Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 Where?
The Framework of Archaeology 19
Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features 73
BOX FEATURES
Sea and Ice Cores and Global Warming 233
El Niño Events 234
Discovering the Variety of Cave Sediments 240
Pollen Analysis 246
Human Experience 175 Elands Bay Cave 258
Water Pollution in Ancient North America 263
5 How Were Societies Organized? Site Catchment Analysis 264
Social Archaeology 177 Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS 266
Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp 268
Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society 178
Further Sources of Information 7 What Did They Eat?
for Social Organization 186
Subsistence and Diet 275
Techniques of Study for Mobile
Hunter-Gatherer Societies 194 What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? 276
Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies 198 Information from Animal Resources 289
Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States 207 Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and
The Archaeology of the Individual Domestication from Animal Remains 291
and of Identity 220 How Were Animal Resources Exploited? 307
The Emergence of Identity and Society 223 Assessing Diet from Human Remains 311
Investigating Gender and Childhood 225 Summary 315
The Molecular Genetics of Further Reading 316
Social Groups and Lineages 228
BOX FEATURES
Summary 230 Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study 278
Further Reading 230 Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm 282
Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia 286
BOX FEATURES
Taphonomy 292
Settlement Patterns in Mesopotamia 182
Quantifying Animal Bones 294
Ancient Ethnicity and Language 193
Bison Drive Sites 296
Space and Density in Hunter-Gatherer Camps 196
The Study of Animal Teeth 298
Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis 201
Farming Origins: A Case Study 302
Interpreting the Landscape of Early Wessex 204
Shell Midden Analysis 304
Maya Territories 208
Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDSCAL) 210
Archaeological and Social Analysis at Moundville 216
Conflict and Warfare 218
Early Intermediate Period Peru: Gender Relations 224
8 How Did They Make and Use Tools? 10 What Did They Think?
Technology 317 Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion 391
BOX FEATURES
Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death 434
Facial Reconstructions 439
Examining Bodies 448
Life and Death Among the Inuit 452
Lindow Man: The Body in the Bog 456
Genetics and Language Histories 462
Studying the Origins of New World
and Australian Populations 466
12 Why Did Things Change? 14 Whose Past?
Explanation in Archaeology 469 Archaeology and the Public 545
The Form of Explanation: General or Particular 482 Who Owns the Past? 549
Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several? 483 The Uses of the Past 554
Cognitive Archaeology 495 Who Interprets and Presents the Past? 571
Agency, Materiality, and Engagement 499 Archaeology and Public Understanding 571
Glossary 578
Notes and Bibliography 587
Acknowledgments 634
The World of Archaeology 503
Index 637
13 Archaeology in Action
Five Case Studies 505