RENEWABLE ENERGY REPORT

POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

Renewable Energy Report

Contents:

DEFINITION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: ...........................................................3

RENEWABLE -WORLD WIDE (MW POWER PLANTS) ...................................3
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY...........................................................................3
FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ...................................................................3
WATER: ............................................................................................................3
HYDROELECTRICITY ......................................................................................5
SOLAR ENERGY ..............................................................................................5
WIND POWER ..................................................................................................6
WASTE WATER................................................................................................6
Power can also be obtained from sewage water. The technique used
herefore are Microbial fuel cells. Also using the same microbial fuel cells,
instead of from wastewater, energy may also be obtained directly from
(certain) aquatic plants. These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice,
tomatoes, lupines, algae ................................................................................6
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY .................................................................................7
BIOGAS ............................................................................................................7
COGENERATION .............................................................................................8
RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMERCIALIZATION (RENEWABLE VS TOTAL) ....8
WORLD ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUELS .............................................9
GROWTH OF RENEWABLES..............................................................................9
INDIA: 12% GROWTH IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT....................10
HYDRO POTENTIAL A GREAT SOURCE .........................................................11
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER .............................................................11
EXAMPLES OF NHPC HYDRO POWER PLANTS IN INDIA..........................12
UNDER CONSTRUCTION..............................................................................12
India seeks 20,000 MW of solar power capacity by 2020................................13
Cumulative , installed Solar Photovoltaic power capacity 2008-15..................14
India: Third biggest market for wind energy ....................................................14
Growth in World wide Wind Market .................................................................15
Bio gas – Future prospective worldwide..........................................................15
State –wise estimated potential- Bio Gas plants .............................................16
Renewable energy projects - availabilty & reliability........................................17
Solar Energy....................................................................................................17
Wind energy ....................................................................................................17
Hydro Electric Power.......................................................................................18
Biomass Energy ..............................................................................................18
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

DEFINITION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:

A renewable resource is always there and will never run out. It keeps renewing
itself.

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as

sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally
replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from
renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning.
Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% of global
energy consumption and 15% of global electricity generation.

RENEWABLE -WORLD WIDE (MW POWER PLANTS)

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide

installed capacity of 121,000 megawatts (MW) in 2008, and is widely used in
European countries and the United States. The annual manufacturing output of
the photovoltaic’s industry reached 6,900 MW in 2008, and photovoltaic (PV)
power stations are popular in Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations
operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS
power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power
installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil
has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving
production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent
of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.

NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

A non-renewable resource is something that we are using up, and at some time
there will be none left worth harvesting. Once you use it, it's gone.
Examples are coal, oil, natural gas, uranium. Oil is already in short supply. Metals
like aluminum and iron and steel are non-renewable if we dig them out of the
ground, but renewable if we recycle them.

FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

WATER:
Energy in water (in the form of kinetic energy, temperature differences or salinity
gradients) can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser
than air
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

There are many forms of water energy:

• Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale

hydroelectric dams.
• Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas
as a Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). There are many of these
installations around the world, including several delivering around 50 kW
in the Solomon Islands.
• Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans
without using a dam.
• Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the
ocean and the sea:

I. Marine current power. Similar to tidal stream power, uses

the kinetic energy of marine currents
II. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the
temperature difference between the warmer surface of
the ocean and the colder lower recesses. To this end, it
employs a cyclic heat engine. OTEC has not been field-
tested on a large scale.
III. Tidal power captures energy from the tides. Two different
principles for generating energy from the tides are used
at the moment:
IV. Tidal motion in the vertical direction — Tides come in,
raise water levels in a basin, and tides roll out. Around
low tide, the water in the basin is discharged through a
turbine, exploiting the stored potential energy.
V. Tidal motion in the horizontal direction —Using tidal
stream generators, like wind turbines but then in a tidal
stream. Due to the high density of water, about eight-
hundred times the density of air, tidal currents can have a
lot of kinetic energy. Several commercial prototypes have
been built, and more are in development.
VI. Wave power uses the energy in waves. Wave power
machines usually take the form of floating or neutrally
buoyant structures which move relative to one another or
to a fixed point. Wave power has now reached
commercialization.

• Osmotic power or salinity gradient power, is the energy retrieved from the
difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water.
Reverse electro dialysis (PRO) is in the research and testing phase.
• Vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers in order to cause
the formation of vortices which can then be tapped for energy.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

• Deep lake water cooling, although not technically an energy generation

method, can save a lot of energy in summer. It uses submerged pipes as
a heat sink for climate control systems. Lake-bottom water is a year-round
local constant of about 4 °C.

HYDROELECTRICITY

The major advantage of hydroelectric systems is the elimination of the cost of

fuel. Other advantages include longer life than fuel-fired generation, low
operating costs, and the provision of facilities for water sports. Operation of
pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system.
Overall, hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated
from fossil fuels or nuclear energy, and areas with abundant hydroelectric power
attract industry.

Large hydroelectric power is considered to be a renewable energy by a large

number of sources, however, many groups have lobbied for it to be excluded
from renewable electricity standards, any initiative to promote the use of
renewable energies, and sometimes the definition of renewable itself. Some
organizations, including US federal agencies, will specifically refer to "non-hydro
renewable energy". Many laws exist that specifically label "small hydro" as
renewable or sustainable and large hydro as not. Furthermore, the line between
what is small or large also differs by governing body.

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy refers to energy that is collected from sunlight. Solar energy can be
applied in many ways, including to:

• Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.

• Generate electricity using concentrated solar power.
• Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a
Solar updraft tower.
• Generate electricity in geosynchronous orbit using solar power satellites.
• Generate hydrogen using photo electrochemical cells.
• Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys.
• Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design.
• Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.
• Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using
solar-thermal panels.
• Solar air conditioning
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

WIND POWER
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from
around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of
1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output
of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed
increases, power output increases dramatically. Areas where winds are stronger
and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred
locations for wind farms.

Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual energy production is
never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the
total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical
maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with
values at the upper end of the range in particularly favorable sites. For example,
a 1 MW turbine with a capacity factor of 35% will only produce an average of
0.35 MW. Over a year, output would be .35x24x365 = 3,066 MWh instead of
24x365 = 8,760 MWh. Online data is available for some locations and the
capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output.

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five

times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity
demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines,
particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience
mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources
could contribute substantially more energy. This number could also increase with
higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines.

Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation,

such as carbon dioxide and methane

WASTE WATER
Power can also be obtained from sewage water. The technique used herefore
are Microbial fuel cells. Also using the same microbial fuel cells, instead of from
wastewater, energy may also be obtained directly from (certain) aquatic plants.
These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice, tomatoes, lupines, algae
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself,
usually from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust. It is expensive to build a
power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for
suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.

Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy:
dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the
ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants
take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and
allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in
steam/water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine. In binary
plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that
spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all
three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

BIOGAS
Biogas can easily be produced from current waste streams, such as paper
production, sugar production, sewage, animal waste and so forth. These various
waste streams have to be slurred together and allowed to naturally ferment,
producing methane gas. This can be done by converting current sewage plants
into biogas plants. When a biogas plant has extracted all the methane it can, the
remains are sometimes more suitable as fertilizer than the original biomass.

Alternatively biogas can be produced via advanced waste processing systems

such as mechanical biological treatment. These systems recover the recyclable
elements of household waste and process the biodegradable fraction in
anaerobic digesters.

Renewable natural gas is a biogas which has been upgraded to a quality similar
to natural gas. By upgrading the quality to that of natural gas, it becomes
possible to distribute the gas to the mass market via the existing gas grid.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

COGENERATION

Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat
engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful
heat

Thermal power plants (including those that use fissile elements or burn coal,
petroleum, or natural gas), and heat engines in general, do not convert all of their
thermal energy into electricity. In most heat engines, a bit more than half is lost
as excess heat By capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be
wasted in a conventional power plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to
89%, compared with 55% for the best conventional plants. This means that less
fuel needs to be consumed to produce the same amount of useful energy.

RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMERCIALIZATION

(RENEWABLE VS TOTAL)
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

WORLD ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUELS

GROWTH OF RENEWABLES
From the end of 2004 to the end of 2008, solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity
increased sixfold to more than 16 gigawatts (GW), wind power capacity
increased 250 percent to 121 GW, and total power capacity from new
renewables increased 75 percent to 280 GW. During the same period, solar
heating capacity doubled to 145 gigawatts-thermal (GWth), while biodiesel
production increased sixfold to 12 billion liters per year and ethanol production
doubled to 67 billion liters per year.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

INDIA: 12% GROWTH IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

INVESTMENT

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) indicates very impressive trends

for India's renewable energy sector. According to the report, 'Global Trends in
Sustainable Energy Investment 2009', India's renewable energy investment grew
by 12% in 2008. With an investment of $3.7 billion in just a single year, India's
renewable energy sector appears well on its way to meeting the ambitious target
set by the Indian Government in the 11th Five Year Plan. The plan aims for the
sector to grow to $19 billion from 2008 to 2012, with renewable making up 20%
of the 70,000 MW of total additional energy planned from 2008-2012.

This is extremely positive news, and bolsters India's global leadership in the
transition to clean, renewable energy. Renewable (including hydro) already
account for 34% of India's current Installed Power Capacity (if nuclear power is
included, then 37% of India's current Installed Power Capacity is "clean"). India is
currently ranked fifth in the world in terms of its wind power generation.

The investment in solar energy grew from $18 million in 2007 to $347 million in
2008. The investment in small hydro projects grew about four-fold to $543 million
in 2008. The growth in biofuels fell by 80% from $251 million in 2007 to $49
million in 2008.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

This type of growth is not new to this sector; India has been actively increasing its
strength in renewable energy over the past many years. From 2002 to 2007,
there was 3,075 MW of renewable grid-tied power planned, but the actual
capacity addition exceeded 6,000 MW by 2006. A large share of this was the
result of exceptional growth

of wind energy in India. Wind energy is expected to add more than 10,000 MW of
additional capacity by 2012, followed by small hydro (1,400 MW), co-generation
(1,200 MW) and biomass (500 MW). Plans to scale up India's solar capacity
through the National Solar Mission are also on the anvil.

HYDRO POTENTIAL A GREAT SOURCE

INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential

assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed
capacity). In addition, 6780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini,
and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped
storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been
identified. However, only 19.9% of the potential has been harnessed so far.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

• A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves.
• Non-polluting and hence environment friendly.
• Long life - The first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation at
Darjeeling is still in operation.
• Cost of generation, operation and maintenance is lower than the other
sources of energy.
• Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load
acceptance/rejection makes it suitable to meet peak demand and for
enhancing system reliability and stability.
• Has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas
(around 50%).
• Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial
installation.
• Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of
irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation,
tourism, pisciculture etc.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

EXAMPLES OF NHPC HYDRO POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

Installed Total Capacity Year Of
S No. Project State
Capacity(MW) (MW) Commission
Himachal
1 Baira Siul Pradesh
3 * 60 180 1981

2 Loktak Manipur 3 * 35 105 1983

Jammu &
3 Salal Kashmir
6 * 115 690 1987

4 Tanakpur Uttarakhand 3 * 40 120 1992

Himachal
5 Chamera - I Pradesh
3 * 180 540 1994

Jammu &
6 Uri - I Kashmir
4 * 120 480 1997

7 Rangit Sikkim 3 * 20 60 1999

Himachal
8 Chamera - II Pradesh
3 * 100 300 2003

9 Indira Sagar* Madhya Pradesh 8 * 125 1000 2004-05

10
Dhauliganga Uttarakhand 4 * 70 280 2005-06
-I
Jammu &
11 Dulhasti Kashmir
3 * 130 390 2006-07

12
Omkareshwar Madhya Pradesh 8 * 65 520 2007
*
13 Teesta - V Sikkim 3 * 170 510 2008

Total

UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Updated On :- 27/05/2009
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

India seeks 20,000 MW of solar power capacity by 2020

The Indian government is reported to have finalized the draft for the National
Solar Mission, outlining ambitious long-term plans to attain an installed solar
power generation capacity of 20,000 megawatts (MW) by the year 2020, which
would be increased to 100,000 MW by the year 2030, and further to 200,000 MW
by the year 2050. The plan also aims to reduce the cost of solar power
generation to between $0.0846 and $0.1058 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) by 2017-20
in order to make solar power competitive with power generated from fossil fuels.

In order to achieve the proposed targets, the government is likely to make

investments of approximately $18 billion to $22 billion over a period of 30 years.
An estimated investment of about $1.06 billion to $1.27 billion will be required
during the current Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, 2007-2012, while an
investment of $2.54 billion to $3.18 billion will be required during the Twelfth Five-
Year Plan, 2012-2017

The Mission envisages 20,000 MW of solar power generation capacity to be

installed across five application segments by 2020. These segments include
12,000 MW of power connected to the utility grid, 3,000 MW of power from 1
million captive and grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) installations
with an average individual capacity of 3 kilowatts (kW) each, 3,000 MW of rural
installations, and 2,000 MW of distributed solar PV applications such as telecom
towers. In addition, about 20 million households are envisaged to have access to
solar lighting, while solar heating applications would be set up over 20 million
square meters of collector area by 2020.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

Cumulative , installed Solar Photovoltaic power capacity 2008-15

India: Third biggest market for wind energy

India has established itself as the third biggest wind energy market worldwide in
terms of new installations, and 875 mw was added during 2004. The country is
expected to get ahead of the former pioneer country Denmark —with an increase
of only 7 mw—soon and become number four in terms of total capacity. .
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

Growth in World wide Wind Market

Bio gas – Future prospective worldwide

 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

State –wise estimated potential- Bio Gas plants

 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

Renewable energy projects - availabilty & reliability

Solar Energy
Solar power, a clean renewable resource with zero emission, has got
tremendous potential of energy which can be harnessed using a variety of
devices. With recent developments, solar energy systems are easily available for
industrial and domestic use with the added advantage of minimum maintenance.
Solar energy could be made financially viable with government tax incentives and
rebates.

An exclusive solar generation system of capacity of 250 to KWh units per month
would cost around Rs. 5 Lacs, with present pricing and taxes. Most of the
developed countries are switching over to solar energy as one of the prime
renewable energy source. The current architectural designs make provision for
photovoltaic cells and necessary circuitry while making building plans.

Wind energy

India now ranks as a “wind superpower” having a net potential of about 45000
MW
Wind power is one of the most efficient alternative energy sources. There has
been good deal of development in wind turbine technology over the last decade
with many new companies joining the fray. Wind turbines have become larger,
efficiencies and availabilities have improved and wind farm concept has become
popular. It could be combined with solar, especially for a total self-sustainability
project.
 POWER-GEN INDIA & Central Asia, featuring the Renewable Energy World Pavilion
21 – 23 April 2010

The economics of wind energy is already strong, despite the relative immaturity
of the industry. The downward trend in wind energy costs is predicted to
continue. As the world market in wind turbines continues to boom, wind turbine
prices will continue to fall. only from 13 identified states.

Hydro Electric Power

India has a huge hydro power potential, out of which around 20 % has been
realized so far. New hydro projects are facing serious resistance from
environmentalists. Resettlement of the displaced people with their lands
becomes major issue.

Biomass Energy

Biomass energy can play a major role in reducing India’s reliance on fossil fuels
by making use of thermo-chemical conversion technologies. In addition, the
increased utilization of biomass-based fuels will be instrumental in safeguarding
the environment, creating new job opportunities, sustainable development and
health improvements in rural areas. Biomass energy could also aid in
modernizing the agricultural economy. A large amount of energy is expended in
the cultivation and processing of crops like sugarcane, food grains, vegetables
and fruits which can be recovered by utilizing energy-rich residues for energy
production. The integration of biomass-fuelled gasifies and coal-fired energy
generation would be advantageous in terms of improved flexibility in response to
fluctuations in biomass availability with lower investment costs.

Waste-to-energy plants offer two important benefits of environmentally sound

waste management and disposal, as well as the generation of clean electric
power. Waste-to-energy facilities produce clean, renewable energy through
thermochemical, biochemical and physicochemical methods. Moreover, waste-to-
energy plants are highly efficient in harnessing the untapped sources of energy
from a variety of wastes.