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Business-to-business e-commerce:Transactions between businesses
conducted electronically over the Internet, extranets, intranets, or
private networks; also known as eB2B (electronic B2B) or just B2B.


 
 

i. Ônline intermediary:An online third party that brokers a transaction

online between a buyer and a seller; can be virtual or click-and-mortar
ii. Spot buying:The purchase of goods and services as they are needed,
usually at prevailing market prices
iii. Strategic sourcing: Purchases involving long-term contracts that are
usually based on private negotiations between sellers and buyers





 

 


i. Spot buyingThe purchase of goods and services as they are needed,
usually at prevailing market prices
ii. Strategic sourcing: Purchases involving long-term contracts that are
usually based on private negotiations between sellers and buyers

 



i. 0irect materials: Materials used in the production of a product (e.g.,

steel in a car or paper in a book)
ii. Indirect materials: Materials used to support production (e.g., office
supplies or light bulbs)
iii. MRÔs (maintenance, repairs, and operations): Indirect materials used
in activities that support production
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i. uertical marketplaces:Markets that deal with one industry or industry

segment (e.g., steel, chemicals)
ii. Horizontal marketplaces:Markets that concentrate on a service,
material, or a product that is used in all types of industries (e.g., office
supplies, PCs)

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i. Company-centric EC: E-commerce that focuses on a single company¶s

buying needs (many-to-one, or buy-side) or selling needs (one-to-
many, or sell-side)
ii. Private e-marketplaces: Markets in which the individual sell-side or
buy side company has complete control over participation in the selling
or buying transaction




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i. Exchanges (trading communities or tradingexchanges): Many-to-many
e-marketplaces, usually owned and run by a third party or a consortium,
in which many buyers and many sellers meet electronically to trade
with each other; also called trading communities or trading exchanges
ii. Public e-marketplaces: Third-party exchanges that are open to all
interested parties (sellers and buyers)





˜ Eliminates paper and reduces administrative costs.

˜ Expedites cycle time
˜ ÿowers search costs and time for buyers
˜ Increases productivity of employees dealing with buying and/or selling
˜ Reduces errors and improves quality of services.
˜ Reduces inventory levels and costs
˜ Increases production flexibility, permitting just-in-time delivery
˜ Dacilitates mass customization
˜ Increases opportunities for collaboration
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 : An e-marketplace is a virtual online market where organizations register
as buyers or sellers to conduct business-to-business e-commerce over
the internet.
There are many types of e-marketplace based on a range of business
models. They can be operated by an independent third party, or be run
by some form of industry consortium that has been set up to serve a
particular sector or marketplace.

Services offered by e-marketplaces include electronic catalogues for online

purchasing of goods and services, business directory listings and online
auctions.

 

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There are many different types of e-marketplace based on a range of
business models. They can be broadly divided into categories based on
the way in which they are operated.


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An independent e-marketplace is usually a business-to-business online

platform operated by a third party which is open to buyers or sellers in
a particular industry. By registering on an independent e-marketplace,
you can access classified ads or requests for quotations or bids in your
industry sector. There will typically be some form of payment required
to participate.



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A buyer-oriented e-marketplace is normally run by a consortium of
buyers in order to establish an efficient purchasing environment. If you
are looking to purchase, participating in this sort of e-marketplace can
 help you lower your administrative costs and achieve the best price
from suppliers. As a supplier you can use a buyer-oriented e-
marketplace to advertise your catalogue to a pool of relevant customers
who are looking to buy.


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Also known as a supplier directory, this marketplace is set up and

operated by a number of suppliers who are seeking to establish an
efficient sales channel via the internet to a large number of buyers.
They are usually searchable by the product or service being offered.
Supplier directories benefit buyers by providing information about
suppliers for markets and regions they may not be familiar with. Sellers
can use these types of marketplace to increase their visibility to
potential buyers and to get leads.


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uertical e-marketplaces provide online access to businesses vertically
up and down every segment of a particular industry sector such as
automotive, chemical, construction or textiles. Buying or selling using
a vertical e-marketplace for your industry sector can increase your
operating efficiency and help to decrease supply chain costs,
inventories and procurement-cycle time.
A horizontal e-marketplace connects buyers and sellers across different
industries or regions. You can use a horizontal e-marketplace to
purchase indirect products such as office equipment or stationery.
cs 3: Explain following payments instruments in detail:

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Cyber Cash¶s Secure Internet Credit Card Service delivers a safe, real-time
solution for merchantprocessing of credit card payments over the Internet.
The Credit Card Service lets any consumer with a valid credit card buys
from any Cyber Cash enabled merchant. 0esigned to integrate fullywith
existing transaction processing systems used by banks and other financial
institutions, theservice provides automated and instantaneous authentication,
enabling order processing totraverse the Internet 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week.

 
 

˜ Safe, private and easy to use. Protected by the highest allowed levels of
Internetencryption with assured authentication.
˜ üse existing uisa, MasterCard, American Express or 0iscover. No special
credit cardsare necessary.
˜ Complete on-line payments

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˜ Real-time authorization and settlement

˜ Receive payments instantly and secure
˜ No need to maintain expensive phone or fax operations
˜ Ôpen 24 hours a day

 

˜ Real-Time, automatic sales 24 hours a day: all processes are carried out from
your website without manual intervention. Transactions occur within 15 to
20 seconds. Consumershave more payment options, so sales are increased
˜ Inexpensive to integrate: because the Cyber Cash Credit Card Service works
with over80% of existing merchant banks, most merchants can continue
their established bankingand order-processing procedures.
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A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized
card with embedded integrated circuits. There are two broad categories of
ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components,
and perhaps dedicated security logic.
 cards contain volatile
memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic,
generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene or polycarbonate . Smart cards may also provide strong
security authentication for single sign-on within large organizations.







 





 


˜ 0imensions similar to those of a credit card. I0-1 of the ISÔ/IEC

7810 standard defines cards as nominally 85.60 by 53.98 millimeters
(3.370 × 2.125 in). Another popular size is I0-000 which is nominally
25 by 15 millimeters (0.984 × 0.591 in) (commonly used in SIM
cards). Both are 0.76 millimeters (0.030 in) thick.
˜ Contains a tamper-resistant security system (for example a secure
crypto processor and a secure file system) and provides security
services (e.g., protects in-memory information).
˜ Managed by an administration system which securely interchanges
information and configuration settings with the card, controlling card
blacklisting and application-data updates.
˜ Communicates with external services via card-reading devices, such
as ticket readers, ATMs, etc.


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Smart cards can provide identification, authentication, data storage and

application processing.
The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information
and applications that are programmed for use on a card. A single
contact/contactless smart card can be programed with multiple banking
credentials, medical entitlement, driver¶s license/public transport
entitlement, loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few.
Multi-factor and proximity authentication can and has been embedded into
smart cards to increase the security of all services on the card. Dor example,
a smart card can be programed to only allow a contactless transaction if it is
also within range of another device like a uniquely paired mobile phone.
This can significantly increase the security of the smart card.

Governments gain a significant enhancement to the provision of publicly

funded services through the increased security offered by smart cards. These
savings are passed onto society through a reduction in the necessary funding
or enhanced public services.
Individuals gain increased security and convenience when using smart cards
designed for interoperability between services.
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A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It

allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to
pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card creates a revolving
account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which
the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash
advance to the user.
A credit card is different from a charge card: a charge card requires the
balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, credit cards allow the
consumers a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being charged. A
credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like currency by
the owner of the card. Most credit cards are issued by banks or credit unions,
and are the shape and size specified by the ISÔ/IEC 7810 standard as I0-1.
This is defined as 85.60 × 53.98 mm (3.370 × 2.125 in) (33/8 × 21/8 in) in
size.




 

The main benefit to each customer is convenience. Compared to debit cards
and cheques, a credit card allows small short-term loans to be quickly made
to a customer who need not calculate a balance remaining before every
transaction, provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit
line for the card. Credit cards also provide more fraud protection than debit
cards.
Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages, such as offering
enhanced product warranties at no cost, free loss/damage coverage on new
purchases, and points which may be redeemed for cash, products, or airline
tickets. Additionally, carrying a credit card may be a convenience to some
customers as it eliminates the need to carry any cash for most purposes.

*

As well as convenient, accessible credit, credit cards offer consumers an
easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal
expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses
for taxation and reimbursement purposes. Credit cards are accepted
worldwide, and are available with a large variety of credit limits, repayment
arrangement, and other perks (such as rewards schemes in which points
earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for
further goods and services or credit card cash back).