Distributed Generation Allocation for Loss
Reduction and Voltage Improvement
A.Kazemi, and M.Sadeghi
Abstract—The necessity for flexible electric systems, changing
regulatory and economic scenarios, energy savings and
environmental impact are providing impetus to the development
of Distributed Generation ( DG ), which is predicted to play an
increasing role in the electric power system of the near future.
Distributed Generation is by definition that which is of limited
size ( roughly 10 MW or less ) and interconnected at the
substation, distribution feeder or customer load levels. The DG
technologies are entering a period of rapid expansion and
commercialization. The increasing load demand may violate the
consumer’s voltage permissible limits. While considering the
tariff issues, the reduction in losses has a major role to play. With
so many problems and so much new Distributed Generation
being installed, it is critical that the power system impacts be
assessed accurately so that DG can be applied in a manner that
avoids causing desired.
This paper presents an algorithm for proper Distributed
Generation ( DG ) allocation in distribution systems, in order to
minimize the electrical network losses and to guarantee
acceptable voltage profile. The optimization process is a load flow
base algorithm. The proposed algorithm is tested on a 33 bus test
feeder to show the applicability of the method.
I. INTRODUCTION
U Tilities are continuously planning the expansion of their
electrical networks in order to face the load growth and to
properly supply their consumers. The traditional solution is the
construction of new substations or the expansion of those
already exists. However, these companies began to evaluate
new manners of expanding their capacities when government
started to simulate the addition of new power sources to the
system. From that moment, Distributed Generation ( DG )
started to retake its importance.
Distributed Generation can be defined as an electrical
power source connected directly to the distribution network or
on the consumer side of the meter. It may be understood in
simple term as small-scale electricity market.
There are a number of DG technologies available in the
market today and few are still in research and development
stage. Some currently available technologies are reciprocating
A.Kazemi is with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation
and Operation , Electrical Engineering Department , Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST) , Narmak , Tehran , Iran (email:
kazemi@iust.ac.ir),
M.Sadeghi is with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation
and Operation , Electrical Engineering Department , Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST) , Narmak , Tehran , Iran (email:
mahmood.sadeghi@gmail.com)
978-1-4244-2487-0/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
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engines, micro turbines, combustion gas turbines, fuel cells,
photovoltaic and wind turbines. Each of these technologies has
its own benefits and characteristics. Among all the DGs, diesel
or gas reciprocating engines and gas turbines make up most of
the capacity installed so far.
Simultaneously, new DG technology such as micro turbine
is being introduced and an older technology such as
reciprocating engine is being introduced. Fuel cells are
technology of the future. However, there are some phototype
demonstration projects. The cost of photovoltaics systems are
expected to fail continuously ever the next decade [1]. This all
underlines the statement that the future of power generation is
DG.
At present the electric utility industry is undergoing
significant changes with respect to its structure, operation and
regulations. As a result of deregulation, the traditional
vertically integrated structure of the electric utility industry
has been split into individual generation, transmission and
distribution entities [2]. Significant advances in the field of
renewable energy and small power package such as
microturbines, increasing attraction to “ green house “,
deregulation of the electric utility industry, saturation of
existing networks and problems associated with building new
large generation plants and transmission lines have resulted in
the field of Distributed Generation ( DG ). Unit sizes vary
from kilowatts to a few megawatts. In the future DG
penetration is expected to rise to about 10% of total installed
capacity in the next decade. The viability of distributed
generators generally depends on economics, need efficiency of
utilization of resources and benefits to the power delivery
system, ultimately resulting in benefits to the customers.
Employing DG in a distribution network has several
advantages and a few disadvantages as enumerated below[3]:
• Reduced line losses.
• Voltage profile improvement.
• Reduced emissions of pollutants.
• Increased overall energy efficiency.
• Enhanced system reliability and security.
• Improved power quality.
• Relieved T&D congestion.
• Reduced O&M costs of some DG technologies.
• Enhanced productivity.
• Reduced health care costs due to improved
environment.
• Reduced fuel costs due to increased overall
efficiency.
 • Reduced reserve requirements and the associated
costs.
• Lower operating costs due to peak shaving.
• Increased security for critical loads.
And the disadvantages are [4]:
• Reserve power flow as a result of connecting DG in
the system causing malfunction of protection circuits
as they are conFig.ured at present.
• Harmonics injection into the system by asynchronous
DG sources which use inverters for interconnection.
• Stability issues.
• Increased fault currents depending on the location of
DG units.
A set of indices is proposed to quantify some of the
technical benefits of DG . They are :
• Voltage profile improvement index.
• Line loss reduction index.
• Environmental impact index.
• DG benefit index.
The problem of sitting and sizing of DGs has been
addressed in various references cited. Ref. [5] describes a
successive elimination algorithm to site and size the DGs. Ref.
[6] describes a new heuristic approach based on cost benefit
analysis to optimally determine the capacity and location of
the DG from the prospect of a distribution company. Ref. [4]
has used a mixed integer programming ( MIP ) formulation
with branch and bound optimization for an industrial power
plant. Ref. [7] deals with a genetic algorithm optimization for
deploying a DG resource in a distribution system. Ref. [8]
proposes a frame work for embedded generation planning in
line with special emphasis on risk and uncertainties. Ref. [9]
computes capacity based on risk factor and addresses the
reliability issues which arise as a consequence of transmission
bottle-necks. In [10], the problem of determining size and
location of DG has been formulated to minimize the cost of
power, energy losses and the total required reactive power.
Authors in [11] have presented an approach to determine
fuelled-gas turbine power plants location in an electric system.
An algorithm has been proposed by Gandomkar et al [12] to
determine allocation and size of DGs, which minimizes the
power losses for a fixed number of DGs and a specific total
capacity of DGs. Another method for sitting and sizing DG
units in a micro grid has been developed in [13], which is
based on stipulated reliability criteria. Authors in [14] have
proposed an approach for the design of grid-connected DG
systems to satisfy on-site reliability and environmental
requirements. A software has been presented in [15] which
provides support for decision making concerning the choice of
the ratings and positioning of DG based on several objectives
and constraints. Ref [16] also targets the problem of DG sizing
and sitting in order to achieve a good compromise between the
costs of network upgrading, power losses, energy not supplied
and power quality.
II. DG , LOSSES & VOLTAGE PROFILE
A) LOSSES
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Power losses in distribution systems vary with numerous
factors depending on the system conFig.uration such as level
of losses through transmission and distribution lines,
transformers, capacitors, insulators, etc. Power losses can be
divided into two categories: real power loss and reactive
power loss. The resistance of lines causes the real power loss,
while reactive power loss is produced due to the reactive
elements.
Normally, the real power loss draws more attention for the
utilities, as it reduces the efficiency of transmitting energy to
customers. Neverthless, reactive power loss is obviously not
less important. This is due to the fact that reactive power flow
in the system needs to be maintained at a certain amount for
sufficient voltage level. Consequently, reactive power makes it
possible to transfer real power through transmission and
distribution lines to customers.
Losses can represent a considerable cost. However, similar
to any other cost they must be balanced against other costs and
objectives and therefore their absolute minimization may not
be always be desirable. The integration of large amounts of
DG is transforming distribution networks from what were
traditionally energy delivery networks to networks that both
deliver and harvest energy [17]. A key element to the
efficiency of this energy transmission are losses.
The losses considered in this paper are the load losses, i.e.
the losses which are dependent on the power flows in the
system. The effect on losses of increasing power injections
can be determined due to the radial structure of the
distribution network. Under normal feeding conditions, the
flows on any line, and therefore the losses, are dependent on
the load and generation downstream of that line, i.e. losses
vary monotonically with load and generation. With no
generation downstream of a bus, the losses are given by the
load downstream. The introduction of generation downstream
will change the losses, with the losses initially decreasing until
the load at the bus is met and then increasing as the excess
power flows back up the line in the opposite direction.
B)VOLTAGE PROFILE
Voltage stability is a problem in power systems which are
heavily loaded, faulted or have a shortage of reactive power.
The nature of voltage stability can be analyzed by examining
the production, transmission and computation of reactive
power. The problem of voltage stability concerns the whole
power system, although it usually has a large involvement in
one critical area of the power system.
Carson Taylor defines the voltage stability as follows [18]:
► A power system at a given state is small-disturbance
voltage stable if, following any disturbance, voltages near
loads are identical or close to the pre-fault values .
► A power system at a given operating state and subject to
a given disturbance is voltage stable if voltages near loads
approach post-disturbance equilibrium values. The distributed
state is within the region of attraction of the stable post-
disturbance equilibrium .
A power system is voltage stable if its voltages after a
disturbance are close to voltages at normal operating
condition. A power system becomes unstable when voltages
uncontrollably decrease due to outages of equipment (
 generator, line, transformer, busbar, etc. ) , increment of load
decrement, decrement of production and/or weaking of
voltage control. Voltage control and instability are local
problems. However the consequences of voltage instability
may have a widespread impact . Voltage collapse is the
catastrophic result of a sequence of events leading to a low-
voltage profile suddenly in a major part of the power system.
Voltage stability can also be called " load stability ". A power
system lacks the capability to transfer an infinite amount of
electrical power to the loads. The main factor causing voltage
instability is the instability of the power system to meet the
demands for reactive power in the heavily stressed systems to
keep desired voltages. Other factors contributing to voltage
stability are the generator reactive power limits, the load
characteristics, the characteristics of the reactive power
compensation devices and the action of the voltage control
devices. The reactive characteristics of AC transmission lines,
transformers and loads restrict the maximum power system
transfers. The power system lacks the capability to transfer
power over long distance or through high reactance due to the
requirement of a large amount of reactive power at some
critical value of power or distance. Transfer of reactive power
is difficult due to extremely high reactive power losses. That is
why the reactive power required for voltage control is
produced and consumed at the control area.
To improve the voltage profile and having an stability we
should have a volt/var control in the system. Volt/Var control
is one of the important control schemes at a distribution
substation, which conventionally involves regulation of
voltage and reactive power at substation bus. Shunt and series
compensators are used for power compensation. In genral, var
generators are classified depending on the technology used in
their implementation and the way they are connected to the
power system ( shunt or series ). A brief description of the
most commonly used shunt and series compensators are
presented as follows [4]:
● Switched Shunt Capacitors: A battery of shunt capacitors
is the most simple and cheap way to produce reactive power.
The total capacitance of the battery can be changed by
switching capacitors in and out-either with mechanical
switches or with thyristors. The switched capacitor solution
has one obvious disadvantages.
1. The reactive power capacity drops with V2 .
2. The reactive power can only be changed in steps.
3. The reaction time is rather high, especially for
mechanically switched capacitor.
● Synchronous Condensers: A synchronous condenser is
simply a synchronous machine connected to the power system.
After the unit is synchronized, the field current is adjusted to
either generate or absorb reactive power as required by the ac
system. The machine can provide continuous reactive power
control when used with the proper automatic exciter circuit.
synchronous condensers have been used at both distribution
and transmission voltage levels to improve stability and to
maintain voltages within desired limits under varying load
conditions and contingency situations. However synchronous
condensers are rarely used today because they require
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substantial foundations and a significant amount of starting
and protective equipment. They also contribute to the short
circuit current and they can not be controlled fast enough to
compensate for rapid load changes. Morever their losses are
much higher than those associated with static compensators,
and the cost is much higher compared with static
compensators.
● Thyristorized VAR Compensators: As in the case of the
synchronous condenser, the aim of achieving fine control over
the entire VAR range, has been fullfield with the development
of static compensators (svc) but with the advantage of faster
response times. Static VAR compensators (SVC) consist of
standard reactive power shunt elements (reactors and
capacitors) which are controlled to provide rapid and variable
reactive power. They can be grouped in to two basic
categories, the thyristor switched capacitor and the thyristor
controlled reactor.
● Static VAR Compensator (STATCOM): The static
synchronous compensator is based on a solid state voltage
source, implemented with an inverter and connected in parallel
to the power system through a coupling reactor, in analogy
with asynchronous machine, generating balanced set of three
sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with
controllable amplitude and phase shift angle. This equipment,
however, has no inertia and no overload capability.
● Distributed Generation (DG): Distributed Generation is
related to the use of small generation units installed in
strategic points of the electric power system and mainly, close
to load centers. DG can be used in an isolated way, supplying
the consumer’s local demand or in an integrated way,
supplying energy to the remaining of the electric system. In
distribution systems, DG can provide benefits for the
consumers as well as for the utilities, especially in sites where
the central generation is impractible or where there are
deficiencies in the transmission system.
III. ALLOCATION OF DG
The distribution systems are usually regulated through tap
changing at substation transformers and by the use of voltage
regulators and capacitors on the feeders. This form of voltage
regulation assumes power flows circulating from the
substation to the loads. DG introduces meshed power flows
that may interfere with the traditional used regulation
practices.
Since the control of voltage regulation is usually based on
radial power flows, the inappropriate DG allocation can cause
low or over-voltages in the network. On the other hand, the
installation of DG can have positive impacts on the
distribution system by enabling reactive compensation for a
voltage control, reducing the losses, contributing for frequency
regulation and acting as spinning reserve in main system fault
cases.
IV. THE EQUATIONS AND COSTRAINTS
The real power loss in a system is given by (1). This is
popularly referred to as “ exact loss “ formula [1] .
 N N VI. TEST CASE
PL = ∑ ∑ [α ij ( Pi Pj + Qi Q j ) + β ij (Qi Pj − Pi Q j )] (1)
i =1 j =1
The proposed method is tested on a case study. The system
has 33 bus and 32 branches. It is a radial system with the total
rij (2)
α ij = cos( δ i − δ j ) load of 3.72 MW and 2.3 MVAr. Fig.1 shows the test system
V iV j [19].
rij A computer program has been written in MATLAB7 to
β ij = sin(δ i − δ j ) (3) calculate the algorithm on this system.
ViV j
Zij = rij + jxij is the ijth element of [ Z bus ]=[ Ybus ]-1 (4)

Pi = PGi − PDi & Qi = QGi − QDi ( (5)

PGi & QGi are injection powers of generators to the bus.

PDi & QDi are the loads.

Pi & Qi are the active and reactive power of the buses.

V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The aim of this paper is to find the proper location of a DG
unit in order to decrease the power losses and improve the
voltage profile of the system. In reality we want to determine a
proper place that is finding by establishment compromise
between the decreasing the power losses and improving the
voltage profile of the entire system. The algorithm consists of
two sections. At the first step, sensitive buses to voltage (
buses with low voltage magnitudes ) are considered and
ranked. The aim of this step is to place the DG as a FACTS
device to have a voltage control. In the second step the losses
in each bus after DG installation is considered and it can be
ranked from the minimum loss to the maximum one. Then we
can find the best location to have a good voltage control and
minimum loss .
Fig.1.Single line diagram of a 33 bus distribution
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.2 show the approximate total power loss for the 33 bus
distribution system. In the 33 bus distribution test system, the
best location is bus 33 with a total power loss of 0.03 MW and
the second is bus 32 with slightly higher total power losses as
shown in Fig.2.The priority list of the buses in order to
placement of the DG units to decrease the losses is shown in
table1.

COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
a) Run the base case load flow.
b) By installing the DG unit in each bus, compute
approximate loss for each of them. Add the injection
from DG for that bus using Eq. (1) .
c) Rank the buses from the minimum loss to the
maximum one ( a priority list ).
d) The voltage magnitude of each bus is specified after
load flow ( before installing the DG unit ). Form a
priority list of the buses from the sensitive bus to
voltage ( minimum voltage ) to the maximum one.
e) Form another priority list with comparing the lists in
3rd, 4th steps and by considering a reconciliation
between them. Then choose the best place for installing
the DG unit among the loss priority and voltage priority Fig.2.Losses of the 33 bus test system after installation
lists.
of DG unit in each bus
f) Locate the DG in the best place and run the load flow
program.

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 Table 1.The priority list of buses for
placement of DG unit from the loss view
Now , according to the algorithm , the buses should be
Ranking Bus No ranked from the lowest value of the voltage to the highest one.
1 33 The results is shown in table 3 .
2 32
3 31 Table 3.The ranking of the sensitive buses to voltage control
4 29,30
5 28 Bus no Voltage value(pu) Rank
6 27 17,18,16,15,14,13 0.904-0.911 1
7 12 33,32,31,11,12,10 0.916-0.920 2
8 11,13,10,26 30,29,9 0.922-0.926 3
9 14,9,15,16 8,28 0.932-0.933 4
10 8 27,7,26,6 0.945-0.949 5
11 7,6 5,25 0.968-0.969 6
12 17 24,4,23 0.973-0.979 7
13 18 3 0.983 8
14 19 22,21,20,19,2 0.992-0.997 9
15 5
16 24,4,25 comparing the two priority lists , the 1st , 3rd tables, we can
17 23 find that the proper places for installing the DG unit are in
18 3 buses 31, 32 and 33, because these places are in the first rank
19 2 in loss priority list and in the second rank in voltage priority
20 20,21 list.
21 22 The new priority ( table4 ) list that is resulted from the last
The voltage magnitude of the distribution system after load tables ( last priority lists ), shows the proper places to install
flow before DG placement is shown in table 2. the DG unit for decreasing the losses and improving the
voltage profile.
Table 2.The voltages of the buses after load flow
Table 4. The resulted priority list for placement of DG unit
Bus Voltage Bus Voltage Bus Voltage
1 1.000 12 0.918 23 0.979 Rank Bus No
2 0.997 13 0.911 24 0.973 1 33,32
3 0.983 14 0.909 25 0.969 2 31
4 0.975 15 0.908 26 0.947 3 29,30
5 0.968 16 0.906 27 0.945 4 28
6 0.949 17 0.904 28 0.933 5 12
7 0.946 18 0.904 29 0.925 6 10,11
8 0.932 19 0.996 30 0.922 7 13
9 0.926 20 0.993 31 0.918 8 14,15,16
10 0.920 21 0.992 32 0.917 9 27
11 0.919 22 0.992 33 0.916 10 9
11 8
The voltage profile of the system before DG installation is 12 17
shown in Fig.3. 13 18
14 6,7
15 26
16 5
17 25
18 4,24
19 23
20 19
21 3
22 2
23 20,21
24 22

The voltage profile of the test system after DG installation

in buss 33 is shown in Fig.4. It is considered that the voltage
Fig.3.Voltage profile of the 33 bus test system before DG profile is better than the last state ( before DG installation ).
installation

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Fig.4. The voltage profile of the test system after DG
installation in bus 33
VIII. CONCLUSION
Employing DG in a distribution system results in several
benefits such as increased overall system efficiency, reduced
line losses, improved system voltage profile and transmission
and distribution capacity relief to both utilities and the
customers.
Among the many benefits of distributed generation is a
reduced line loss and an improving in voltage profile, but
depending on the locations of DG unit, it is possible to have an
increase in loss and an overvoltage ( from the 1 pu ) of the
system. The purpose of this paper is to optimize location of
distributed generation on distribution systems for reducing line
loss and improving voltage profile .
This paper presents a load flow based algorithm to identify
the proper location for improving voltage profile and
decreasing losses in distribution systems. In practice the
choice of the best site may not be always possible due to many
constraints. Results for the test system and different allocation
alternatives are presented demonstrating the applicability of
the method.
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