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Chollen International (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd.

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CHAPTER
INTRIDUCTION
The proposed project is for the manufacturing of
LAUNDRY
SOAP. The soap is the major consumable product after
the
vanaspati Ghee. In INDIA the major population is the
middles
class and this lives in the Villages. So the Laundry soap
which is
also known as the “NIROL” is the best product for the
washing of
cloths. This is the most popular product in the middle
class for
the washing of cloths. The most important factor for its
popularity is its cost because it the cheap in rates as
compared
to the other washing products. Now a day it is also used
commercial and industrial use. The wastage is used in the
manufacturing for cheep class of lubricants.
So as the commercial, point of view it the highly highly
profitable business because the demand is always more
than
the supply
Soap Manufacturing
Product finds application in many fields like
Domestic applications
*Commercial uses
*Industrial Uses
The product are in great demands
The Promoter is sire of the successful venture
SOAPS AND DETERGENT INDUSTRY
SOAPS AND DETERGENT INDUSTRY includes the
Laundry soaps ,
synthetics detergents and toilet soap included the bathing
bars.
Since these are consumer items, technology, quality ,
marketing
and distribution determine the success of units in this
sector.
The industry has developed both in the small scale and
organized sector
Laundry soap is reserved for the manufacturing in the
small
scale and 90% of the production of laundry soap is in the
small-
scale sector. Toilet soap is however dominated by the
multinational units.
There are at present 54 units engaged in the manufacture
of
soap and detergents. The production of soap during 2006-
07
was 4,71,516 Tons and detergents was 977102 tons
during
2007-08 up to December the production of soap has been
303453 tons and that of detergents 8,10,739 tones
ABOUT THE FIRM/PROMOTERS
The proposed is the parternship . The promoter of the unit
MR______________________ s/o
Sh.__________________________ is
highly educated , finicaly sound and possess rich
experience in
the same field. After through study of the market demand
of the
project, he has the keen intrest to setup up manufacturing
units
for the same
Bio-Data of the Promoter is as under
BIO-DATA

A SHORT HISTORY OF SOAP

©David Lambert
Soap is a wonderful thing. Most folks are so used to
simply choosing a brand from the supermarket shelf, they
never think about what’s in it or how it’s made – or
whether it’s even good for them. Nevertheless, because
we use it every day on our bodies, it’s worth knowing a
little bit about how soap is made and where it comes
from. When you think about it, the common act of
washing our hands has revolutionized history. Our world
would not exist, if mankind had not at some point begun
to bathe.
When asked, most folks cannot define the word soap. It's
something we take for granted.
But what is it?
Soap is made from vegetable or animal fats and oils,
mixed with a caustic alkali such as
sodium hydroxide (lye) or potassium hydroxide (potash),
which initiates a chemical
reaction called saponification. The traditional method of
producing potash was to steep
wood ashes in water.
Soap does not occur naturally, but the process of creating
it is so simple that its discovery
probably occurred long before the first villages and towns
came into being. There is a
legend, repeated endlessly in soapmaking books and
websites, which tells of a certain hill
in Rome called Mount Sapo. There was supposedly a
temple on the top of this hill where
animals were sacrificed in the fire, and the fats and ashes
ran downhill into a river.
Women doing their laundry discovered that their clothes
became cleaner when they
washed them at the foot of Mt. Sapo. It’s an attractive
story, but it probably never
happened. No one knows anything about a hill called Mt.
Sapo, by a river or anywhere
else. Something like this may have occurred at some
distant place and time, but even so it
certainly does not mark the first discovery of soap.
Soap was probably first discovered when fire pits, used
season after season by bands of
hunters, were rained on. The animal fats from many kills
would have dripped down into
the ashes, and the rains would have soaked the ashes to
create a crude form of lye. Yes,
the cave men probably knew how to make and use soap!
Soap has been found in
excavations at ancient Babylon, dating from 2800 BC. An
ancient medical papyrus from
Egypt describes the healing properties of vegetable oils
mixed with alkali salts.

Interestingly, the idea of using soap for

personal hygiene and cleansing seems to
have
come along fairly late. It was used mainly for
washing wool and cleaning laundry long
before anyone thought of using it to clean
themselves. Ashes and animal fat were (and
still are) smeared on the body by primitive
peoples to create a startling or distinctive
appearance. Stripes or patches of different
colors would also have been useful in the
hunt,
functioning exactly like a tiger’s stripes or the
camouflage worn by hunters today. Once
colored pigments were added, both war paint
and cosmetics came into being. However, a
simple mix of fat and ashes is not soap, but a
precursor. For oils to saponify, ashes must
be converted to lye. It was this process that
must have been most elusive to our earliest
ancestors. Even so, there is abundant
evidence that the properties of caustic alkali
salts
were appreciated at a very early time.
Strictly speaking, ashes steeped in water do not create lye,
but potash. Lye is a caustic
sodium salt which is made from brine. The process for
creating this chemical on an
industrial scale was invented in the 19th century, and had
a huge impact on the soap
industry. Prior to that time, most soap was made with
potash or a refined form call
pearlash. Potash is a caustic salt of potassium rather than
sodium. It is still used today in
the production of liquid soaps. The addition of table salt
or sodium chloride to harden
soap was known at least as early as the Roman era, and in
various locations natural
deposits of caustic alkali were known to exist.
Nevertheless, the use of sodium salts in the
form of lye to create hard soaps was a late development.
The Elber Papyrus,written about 1550 BC is a scroll more
than sixty feet long, containing
nearly a thousand different prescriptions and discussions
concerning a host of diseases
and conditions. Egyptian medicine was holistic, and in
many cases the ancient Egyptian
treatments remain in use today. The Elbers papyrus
contains one of the earliest
descriptions of cancer and its treatment, describes the use
of honey to heal wounds,
outlines the earliest known treatment for the regeneration
of hair loss, and describes the
benefits of soap made with vegetable oils and herbs.
Many other ancient peoples also discovered the
usefulness of soap. The ancient Romans,
Celts, Hebrews, Phoenicians and Egyptians all knew how
to saponify various fats and
oils. There is supposedly a preserved soap factory at
Pompeii, complete with finished,
modern-looking bars, although more recent study of the
site has thrown doubt on what
this space may actually have been used for.
Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, much of
Europe forgot how to make soap.
Bathing remained popular, but it was often considered
risqué or even a little sacrilegious.
St. Jerome is supposed to have said that having been
washed clean in Christ, it was not
necessary to bathe again. It was a time when the Church
held the great masses of people
in an iron grip of ignorance and poverty. The filth and
unsanitary conditions of medieval
Europe contributed to plagues and all kinds of illness.
Still, there were soapmaking
centers in Italy and France as early as the 9th century.
Personal cleanliness did not gain mass popularity in
Europe until the 17th century.
Eventually, though, soapmaking industries did emerge in
Italy and France. Vegetable oils
and purified animal fats (lard and tallow) were blended
with costly scents and colorants,
as well as various kinds of botanical essences. In the 14th
century the French emerged as
the makers of the finest soaps, using imported oils instead
of tallow. In England, where
soapmaking had long been a byproduct of the chandler’s
trade, soapmaking had yet to
come into its own. Soapmakers who tried to specialize
found themselves so heavily taxed
that it was difficult to stay in business.
The Muslims who occupied Spain and North
Africa during the height of the Islamic
empire maintained a high level of cleanliness.
Their cities were clean, beautiful and well-
lit, and their universities attracted scholars
from around the world. In science, art,

medicine, philosophy, and many of the basic aspects of

civilization, the Muslims
provided the foundation which eventually lifted Europe
up from the Dark Ages to the
Renaissance. Throughout the Muslim world, soap was
made from olive, palm, laurel and
other oils. In Spain, the region called Castilla is
remembered for a mild soap made from
pure olive oil. True castile soap, made from olive oil or
olive pomace oil (the oil drained
and pressed from the leftover material from the olive
press), is a soft white bar that is
extremely mild. It doesn’t lather very well, though, and
soapmakers experimented with
adding other oils. Advances in shipping and exploration
brought new materials to the
marketplace, and soapmakers learned that coconut oil
produces a luxurious lather; while
palm oil stabilizes the mixture and produces a hard, long-
lasting bar. Castor oil attracts
moisture to the skin and adds lather as well. Many other
oils are used for their healing
and conditioning properties.
Soap was heavily taxed as a luxury item well into the 19th
century, especially by the
British. Once the taxes were lifted, soap became available
to ordinary people, and
sanitary conditions improved. Commercial soapmaking in
America dates from 1608,
when soapmakers arrived from England aboard the first
ship to follow the Mayflower.
Soapmakers were pioneers in advertising. In 1837, two
brothers-in-law, chandler William
Proctor and James Gamble, a soapmaker, formed a
partnership to manufacture and sell
their products. These two men created a scheme for
producing and distributing low cost,
high quality soap products. They were extremely
successful, and in less than twenty
years, their annual sales exceeded $1,000,000. By 1904,
the Proctor and Gamble
company was spending nearly half a million dollars a year
on advertising – a staggering
amount for that time. Even today, their insights into mass-
marketing and distribution are
studied in college marketing courses.
William Colgate opened his factory in New York in 1806.
Colgate introduced Cashmere
Bouquet, America’s first perfumed soap, in 1872. Proctor
and Gamble first marketed
Ivory Soap in 1879. This product was the result of
accidentally over-stirring a batch of
soap, and the resulting infusion of air bubbles made it
float. It was an instant hit.
During the Great Depression, with distribution failing and
money in short supply,
homeowners began searching for soap recipes. It was
during this desperate period that
daytime radio dramas were introduced to the America
home, sponsored by companies
seeking to market their soap. Today, they’re on TV
instead of the radio, and we know
them as “soap operas.”
The creation of the first synthetic detergents came in
1916. Since then, detergents and
surfactants have gradually replaced the more natural oils
in personal cleansing products.
Sales of detergents surpassed soaps for the first time in
1953. Further refinements
included the introduction of dishwashing powders, liquid
hand cleaners and detergents
for laundering in cold water. Today, most laundering and
personal cleansing products are
completely synthetic.
For centuries, soap has been made with animal fats as a
byproduct of farming. Old
fashioned lard-and-lye soap has been around for
generations and was made at home to
clean laundry as well as for bathing. This was an arduous
chore usually done by
housewives. It involved steeping ashes to make lye,
rendering saved fat and grease, and
boiling the whole mess in a big iron pot. Commercial
soapmakers – called chandlers
because they also produced tallow candles – would collect
ashes, animal fats and grease
from homesteads, exchanging them for finished soap.
Early homemade soaps were soft. They were kept in
barrels and ladled out as needed.
Salt was added to harden the soap so that it could be cut
into bars. (The Roman scholar
and historian Pliny the Elder was the first to write about
adding salt to harden soap). Salt
was too expensive for the average person to add to soap,
but chandlers used it to create
large blocks. Bars were cut from these blocks and sold,
but individual wrapped bars did
not become common until the middle of the 19th century.
The discovery of industrial
processes to create lye from brine instead of ashes
revolutionized the soap industry and
made commercial mass-production of soap bars possible.
Soap was an important commodity in mid-19th century
America. Although germs were
not yet known, doctors noticed during the Civil War that
soldiers who were bathed
regularly and kept in clean environments had a much
higher survival rate and got fewer
infections. The credit for this discovery goes to a nurse
who worked at the front during
the Crimean War. Her name was Florence Nightingale.
Although fine domestic and imported soaps were then
available, the Civil War created such economic hardship
that many southern women made their own soap well into
the 20th century.
Home production of soap remained strong during the
1940s, as the government was
buying all the available grease to produce glycerin for
explosives. But by the 1950s, the
economy boomed and soapmaking began to decline. By
the 60s, homemade soap was
virtually unheard-of. People believed in the corporation.
Nobody made things for
themselves when the supermarket shelves were filled with
affordable products. There was
a television in every home, and corporate advertising
made it seem glamorous to buy
products that were once made by hand. Few people
remembered the days when folks
made their own, and no one even noticed when natural
ingredients were replaced with
synthetic, petroleum-based chemicals.
The brand name Palmolive once described the ingredients
used to make a high-quality
product, but after WWII it became simply a word which
carried an implication of quality
from an earlier era. Soapmaking was associated with
poor, backwoods types who lived in
places like the Appalachians. Folks moved to big cities,
and most of them could not have
told you what tallow was, or what it was good for.
Many commercial soaps today are not really soap at all.
They are made with chemical
detergents and petroleum byproducts. They contain
carcinogens and allergens. Read the
label on the soap you’re used to using, and you will
understand why you often feel dry
and itchy after your shower. You’ve been covering your
skin with chemicals! Natural
soap feels luxurious when you use it, and it nourishes and
heals your skin. As the
chemical industry has taken over, independent craftsmen
have rediscovered the
wonderful benefits of natural, handmade soap. Today,
soapmaking is a cottage industry
that is growing by leaps and bounds.
It takes a up to a month to create a single bar of soap!
Once the ingredients are processed and mixed the soap is
poured into molds, where it must stand for a day or two
before it is solid enough for handling. It is then cut into
bars which must be set on racks to cure for several weeks.
The curing process allows the water to evaporate and the
bars to harden. They are then trimmed and wrapped by
hand. Whether it’s done as a hobby or a business, this is a
labor of love!
Creating handmade soaps is a blend of art and science
with endless opportunities for
creativity. There are several processes used to make soaps
at home, and each has its
aficionados. Some prefer the hot-process method, which
allows the soap to be used as
soon as it is cooled. I prefer the so-called cold process
because the extended curing time
allows natural aromas and synergies to develop. Melt-
and-pour is a technique that uses
blocks of clear soap which are melted, colored, scented
and poured into molds. These
soaps can have small items imbedded in them, or can
consist of clear, jewel-toned layers
that resemble a parfait. People make soap in crock pots
and microwaves. Joining a soap
group on the Internet is a good way to learn the
advantages and disadvantages of the
various approaches. Soapers are generally a very friendly
bunch and love to share recipes
and tips. Farmers Markets, Street Fairs and Craft Shows
usually feature at least a few
soapers. There are many books on soapmaking, and
websites beyond number.
As we move into the 21st century, soapmaking has come,
in some ways, full-circle. The
synthetic detergents are here to stay. But so is the luxury
of handmade artisan soap.
There's tremendous satisfaction in making something at
home that turns out better