June 21, 2009

Classification of Water Based on

Salinity

Desalination : Future Prospective and Challenges - Fresh Water ≤ 500 ppm

Presented by : A. H. Konsowa

Associate Professor of Chem. Eng.,

- Brackish Water 500 – 5000 ppm
ADST Board Member & Technical Manager of Deslurban Project

- Highly Brackish Water 5000 – 10000 ppm

Tel. :+2035925557
Fax. :+2035921853
Mob.:+20122162806
E-mail: konsowa2002@yahoo.com

Salinity of Diff. Seas and Oceans 3- Population Growth In Egypt 2000 – 2050

- Baltic Sea 7000 ppm pop.growth

- Black Sea 13000 ppm

120
Millions

- Adriatic Sea 25000 ppm 100

- Pacific Ocean 33600 ppm 80

- Indian Ocean 33800 ppm

60 pop.growth

- Mediterranean Sea 39400 ppm

- Arabian Gulf 43000 ppm 40

- Red Sea 44000 ppm 20

- B.W (N.C) ???? 0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Water Deficit in Alexandria by 2037

5- Future needs of water in Egypt

Population
Water
per capita - Alexandria Population 2006 ---- 4,100,000
Year requirement
(million) (m3/year) - Scarcity limit water(m³/yr) ----- 4.1 Billion
(billion m3/year)
2006 75.14 75.14 876.3
2015 85.92 85.91 766.4 - Alexandria Population 2037 ---- 8,400,000
2025 99.71 99.71 660.4
2035 115.72 115.72 569.1 - Water Deficit 4.3 Billion m³/yr
2045 134.30 134.3 490.3
2050 144.68 144.68 455.2
June 21, 2009

The Deficit can be covered by:

1. Water Recycling and Reuse.
2. Improving the efficiency of water use:
• Optimal use of fresh water in agriculture.
• Optimal use of water in industry.
• Optimal use of domestic water.
3. Expansion in desalination of ( BW-SW )
1.Multi-
Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Evaporator
2.MED Process
3.MED with Thermo Compressor (TVC)
4.MED with Mech. Vap.Compr.
Vap.Compr. (MVC)
5.Reverse Osmosis (developing rapidly)
6.Hybrid Systems (Future Application)

Membrane technology
Membrane technology

1.Reverse Osmosis
1.Reverse Osmosis 2.Electro-dialysis
2.Electro-dialysis
RO
RO ED-EDR
ED-EDR

Components of ED unit
June 21, 2009

ED/EDR Desalination Economics

Factors affect production cost:
• Running cost.
• Initial cost.
• Auxiliary equipment cost.
• Plant capacity.
• Technology used.
• Feed water property.
• Energy Consumption.
• Site preparing cost.

Percent Distribution of Desalination

The costs (in general) of desalination Plant Capacities By Process
technology for brackish water ($/m³):

ED
Technology Installments Energy Deprec Workers Maintena
of the iation nce VC
purchasing
nipping
MSF
RO 0.06-0.22 0.03- 0.06- 0.04-0.25 0.01-0.03
0.25 0.17 RO

ED 0.08-0.14 0.04- 0.06- 0.04-0.25 0.01-0.01

0.25 0.17

Others

Approx. cost range Desalination- N. Coast, Vision

● Brackish Water Desalination for Urban
$ / m3
and Arid Communities.
1940 – 1950 4–5 - Updated cost of BW-N.C desalination.
Early 60’s 1.5 – 2.5
Early 80’s 1 – 1.6 - Testing and Monitoring of the N.C Aquifer
Nineties 0.7 – 1.2 Water Quality and proposing suitable
desalination technology.
Now 0.43 – 1.0
2037(expected) 0.15 – 0.30 ● Desalinated Water for Agriculture Use.
June 21, 2009

Desalination Future prospective In Fact, How Old is Water

# Reducing energy costs by optimising power and water technology ?
generation. It will also rely on further improvements in the
unit size of RO and distillation processes.

# New solutions are required for solving decreasing product

cost. Hybrid system
# Seasonal surplus of unused power could be used by
electrically driven technologies such as RO and vapour
compression distillation in combination with aquifer storage
and recovery.

# Continuous research and development in the following 30

years to achieve the goal of low cost desalination to produce
water at less than $0.15 - 0.30/m3 and power at $0.02/kWh.