Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CLASS: 404
YEAR: 2010
MATRIC NO: 10683
Title Page
Sulphuric Acid 4
Alloys 14
Synthetics Polymers 17
Composite Materials 23
Medicine 50
2
3
(H4SO4)
PROPERTIES OF SULPHURIC ACID
4
2.The process contain three stage
S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
Sulphur
ii. sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.
i.
The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over
vanadium(V) oxide
V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur
trioxide
SO3.
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)
Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly
into water.
SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)
5
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the
reaction is vary
vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid
fumes is
produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
Sulphur Oxygen
In the converter
S(s) + 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
O2(g)SO2(g) Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Unreacted
Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide
Oxygen 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
SO2(g) +
together with
H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l)
oxygen
H2S2O7(l) +
H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
Outline Of Contact process
6
1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless
and
poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous
acidic, H2SO3.
In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form
sulphurous acidic.
7
(NH3)
Properties of ammonia
Brownprecipitate
8
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to 2+form complexes.
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Zn(NH3)4] + 2OH−
9
USES OF AMMONIA
10
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY
3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst
under
controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.
i. Temperature: 450-500°C
ii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings
4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into
ammonia
gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over
the catalyst
again in the reactor chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses
into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.
11
The Haber Process
Nitrogen Hydrogen
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
12
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air
although it is
abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds
from soil
through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and
ammonia salt which
are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.
1. The atoms of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the
metal to have a high density
13
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More
heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are
further apart during the melting. This is why metals usually have high melting
point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration.
This makes metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able
to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in
a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom
slide easily over one another. This makes pure metals soft, malleable and
ductile.
Force
14
WHAT ARE ALLOYS?
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low
resistance to
Corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another
element (usually
Metal) is added to form another alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a
specific
Proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
15
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon steel 99% iron Strong, hard and • Making of cutting
1% carbon high wear tools, hammers
resistance and chisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron Do not rust and • Making of
0.4% carbon tarnish, strong and surgical
18%chromium durable instrument,
1% nickel knives forks and
spoons
Brass 70% copper Hard, do not rust, • Making of
30% zinc bright appearance ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze 90% copper Hard, do not • For casting bells,
10% tin corrode easily and medals, swords
durable and statues
Pewter 90% tin Ductile and • Making of
2.5% copper malleable, white ornaments,
0.5% antimony silvery souvenirs and
appearance mugs
Duralumin 95% aluminum Light, strong and • Making part of
4% copper durable aircrafts and
1%magnesium racing cars
Cupronickel 75%copper Attractive, silvery • Making of silver
25%nickel appearance, hard coins
and tough
16
The meaning of polymers
1. Polymers can be defined as large molecules composed of
numerous smaller, repeating units known as monomers which are
joined by covalent bonds.
2. Polymerization is the chemical process by which the monomers are
joined together to form the big molecule known as the polymers.
3. There are two types of polymerization process:
a) Addition polymerization
b) Condensation polymerization
4. A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the
relative molecular mass of a polymer is large.
5. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.
6. Polymers can be divided into two types:
a) Naturally occurring polymers
1. This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the
plants and animals.
2. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are:
a) Protein
b) Carbohydrate
c) Natural rubber
3. Naturally occurring polymers are formed by the joining
of monomers by polymerization.
4. Protein is formed by the joining of monomers known
as amino acid.
5. Carbohydrate is formed by the joining of monomers
known as glucose.
6. Natural rubber is formed by the joining of monomers
known as isoprene.
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b) Synthetic polymers
1. These types of polymer are man-made by chemical
process in the laboratories.
2. The raw material for synthetic polymers is obtained from petroleum.
3. The types of synthetic polymers include:
a) Plastics
b) Fibers
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are
polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC), polypropene
(polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5. Polythene and PVC are produced by addition
polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene.
They are produced by condensation polymerization.
18
Advantages of synthetic polymers
Strong and light
Cheap
Able to resist corrosion
Inert to chemical reactions
Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
Can be made to have special properties
19
Some Common Addition Polymers
Polyethylene ethylene
–(CH2-CH2)n– soft, waxy solid film wrap, plastic bags
low density (LDPE) CH2=CH2
Poly(vinyl acetate)
(PVAc) vinyl acetate
–(CH2-CHOCOCH3)n– soft, sticky solid latex paints, adhesives
CH2=CHOCOCH3
Polychloroprene (cis +
–[CH2-CH=CCl- chloroprene synthetic rubber
trans) tough, rubbery solid
CH2]n– CH2=CH-CCl=CH2 oil resistant
(Neoprene)
20
WHAT ARE GLASS?
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many
products are
made from glass because of its specials properties.
2. Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
21
CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as
kaolin to a
vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most
useful materials
in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement,
sinks, and toilet
bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to
heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not
tarnish easily and are
durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.
c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such
as toasters, fridges
and electrical plug.
Materials Melting point/ Density/G cm- Elastic Hardness/
° 3
C modulus/ GPa mohs
Oxide
ceramic 2054 3.97 380 9
Alumina,AL2O3 2574 3.01 370 8
Beryllia, BeO 2710 5.68 210 8
Zirconia, ZiO
Non-oxide
ceramics
Boron 2350 2.50 280 9
carbide,B4C3 2830 3.16 400 9
Silicon nitride,
Si3, n4 1900 3.17 310 9
Metals
Aluminium 660 2.70 70 3
Steel 1515 7.86 205 5
22
WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS?
REINFORCES CONCRETE
SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but
20% of the
electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity
at a
particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to
levitate a magnet.
Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at
about 552
km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in
internet
communication.
FIBRE OPTIC
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1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light
wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic
cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.
3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument
which enable
the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.
FIBRE GLASS
1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a
refractory
rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire
and water but
is brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass
reinforces
plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and
plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
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1. Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to remove grease and dirt.
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2. There are two type of cleansing agents :
a) Soaps
b) Detergents
4. Soaps are cleansing agents made from animal fats or vegetable oil by
saponification.
Detergents are structurally similar to soaps, but differ in the water-soluble portion.
Three examples of detergents are shown below.
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The History of Soap Manufacturing
1. Soap have been used for more than 3000 years. It was recorded that the
Babylonians were making soaps around 2800 B.C.
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2. The ‘Purifying Oils’ were recorded on Hebrew tablets in 4000 B.C.
3. In ancients time, soap made from ashes of plants which contain sodium
carbonate and potassium carbonate. The ashes were boiled with lime
(calcium oxide) to produce caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). Caustic
potash is then boiled with the animal fats to produce soap.
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Preparation of Soap by Saponification
2. Fats and vegetable oils are large, naturally occurring ester molecules.
When fats or oils are boiled with concentrated alkalis, such as sodium
hydroxide, saponification occurs and the ester molecules are broken
down into soap and glycerol.
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sodium hydroxide solution, saponification (alkaline hydrolysis) occurs and
mixture of sodium stearate (soap) and glycerol is obtained.
CH2COOC17H35 CH2OH
CHCOOC17H35 + 3NaOH
CHOH
(heating)
CH2COOC17H35 3C17H35COONa +
CH2OH
10. Animal fats (tallow) from cows and vegetable oils (such as palm oil or
olive oil) ae used for making soap.
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1. When soap is dissolved in water, it will dissociate and produce sodium
ions and carboxylate ions (RCOO-). For example, sodium stearate
dissolves in water to form sodium ions and stearate ions.
2. The active substance in soap is the carboxylate ion, for example, stearate
ion. The stearate ion consist of two parts : the ‘head’ and the ‘tail’. The
‘head’ id negatively charged and the ‘tail’ is a long hydrocarbon chain.
3. The ‘head’ contains the -C-O- ions which dissolves readily in water
(hydrophilic) but does not dissolve in oil. Conversely, the ‘tail’ contains a
long hydrocarbon chain which is insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but
dissolves readily in oil.
4. Soaps made from palmitic acid are known as sodium palmitate. Figure 5.2
shows the structure of the palmitate ion in soaps.
5. The figure 5.3 9a) shows the molecular model of palmitate ion and Figure
5.3 (b) shows the simple representation of the structure of the palmitate
ion.
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(b) The diagrammatic representation of the soap ion.
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1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons
obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.
Example: R – O – CH2CH2OH
33
Where R represents
a long hydrocarbon
chain.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkylbenzene sulphonate ion, more simply
as :
R – OSO3
Preparation of Derterdents
1. The detergent, sodium alkyl sulphate can be prepared from alcohols with
chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon atoms in two steps.
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Steps 1:Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid
a) Step 1 : Alkylation
35
Alkylation is the introduction of the alkyl group to an organic
molecule.
b) Step 2 : Sulphonation
c) Step 3 : Neutralization
36
When a detergent is dissolved in water, it dissociates to form sodium ions (Na+)
and detergent ions. The detergent ions have the same basic structure as the
soap ions, that is consist of two parts :
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2. Oil cannot be washed away from clothing with water because oil (a
covalent molecult0 is insoluble in water.
3. Lifting greasy dirt from the surface cloth. When soap or detergent is added
to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease.
4. I the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to be lifted off the
surface. This cause by the forces of attraction between the water
molecules and the negatively charged heads.
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The cleansing action of soap
5. On further agitation during washing, the greasy dirt is lifted from the
surface.
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c) When the cloth is rinsed with the water, the droplet will be carried
away.
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Additives in Detergent
1. Modern detergents used for washing clothes usually contains a few types
of additives to :
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in hot water to release oxygen (an oxidising agent) which is
responsible for the whitening (bleaching) action.
c) Unlike chlorine, oxygen does not bleach the colour of dyes are not
damaging to fabrics. When properly used, the perborate bleaches
make fabrics whiter than chlorine bleaches and the colourful dyes
of the fabrics do not fade when dirty stains are removed.
6. Brighteners
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b) Brighteners make fabrics appear whiter and brighter because the
blue light can hide any yellowing on the fabrics. Blue light added to
the yellow light reflected on old fabrics make them look white.
8. Stabilisers
9. Perfumes
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The effectiveness of soaps and detergents as cleansing agents
Advantages of soaps
1. Soaps are effective cleansing agents in soft water, that is water does not
contain Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions.
Disadvantages of soaps
1. Soaps are ineffective in hard water, that is, water that contains
magnesium and calcium salts.
2. In hard water, soaps will react with Mg2+ and thus, soaps do not lather in
hard water.
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4. Soaps are not also effective in acidic water, for example rainwater
containing dissolves acids. H+ ions from acids will react with soap ions to
produce carboxylic acids molecular size that are insoluble in water.
5. Stearic acids and other carboxylic acids do not act as cleansing agents
because they exist mainly as molecules and do not anionic hydrophilic
ends (’head’) that dissolves in water.
Advantages of detergents
1. Detergents are cleansing agents that are effective in soft water as well as
hard water. This is because detergents do not form scum with Mg+ and
Ca2+ ions found in hard water.
2. The detergents ions (R –O – SO3- and R – SO3- )react with Mg+ and Ca2+
ions in hard water. However, the magnesium salts and calcium salts which
are formed are soluble in water. Hence, the scum is not formed and the
detergents are still active in hard water and lathers easily.
3. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents. This means that the structure
of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with
specific properties. Nowadays, different types of detergents have been
synthesised for specific uses such as shampoos and dish cleaner.
Disadvantages of detergents
3. Detergents produce a lot of foam in water. The layer of foam that covers
the water surface will prevents oxygen from dissolving in water. This
45
condition will cause fish and other aquatic life ti die from oxygen
starvation.
46
Types of additives and examples
1. Food preservative have been used since ancient times. Ancient civilization
used salt to preserve meat and fish, herbs and spices to improve the
flavor of food.
2. Food additives are chemicals that are added to food in small quantities for
specific purposes such as protection against bacterial attack or restoring
the colour of food destroyed during food processing.
5. Table below show a list of different types of food additives, their functions
and examples of each types.
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sodium sorbate
Antioxidants Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) ; BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
; BHT (butylated hydrixitoluene) ; citric acid ; sodim citrate
Flavouring agents Monosodium glutamate (MSG) ; aspartame
Stabilisers and Gelatin ; acacia gum (agar)
thickening agents
Dyes (colouring Azo compounds ; tripheny compounds
agents)
Preservatives
2. In ancient times, food additives from natural sources such as salt, sugar
and vinegar were used to preserve food and to make the food taste better.
3. Nowadays, synthetic preservatives are used, table below shows the types
of preservatives commonly used. Many of the preservatives are organic
acids and salts of organic acids.
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To maintain the natural colour of
meat and to make them look fresh
Benzoic acid C6H5COOH To preserve sauce (olyster, tomato
Sodium C6H5COONa or chilli), fruit juice, jam and
benzoate margarine
Sulphur dioxide SO2 Used as bleaches and antioxidants
Sodium sulphite Na2SO3 to prevent browning in fruit juices.
Maintain the colour and freshness of
vegetables.
To prevents the growth of yeast
Antioxidants
2. Foods containing fats or oils are oxidized and become rancid when
exposed to air.
3. When the fats and oils are oxidized, rancid product are formed. This
makes the food unpalatable. The rancid product are volatile organic
compound with foul odours (for example , butanoic acid, C3H7COOH).
4. Antioxidants are added to fats, oils, cakes, sausages, biscuits and fried
foods to slow down the oxidation process so that these foods do not
become rancid.
Flavouring agents
1. There are two types of flavouring agents : artificial flavours and flavour
enhancer. They are added to foods to make them taste better.
49
2. Flavour enhancer have little or no taste of their own. They are chemicals
that are added to food to bring out the flavours or to enhance the taste of
food.
6. Many esters have fruity odours and tastes and are used as artificial
flavours. Table below shows some examples of esters that are used in
making drinks.
1. Stabilisers and thickening agents improve the texture and the blending of
foods.
2. Stabilisers are chemicals that are used to enable oil and water in the food
to mix together properly in order to form an emulsion of oil and water.
Examples of stabilizers are gelatin and acacia gum.
50
4. In the presence of stabilisers, the emulsion of oil does not separate from
water. This means that the stabilisers improves the stability of some foods
such as ice-cream and salad dressings (mayonnaise).
6. Thickening agents are chemicals that are added to foods to thicken the
liquid and to prevent the foods from becoming liquid. Thickening agents
(also called thickeners) absorb water and thicken the liquid in foods to
produce a jelly-like structure.
7. Most thickening agents are natural carbohydrates. Gelatin and pectin are
added to help jams and jellies to set.
Dyes
1. Dyes (colouring agents) are chemicals that are added to foods to give
them colour so as to improve their appearance.
2. Some foods are naturally coloured, but the colour is lost during food
processing. The foods industry uses synthetic food colours to :
3. Some dyes are naturally plant pigments while others are synthetically
prepared. The synthetic colours used in foods are azo and triphenyl
compounds. Both these compounds are organic compounds.
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5. Azo compounds are organic compounds containing the diazo group, - N =
N -, and are usually yellow , red, brown, black in colour. Triphenyl
compounds are organic compounds containing three phenyl groups,
-C6H5, and are usually green. Blue or purple in colour.
1. The types of food additives allowed and the quantity permitted are
controlled by the 1983 Food Act and the 1985 Food Regulation.
2. The permissible quantity depends on the type of food and the food
additives. For example, benzoic acid added must not exceed 800 mg per
kg in cordial drinks, whereas sodium nitrite must not exceed 100 mg per
kg in meat product.
3. The excessive intake of food additives for a prolonged period of time will
ruin our health. The side effects arising from taking food additives are
allergy, cancer, brain damage and hyperactivity.
4. Allergy
52
to the lack of oxygen in the blood. Hence, the use of nitrate and
nitrite is allowed in baby foods.
5. Cancer
6. Brain damage
Excessive intake of nitrites for a prolonged period of time can cause brain
damage. In this condition, the supply of oxygen to the brain is disrupted
and this cause brain damage.
7. Hyperactivity
Advantages
1. To prevent food spoilage
53
c) Few deaths are associates with the use of food additives. However,
many people die due to food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins.
a) Aspartame and sorbitol are used to make foods and drinks sweet
without using sugar. These food additives are particularly useful as
artificial sweeteners for diabetic patients.
Disadvantages
2. Some food additives are used to make foods look more appealing. These
additives have little nutritional value. Eating such foods increases the risk
of health hazard.
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3. Some foods are fortified with excess amounts of nutrients, such as
vitamins A and D, or of trace elements, such as copper and zinc. Eating
foods with excessive amounts of nutrients can ruin our health.
3. Since ancients, mankind had used various types of plants and roots,
animals and animal part to cure diseases.
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For preventing flu attack
For treating skin diseases
Quinine Bark of Chinchona For treating malaria
tree For preventing muscle
cramps
Ginseng Roots As a tonic to improve the
overall health of human
beings
For increasing energy,
endurance and reducing
fatigue
Lemon grass Stem/leaves Has antibacterial and
antifungal properties
For treating cough
Tongkat Ali Roots As a tonic for after a birth
and general health
Modern medicines
1. Before the 20th century, most medicines were extracted from plants
(herbal medicines). Since 1900. Thousands of modern drugs have been
synthesised from organic compound.
4. Modern drugs have a trade name and a generic name. For example, the
analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under different brand names such
as Caprin and Disprin. Similarly, paracetamol (generic name) is sold under
the trade name of Panadol.
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Fucntion of each type of modern drug
Analgesics
1. Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain. Examples of analgesics are
aspirin, paraccetamol, and codeine. Analgesics are sometimes called
painkillers.
b) Uses of aspirin
5. Paracetamol
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b) Paracetamol is similar to aspirin in its effects (that is, reduces fever
and relieves pain) but it does not reduce inflammation.
6. Codeine
5. Penicillin
Psychotherapeutic medicines
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1. Psychotherapeutic medicines are a group of drugs for treating mental or
emotional illnesses.
3. Stimulants
c) Stimulants make a person more alert, more energetic, less tired and
more cheerful.
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f) Amphetamines increase the heart and respiration rates, as well as
the blood pressure. As a result, it causes the body to postpone the
need of sleep and can reverse, partially and temporarily, the
symptoms of fatigue.
4. Antidepressants
5. Antipsychotic medicines
Hear voice and see things that are not really there (hallucinations)
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Side effects of traditional medicines
2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a prolonged period may cause
hearing loss. German health officials recently reported 40 cases of liver
damage which were linked to the herbal medicine containing kava-kava.
3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising globally, health experts have
insufficient data about how it affects patients.
Type of modern
Side effects
drug
Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is vey
acidic.
Aspirin
Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic
attacks
People who abuse amphetamines are excitable and
talkative.
Psychologically additive and can cause heart attack.
Amphetamines Can cause anxiety, sleeplessness, aggressive behavior
and decrease appetite.
Can cause enlarged pupils, heavy perspiration and
trembling hands.
Codeine Can cause addiction.
Can cause allergic reactions.
Penicillin
Can cause death for people who are allergic to it.
Can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, rashes and fever.
Streptomycin
Can cause loss of hearing following long-term use.
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Stimulants Can cause addiction.
Can cause addiction.
Antidepressants
Can cause headaches, grogginess and loss of appetite.
Can cause dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention,
Antipsychotic constipation.
drugs Can cause tremor and restlessness.
Sedation (make people calmer, or to make people sleepy)
In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how the
medicine should be used, what special precautions should be followed, what
special diet should be followed, what are the side effects, and what storage
conditions are needed. In addition, we should note the following points :
1. Self-medication
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
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Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other
effects of the drugs.
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after
their expiry dates.
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