CHAPTER 2

OPTICS REVIEW

2-1
Point
Source x Image
γo γi

do di

tan (γo /2) = x/do , tan (γi /2) = x/di

γi
tan γo
2 do γ = d
Thus, = , i 2 tan -1 o tan
γo di di 2
tan
2

Since M = (do /di)-1, and tan α = α for small angles, then γi / γo = 1/M.

γi = 8.32o using the exact expression or γi = 8o using the approximate formula.

2-2 NA = n1 sin θ = sin θ

θ NA
0 0.0
10 0.174
20 0.342
30 0.500
45 0.707

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2.3

fd o d
di = , M= i = 1
do - f do do
-1
f

do /f M

1 infinity

1.2 5

1.4 2.5

1.6 1.67

2.0 1.0

3.0 0.5

4.0 0.33

1 1 1
2.4 f = 20 mm, + = ,
do di f

do = fdi/(di – f) = 20 di /(di – 20)

di (mm) do (mm) do (mm)

20 infinity

25 100

30 60

60 30

80 26.7
di (mm)
20

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2.5 f = 20 mm, D = 10 mm, λ = 0.8 µm, d = 2.44 λf /D = 3.9 µm

2.6 w = 1mm, λ = 0.8 µm, f = 20 mm

Focused spot size = wo = λf / πw = 5.09 µm

2 2
2.7 I/Io = e-2r /w , w = 1 mm

r (mm) I/Io

0 1.0

0.2 0.923

0.4 0.726

0.6 0.486

0.8 0.278

1.0 0.135

1.5 0.011

2.8 λ = 0.8 µm, w = 1 mm, zmoon = 3.8 x 108 m

Divergence Angle = θ = 2λ/πw = 5.09 x 10-4 r

Spot size on the moon = wo,moon = θ zmoon / 2 = 96.7 km

In miles, wo,moon = 96.7 km x (1 mi./1.609 km) = 60 miles

If R = 1 km,

w o = θ R = 0.000509 x 10 = 0.255 m
3

2 2

If R = 10 km,

w o = θ R = 0.000509 x 10 = 2.55 m
4

2 2

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2.9 For glass n ~- 1.5

(a) The velocity is:

8
v = c = 3 x 10 = 2 x 10 8 m/s
n 1.5

The travel time is:

t = 6 x 106/2x108 = 3 x 10-2 seconds

t = 30 ms

(b) The satellite path is approximately

d = 2 x 22000 = 44,000 miles

d = 44000 x1609 meters/mile

d = 7.05 x 107 m

The travel time is:

7
t = 7.08 x 10 = 0.236 seconds = 236 ms
3 x 10 8

(c) The two-way satellite delay is about half a second. This is noticeable. The
fiber delay is not noticeable.

2-10
sin θ t n1
=
n2
sin θ i

n1 12o n2

10o

Since θt > θi, then sin θt > sin θi and then we must have n1 > n2.

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2-11 sin θt = (n1/n2) sin θi = (1.46/1.48) sin θi = 0.986485 sin θi

n1 n2
θt

θi

θi θt
0 0
15 14.8
30 29.6
45 44.2
60 58.7
75 72.3
90 80.6

90

TRANSMITTED
ANGLE

0
0 30 60 90
INCIDENT ANGLE

2-12 sin θt = (n1/n2) sin θi = (1.48/1.46) sin θi = 1.01369 sin θi

n1 n2
θt

θi

12
θi θt
0 0
15 15.2
30 30.5
45 45.2
60 61.4
75 78.3
80 86.7
80.57 90

90

TRANSMITTED
ANGLE

0
0 30 60 90
INCIDENT ANGLE

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