligence reports and conversations with refinery managers and engineers indicate beyond doubt that many serious difficulties arose in. connection with transportation, due to the and barge facilities, examination of the above attack on ril figures does not seem to indicate that a definite trend toward one method as against the other was established.
1 1 Actual
tonnage shipment figures were available for July and 1-23 August 1944. average was 865 tons per barge and Aug. 800 tons.
July
19
E.
(&.hibits
18 and 19).
A greater effort was expended against Ploesti than any other target area which has been attacked by the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces. With the exception of 142 tons of bombs dropped by
the Ninth Air Force in the attack of 1 August 1943, the entire tonnage was dropped during a period of approximately four and one-half nonths. There were 5,490 effective bomber sorties (including 38 fighter bomber), which accounted for 13,030,12 tons of bombs dropped on the target. There were 3278 effective escort sorties. The following table shows the allocation of effort between USAAF and RAF. Eff . Bomber Missions USA F Ieavy Bombers
Sorties
Tons of Bombs
5266 8j 5304
12,698.50
18.5
717
12,717. 00 313.12
Total
Escort Missions USLAF
754
13,030.12
3278
296
406
The total losses on missions to Ploesti were as follows: U8,AAF Heavy Bombers USAkF Fighter Bombers USAAF Fighters RAF Heavy Bombers Total
276 1012
4912 350
ten P-38's carrying bombs and 14 of the escorting P-38 fighters were lost. The fighter escort strafed an airdrome at Gaesti on the return trip home and part of these losses may be attributed to this effort. All of the escort losses, however, were reported as due to enemy aircraft and 8 of the 10 fighter bomber losses were also attributed to enemy aircraft. It is reasonable to assume that the lumjority of the escort losses should be charged to Ploesti.
-
20
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JULY 1943
ROMANAREFINERY,
r
1
AUGUST
1944
200 I
200
I
160 120 80 40 0 JUL'43 AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 123 55 145 164 146 153 NORMAL MONTHLY CAPACITY 146,000 TONS JAN'44 138 FEB 123
160 120 80
MAR 133
APR 17
MAY
JUN II
JUL 82
I1U1AUG 62
40
100 80 60 40 20 0
CONCORDIA
VEGA REFINERY
100
80
60
40
20 JUL'43 AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN'44 63 FEB 63 MAR 67 APR 46 MAY 38 JUN 21 JUL 22 AUG 8
150 120 90 60 30 0
ROMANA AMERICANA
REFINERY
ISO
120 90 60
30
JUL'43 AUG SEP . OCT NOV DEC JAN'44 60 109 78 71 64 65 59 NORMAL MONTHLY CAPACITY 92,000 TONS
FEB 66
MAR 60
APR 51
MAY 55
JUN II
JUL 23
AUG 12
50 40 30 20 10 JU '4 0
JUL'43
44
50
40
AUG I-
SEP
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-
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DEC
I
Itt
JAN'44
23
30 20
I
i__
FEB
29
__I_
__
MAR
30
APR
28
MAY
4
JUN
JUL
AUG
NORMAL MONTHLY CAPACITY 125,000 TONS SOURCE ASSOC. OF RUMANIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES JULY AND AUGUST 1944 FIGURES ARE FROM INDIVIDUAL REFINERIES Echibit 7
R",P
PHOENIX
ORION
REFINERY
1
50 40 30 20 I0
AUG
5
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19
-OCT
41
NOV
37
DEC
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40
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20
20
10
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JUL'43
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DEC
JAN'44
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347-7----
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_
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NORMAL MONTHLY
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50 40 30 20 I0 0
a
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REFINERY
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JUL'43 AUG
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JUN
6
JUL
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NORMAL MONTHLY
CAPACITY
40,000 TONS
SOURCE- ASSOCOF RUMANIAN PETROLE.UM INDUSTRIES JULY AND AUGUST 1944 FIGURES ARE FROM INDIVIDUAL
REFINERIES
Exhibit 8
39
1943 -AUGUST
1944
i
XENIA REFINERY
20 15
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Ii
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JAN'44 FEB
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MAR
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MAY
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119
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7 13
____ __2
18,000 TONS.
__
5
U
_____
__AUG
SEP__
NOV
DEC
JAN'44
FEB
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APR
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JUN
NORMAL MONTHLY CAPACITY 21,000 TONS. STANDBY PLANT AND INACTIVE FOR SEVERAL MONTHS PRIOR TO APRIL 1944.
12 I0 8 6 4 2 0 JUL'43 2
____
___ ____DACIA
ROMANA REFINERY
__________I
AUG 8
SEP 7
OCT 6
NOV 2
DEC 9
JAN'44 FEB 4 4
MAR 4
APR
-
MAY 8
JUN 10
JUL *10
AUG *8
15,000 TONS.
PRAHOVA REFINERY_(BUCHAREST)__________
I8 15 12 9 6 3 0
JUL'43
AUG
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NOV
DEC
JAN'44
FEB
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APR
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JUN
JUL
*
AUG
NORMAL MONTHLY CAPACITY 17,000 TONS. SOURCE OF RUMANIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES JULY AND AUGUST 1944 FIGURES ARE FROM INDIVIDUAL REFINERIES. Exhibit9
Estimated
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GASOLINE EXPORTS
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IN THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
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A
FINAL SUNMARY
The operations were conducted in accordance with established doctrine although scientific defenses and counter-measures To suznmarize the campaign and its consequences
1. It is fairly certain that, at the rate the attacks were being carried out against Ploesti, the Germans were rapidly being denied the bulk of Rumanian refined petroleum products. No consideration has been given in this report to synthetic or vegetable oil production from which no high grade lubricants are obtained. Absence of firm estimates of German oil production of all types and the changing nature of the oil situation as German supply lines shortened and operational areas narrowed, makes any further estimates of the effects of the Ploesti Campaign in reducing German oil supplies unreliable. 2. Examination of daily crude throughput figures for the refineries in August 1943 and during the period of the 194 4 ttacks reveals that results of the attack were quickly overcome in the early stage of the campaign. However, as the attacks increased in number and frequency, the recuperative ability of the refineries lessened and daily throughput declined.
3.
A smoke screen protected target, particularly one where antiaircraft defenses forced attacking aircraft to operate at high altitudes, as at Ploesti, offered an operational problem against which countermeasures in use during the campaign were much less effective than usual.
4.
A reconnaissance plane, which flew over the target area ahead of and during an attack to advise and direct successive attack waves towards those targets susceptible to visual sighting, was used during two of the last three attacks on Ploesti. The technique, from the limited observation of its effectiveness, appears to have considerable merit, and it has future place in similar operations.
5.
With the method of attack used, the latter part of the force frequently had to bomb through smoke resulting from hits in the target area caused by the first part of the formation in addition to the artificial screen. This complicated the operational problems involved in the attack and undoubtedly lessened the bombing accuracy of those groups so affected. 6. The accuracy attained by the P-38's in the dive bomber attack of 10 June 1944 was outstanding, and demonstrates use, occasionally, of tactical type aircraft against strategic targets of small size but relative importance. The losses, however, were disproportionately high and, as the Rumanians indicated, (Appendix b), these lowlevel attacks were considered as a good opportunity for the flak areas to bolster their 'score.' The extent of damages consequent to the raid indicates, too, the necessity of hitting particularly vulnerable parts to make these attacks effective. (SeeApepe ti4v e) 7. A study now being completed by the Ordnance Division of the AAF Evaluation Board, MTO, examines in considerable detail each refinery and the results of the aerial attacks as far as physical damage is concerned. That study concludes that:
21 -
(a)
In attacks against refineries, the units used directly in processing the crude and its fractions, i.e., the operating units, represent the most vulnerable parts of the refinery system and should be primary targets. Utilities, transportation, and storage facilities, where necessary, should be secondary targets. Bombardment frequently results in fires in the refinery area (despite passive measures against them used in Ploesti) and every effort should be made to induce the maximum number of fires. Nondelay or instantaneous fuzing is recommended for aid in starting fires with a few incendiaries interspersed throughout the target area. A few long delay bombs will keep fire fighters out of the refinery area after the attack. In the absence of factual data on the use of the 250 lb or 100 lb bombs, it is believed that the 500 lb GP is the best weapon, when fuzed for surface detonation.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
- 22 -
APPENDIX
A.
PHYS ICAL
DAMAGE
TO
REFI] NERIES
AT
PLOESTI
(WITH PHOTOGRAPHS AND Bear FALL PLOTS) A. Be c. D. Be F. A2ITRA EOMAANO STANDARD PflTROL BLOCK CRDITUL
MINIBIR
G.
He
Letter designations on each ref~inery top view key into the photographic presentation following discussion on each refinery.
APPENDIX
PHYSICAL DAMAGE
Detailed reports of the damage done each refinery attacked during the Ploesti campaign are presented in this appendix. In many instances the Board was only able to estimate the long-term results of the bombing, because other factors combined with
the physical damage to disrupt refinery production. From the middle of July until the middle of September, 1944, repair and restoration of plant facilities were hampered and complicated by a number of factors: Intensity of the attacks, shortage of
The estimates of the damage resulting from the raids during that period, as a consequence, are based on the best information available
to the Board up until the time of its departure from Rumania on 16 October 1944.
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OIL
REFINERY
OF
ASTRA
A.
ASiA-RO0iA~NO
The Astra-Romrano Refinery, owned by the Shell Oil interests, is one of the most nmdern and complete installations in Ploesti, It
had a normal charge rate of approximately 125,000 tons per nnth, which by 23 August 1944 had been reduced to 62,000 tons per month. The refinery
was subjected to 16 separate raids, during which 812 bombs hit this refinery. At the time of the Board's inspection (approximately 1 October. 1944) the MdcKee unit could operate at its normal capacity of 3200 tons per day, the Shell still (Battery 1) could operate at 66 percent (1600 tons per day) of its capacity, and the Dubbs cracking unit could operate at 75 percent (1350 tons per day) of its normal capacity. Actually the
throughput on the Mcee unit was limited to 1800 tons per day because of transportation difficulties. Destruction of 75-80 percent of the re-
finery tankage also hampered operations to some extent; however, if adequate transportation were available'the McKee unit could operate at capacity. Charts of bomb plots and a more detailed account of the damage incurred on each attack follows.
-2-
in the area.
The
stills was also seriously hit as was the pump house of the Dobbs cracking plant. Several other installations such as a cracked gasoline stabilizer, doctor plant and agitators were damaged. Twelve cays were required to repair the damages to Battery 1;
the I cree unit resumed operations on 1 September and the cracking coils on 8 September. 5 April
1944l
Raid.
At this time 112 bombs, including seven unexploded bombs, The damages inflicted on installations in this and subseIn this particular attack,
-
quent raids completely closed the refinery until 25 June. Battery No. 1 received severe damage to its pump house,
Damages to pipe lines and the main pumping system closed down the cKee unit.
DIobbs unit was untouched but was forced to shut down because of lack of reduced crude from the distillation units. Slight damage to the electrical plant and the water It was estimated that the MrcKee unit could
have been repaired in approximately three weeks; Battery No. 1 would have required about two nmnths. 15 April
Itli. Rid.
These
caused only slight damage to auxiliary installations and results were negligible. 21. April on this day.
1944
Rid,
coolers, furnace, and pumps of the McKee unit were severely damaged and an estimated six weeks was required to repair these damages. At Battery 1, six of the twelve Two months
stills were severely da-aged as were a number of the coolers and pu.s. was the estimated recovery period required.
no damage, but there was slight damage to the water supply and electric transmissions system.
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APPENDIX
D.
A C K
A G A
I N S
E S
T I
Two sets of data are included in this Appendix. First, a tabulation by attack dates, showing the number of effective, noneffective, and early return sorties, for bombers and escorts, time and altitude of ettac., total bomb tonnage dropped on each mission, and USAAF and RAY victories ana losses. These data are from USA&F Forms 34 and RAF OPRFS. Second, this section shows estimates of enemy fighter strength in Runania during the 1944 campaign against Ploesti. Included are: 15th AF estirates; the actual nmxoer of enemy fighter sorties; and estin ted encounters from mission reports. These are from 15th AF Fighter appreciation studies and from actual records obtained from the Rumanians after the capitulation.
Date
r"...
Type A/C
,
USAAY
..
Tonnage on Target
"^_
Bomber
Altitude
____
losses
TinKO in
4
E/A Flak
Total
r
F IG HT E R E S C OR T Escort 1osses De Sorties A/C Ef f,Non Elff, E/A Flak Un- Total Kno . & Early Bet. I
+d .
1 I
C T CH I
P/D
LDest
rr.n
*1 Au
j
43
B-24
B-17 B-24
165/0/13
142.0
100-700 21000-24000
5
1
10
18
2
--
31
--
54
3
10
Apr 11
94/9/13
13$/17/55
587.35
- -
39
P-~38 132/4/7 P-47 43/0/5
--
17
~Apr~
21 Apr ! 24 ArL4
B-17
137/43/P
T/33/38
154/5/7
316.4 Recalled
1234-1240
19600-25000
--
P-38 P-51
6 1/0/7
48/0/3
--
B-1?
P-38
0/105/8
i6
10
7
14
10
2
R-17
3-24
793.5 0
1153-1228
20800-24200
J
---
13 (,/7/!4
3 5 P-38
P-t47
90/0/20 49/2/1
38/10/3
F-51
i<: 4)4 3-17 -7 n-24 0,/0/107 1(4/7/4
31,'7/19
--
5 !"-
144
5
14
3
1
2
3
--
9
19
J
3
25
5
3
119
L*ay
")4 B-17
B-21;
33/0/2 173/192/20
493
1100-1137
19000-22000
--
- 1-
Type
Bomber
Srison
DaeAC
ris
Alitde
ire
escort
A/C
/Y
cotoseVioie
3/A a' ac n
on
~Oal
2
12
- -
--
t-r 1
6 '3
r13/1/2
1115,%3
'D0rO-103F
19000-2'1200~ 1 13 2 1'
Trl
428/24/34
F2, 2/C
)41/)x/1
--
--
/, un
44
B-24
310/2 0/31
.ro0 902-O 3N
10
P_38
rTJ 1
93,/5/5
44/-/4
r 27/21
__ 1-
10 3ufl 44
F-3P
B_) 17
3F /1/7
18.50 28 3 .2r
10
F-38
214.
21 t'un 44
139/9/11
oor4-lo1
B-24
0/%+1/r o
21 0
00
-25r
0
124/8/4
---
10 7r /3/18
2;6/-/4
1
211
un 44
B-~21
135/14/11
32?.
093 1-OC'143
2' Oq l-24200
1J,
rT- 1
11
3/3
32 /10
71/c.,/<, 9 "1
I44;
3
-
3-17
B_24
122"17
(Cor. 0
1103 -1''?
210 7D-2x00
10V9/3
'I
__________TrjAt
or~
Torina, e
r : + A C r ~ it m no s n
Attack
A t it de
N /
Tpe
A /
E coxjt
S rt i s
cost Losse
/ A Fl k in E/A Fn knn o a e 2" t ~~
U.3AAiO Cn't.
P-38
P_51
1rJul1
66/9/7
70/1/11 9 2
-
4)
2-17
P-21;
45 1/46,/L3
1 5 3 / 4 /p
14Fi ).75
055-1116
2 1030-2x 000
-2 -
2 1
3
-
1
1
126/14/10 204/6/20
-17
132/2/7
327/98/r 2
12314.75
1:55-1210
21300-25300
- 5
6
19 P-38 P-51
139/6/18 58/3/1
2F Jul
44
3-17
102/5/27
e41. 75
0957-1;023
22000-27000
3-2/E222/13/29
15
18
P-38
97/8/10
162/10/28 113/7/10
P-5 1
?1 Jul
S Aucf
44
44
B- 17
1-F/6/8
434.75
lioo-uio6
22400-26000
2 P-38
P51i
P-38 B-17
^,_24
27/0/3 26/0/4
10 Aug
44
12/1/12i
780.39
0947-1107
20000-28500
218/17/17
1
10
-3-
Tyrpe
Late
A/C
Bomber Sorties
Tonnage
On
Time of
-ll
Altituce
Escort
Sorties
142/1/10 82/9/3 187/8/19
itre Dt.P) 5
-
m
-
UHAF, Cn't
1 2
1
17 Aug
44
B-24
2l5/49/31
148/4/10
534.25 628.5
21600-24500 23000-28000
-
17
19
P_51
-2
18 Aug 14 B-17
2 5 1
-
P-51 19 Aug
132/7/34
126/0/43
1 1
9
-
44
B-17
65/8/6
144925
1049-1054
26300-30000
1.
P-51
526S/720/710 12698.5
58
150
8
68
--
276
10
165
3278/29 6/1.06 3278/296/40o6 27
96 . ... 5
131
38
38/1117
18 .5
2. 1
1
21
21
169
702..
108
5304/721/717 12717.0
6o
158
68
286
49
334
-4-
Date
Bomnber Sorties
Altitude
E/A Flak
Type A/C
Escort Sorties
tM/
!x
26 Wul c. 27 Jul
I
47/'0/6
107.0
2359-0014
Pooo-1c
r~0
-
A11,
10 Au
Lib;
hal.
35 '10/5 21/1/1
120.12
223234,
.1f20-12200
8
1 2
8
1 2 3
~r /3
c?/_/17
86~.
2)O-211
7? %- o00
TCT2AL :-AF:
lP' '19''7
r l4nO /r'"O/7r4
1; .12
13030.12
- -
15
15
4630012o 83 158
301
3278/296/406
27
21
49
334
131
108
I ('9
hUihN~rh
1.1A E8T!LLTED
L) TE
APPLB.FCIATION'
225/2 50 225/250
4 April
5 A~pril
169
Era ov
45/5 0
f uchar'-st
P'loe:.ti and
Euchr rest
75 /a00 65/x;0
130
170/200 85/130
:.Asy
Fioosti and
110
7 IMay
Buchares t
18 M~av
Ploesti
Ploesti
'31
ay
122
6 Jutne
Floesti 5 Cralova
FiteEti, .r; sov 100/110 123 115
Ploesti
Giur giu Floesti and Giurgiu
1297
50/60
June
192198 161
160/175 110
23 June
24 June
Ploc.sti and
Giurgiu
Annex not available--used previous a! preciation for 4th and 5th April. 2Deto surprise factor in ope~rations it was suggested that the number of aerial encounters would depend on the time available for enemy fight rs to be airborne. The actual numiber of enemy sorties is evidence that the F-38,'s did not approach the target area beneath enemy radar. However, the mission reports account for only 50/60 enemy fighters which may indicate that the renamiing enemy fight?rs had insuf'ficient time to establish contact. 3Fijrure includes enemy sorties against bombers returning from 1-ussia, which operation -was not included in the Intelligence Annex. 4iNo .f hter. appreciation is available for these c~lparations only Craiova was included in the original planning.
1 IntelJ.igence
since
-6-
15 AIR FORCE
FI (G3Ti
TAR GET Bucharest Bucharest and Giurgiu Pitestdi Brasov Ploesti Ploesti Plo sti, Buzau, Zilistea and
APPRECIATION 100/115
1.
T1;l
TED
110/115
93 81
100
110/115 115/145
50
110/125 11 0/12575/85
70/80 gr 100/110
AC
28 July 31 July
5c/C c
10 August
Bucharest
60
(plus possible 20/25 from same Russian front)
17 August
Ploesti
18 August 19 August
. The above tabulation is based upon material supplied by h._ Fifteenth .,ir The fighter appreciations are taken from the Force (Ref. No. 3940, 2; Nov. 1944). original Intelligence Annexes which are sent to lower echelons on the day preceding each operation by Fifteenth Air Force. The number of enemy sorties is derived from a comThe total number of pilation prepared by the Staff Headquarters, Rumanian Air Force. actual enemy fighter sorties is 3297 as against aggregate Fifteenth Air Force estimates of 3480, representing an over-estimate by Fifteenth Air Force Intelligence of 5.5%.
5 lncluded
in the mission reports were statements that away from our bombers by our fighter .escort.
1,100
6 Depending
on availability of enemy fighters from South Russian front (at that time the Caatz area). 7 "Possibly negligible owing to our bustained effort".
of 10 June 19!{.
was
thirty-e htF P-3S's of the 82nd Fighter Group carried out a dive bombing attack on the Romano Americana refinery. the First Fighter Group. ixty-six percent of the bombers ,5 itery area.. lb. bombs in the -ref of the These dive bombers were escorted by 27 other Lightnings of
by the Group indicates that there were three aiming points determined and assigned with the following result.: "The 96th Squadron was assigrned to the Main Boiler House Although. well covered with smoke,. the as its target. boiler house was distinguishable largely because of the smoke stacks, one shorter than the other. Hits two tall in the near vicinity are highly probable but the smoke precluded pin pointing any bursts." "The 95th Squadron following in next to bomb the Main DisThis target was seriously obscured by Plant. tillate smoke and bombing was done principally by using the large No adjacent storage tanks to the east as a check point. results of this bombing could be ascertained." "The 97th Souadron bombed last, attacking the Main Cracking Plant which was the easternmost target. One hit was re-. ported on the northwest corner with other bombs falling in the vicinity. This target was clearer of smoke than
was very costly in that 10 of the dive bombers and 14 of the escorts This was due largely to the fact that the top
cover was at a low altitude when the entire formation was struck by the German Air Force. The mission did claim victories of 29 enemy aircraft destroyed, six probables
and seven da~maged both on the ground and in the air. In addition to bombing the refineries, rolling stock, motor transport and
gun ositions were strafed. Accurte aj praisal of' the effectivenss o~ hse~
~ttck
were outtanding.
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